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Revision as of 17:10, 25 August 2006

Official Blu-ray Disc logo
Official Blu-ray Disc logo

A Blu-ray Disc (BD) is a next-generation optical disc format designed for high-density storage of high-definition video and data.


Overview

The name Blu-ray is derived from the blue-violet laser it uses to read and write to the chalcogenide disc. A Blu-ray Disc can store substantially more data than a DVD, because of the shorter wavelength (405 nm) of the blue-violet laser (DVDs use a 650-nm-wavelength red laser and CDs an infrared 780 nm laser), which allows more information to be stored digitally in the same amount of space. In comparison to HD DVD, which also uses a blue laser, Blu-ray has more information capacity per layer (25 gigabytes instead of 15), though the ability to effectively manufacture dual-layer Blu-ray pre-recorded media is still in dispute.

History

The Blu-ray standard was jointly developed by a group of consumer electronics and PC companies called the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), spearheaded by Sony. It is currently competing with the HD DVD format for wide adoption as the preferred next generation optical standard, similar to the videotape format war between VHS and Betamax. As of 2006, neither format has succeeded in supplanting the present home video standard, the DVD.

The Blu-ray Disc Association unveiled their plans for a May 23, 2006 release date at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in January 2006. Since then, Blu-ray was delayed, but eventually shipped in the U.S. on June 20, 2006.[1]

Specifications

  • About 9 hours of high-definition (HD) video can be stored on a 50 GB disc.
  • About 23 hours of standard-definition (SD) video can be stored on a 50 GB disc.

TDK recently announced that they have created a working experimental Blu-ray disc capable of holding 200 GB of data (six 33 GB data layers).[2]

Physical size Single layer capacity Dual layer capacity Code Name
12 cm, single sided 25 GB (23.3 GiB) 50 GB (46.6 GiB)
12 cm, double sided 50 GB (46.6 GiB) 100 GB (93.2 GiB)
8 cm, single sided 7.8 GB (7.3 GiB) 15.6 GB (14.5 GiB) BD-9
8 cm, double sided 15.6 GB (14.5 GiB) 31.2 GB (29 GiB)
  • Please note, that the codename bd-9 actually refers to a DVD-9 disc with a blu-ray file structure and encryption algorithm, and is only planned for use with the Playstation 3 Computer Entertainment System

Laser and optics

Blu-ray systems use a blue-violet laser operating at a wavelength of 405 nm, similar to the one used for HD DVD, to read and write data. Conventional DVDs and CDs use red and infrared lasers at 650 nm and 780 nm respectively.

The blue-violet laser's shorter wavelength makes it possible to store more information on a 12 cm CD/DVD sized disc. The minimum "spot size" on which a laser can be focused is limited by diffraction, and depends on the wavelength of the light and the numerical aperture of the lens used to focus it. By decreasing the wavelength, using a higher numerical aperture (0.85, compared with 0.6 for DVD, and 0.65 for HD DVD), higher quality, dual-lens system, and making the cover layer over the data level thinner (0.1 mm (Blu-ray) vs 0.6 mm (HD DVD)) to avoid undesirable optical effects, the laser beam can be focused much more tightly. This produces a smaller spot on the disc than in existing CDs or DVDs, and allows more information to be physically stored in the same area.

Hard-coating technology

File:Tdk4.jpg
TDK 100-gigabyte four-layer Blu-ray Disc.

Because the Blu-ray standard places the data recording layer so close to the surface of the disc, early discs were susceptible to contamination and scratches and had to be enclosed in plastic caddies for protection. The consortium worried that such an inconvenience would hurt Blu-ray's market adoption in the face of the rival HD DVD standard, as HD DVDs place the data layer farther away from the surface, rather like DVDs. Blu-ray discs now use a purpose developed layer of protective material over the reflective data backing (ie, on the label side).

Both Sony and Panasonic replication methods include proprietary hard-coat technologies. Sony's rewriteable media are sprayed with a scratch-resistant and antistatic coating. [3]

TDK also announced a way to remedy the problem in January 2004 with the introduction of a clear polymer coating that gives Blu-ray Discs substantial scratch resistance. The coating was developed by TDK Corporation and is called "Durabis". It allows BDs to be cleaned safely with only a tissue. The coating is said to successfully resist "wire-wool scrubbing" according to Samsung Optical technical manager Chas Kalsi. It is not clear, however, which discs will use the Durabis coating -- it is almost certain that none of the pre-recorded ROM movie discs will use it due to cost, so concern remains about the overall durability of Blu-ray movie discs.

Verbatim announced in July 2006 that their Blu-ray Recordable and Rewriteable discs would incorporate their hard-coat ScratchGuard technology which protects against scratches, abrasion, fingerprints and traces of grease. [4][5]

Software standards

Codecs

Codecs are compression schemes that can be used to store audio and video information on a disc. For video, all standalone BD-ROM players must be able to decode three codec formats: MPEG-2 (the video codec also used for DVDs), H.264/AVC (a newer codec developed jointly by ISO/IEC's MPEG and ITU-T's VCEG), and VC-1 (a codec based on Microsoft's Windows Media 9 and standardized by SMPTE).

Studios that have released Blu-ray movies have so far all chosen to use the older MPEG-2 codec rather than the newer codecs, VC-1 and H.264. The choice of codecs affects disc cost (due to related licensing/royalty payments) as well as program capacity. The two more advanced video codecs can typically achieve twice the video runtime of MPEG-2. When using MPEG-2, quality considerations would limit the publisher to around two hours of high-definition content on a single-layer (25 GB) BD-ROM.

For audio, BD-ROM players are required to support Dolby Digital and DTS, and linear PCM (up to 7.1 channels.) The standard has optional support for Dolby Digital Plus and the lossless formats Dolby TrueHD and DTS HD. The linear PCM 5.1, Dolby Digital 5.1 and DTS 5.1 formats are mandatory, meaning that one of them may be used as the sole soundtrack on a disc, because every player will have a decoder that can process any of these three bitstreams.[6] For lossless audio in movies in the PCM, Dolby TrueHD or DTS-HD formats, Blu-ray discs support encoding in up to 24-bit/192 kHz for up to six channels, or up to eight channels of up to 24-bit/96 kHz encoding.[7] For reference, even new big-budget Hollywood films are mastered in only 24-bit/48 kHz, with 16-bit/48 kHz being common for ordinary films.

For users recording digital television broadcasts, the Blu-ray's baseline datarate of 36 Mbit/s is more than adequate to record high-definition broadcasts. Support for new codecs will evolve as they are encapsulated by broadcasters into their MPEG-2 transport streams, and consumer set-top boxes capable of decoding them are rolled out.

Java software support

At the 2005 JavaOne trade show, it was announced that Sun Microsystems' Java cross-platform software environment would be included in all Blu-ray players as a mandatory part of the standard. Java will be used to implement interactive menus on Blu-ray discs, as opposed to the method used on DVD video discs, which uses pre-rendered MPEG segments and selectable subtitle pictures, which is considerably more primitive and less seamless. Java creator James Gosling, at the conference, suggested that the inclusion of a Java virtual machine as well as network connectivity in BD devices will allow updates to Blu-ray discs via the Internet, adding content such as additional subtitle languages and promotional features that are not included on the disc at pressing time. This Java Version will be called BD-J and will be a subset of the Globally Executable MHP (GEM) standard. GEM is the world-wide version of the Multimedia Home Platform standard.

There is some concern about the cost of implementing and licensing the Multimedia Home Platform standard. The first generation Blu-ray players are only required to implement a subset of the Java layer, and are not required to support certain features such as Picture-in-Picture, persistent storage, or network connections.

Region codes

The Blu-ray movie region codes are different from the DVD region codes.[8] The following are the region codes for Blu-ray discs:[9]

Region code Area
A/1 North America, South America, East Asia except for China
B/2 Europe and Africa
C/3 China, Russia and other countries

Digital rights management

Blu-ray has an experimental digital rights management (DRM) feature called BD+ which allows for dynamically-changing keys for the cryptographic protections involved. Should the keys currently in use be 'cracked' or leaked, manufacturers can update them and build them into all subsequent disks, preventing a single key discovery from permanently breaking the entire scheme. Blu-ray also mandates the Mandatory Managed Copy system, which allows users to copy content a limited number of times, but requiring registration with the content provider to acquire the keys needed; this feature was originally requested by HP [10] . The lack of a dynamic encryption model is what has made DeCSS a disaster from the industry's perspective: once CSS was cracked, all DVDs from then on were open to unauthorized decryption (commonly known as "ripping"). However this new technology, together with Self-Protecting Digital Content (SPDC), can allow players judged 'bad' to be effectively disabled [11], preventing their use by their purchaser or subsequent owners.[12] See Advanced Access Content System (AACS).

The Blu-ray Disc Association also agreed to add a form of digital watermarking technology to the discs. Under the name "ROM-Mark", this technology will be built into all ROM-producing devices, and requires a specially licensed piece of hardware to insert the ROM-mark into the media during replication. All Blu-ray playback devices must check for the mark. Through licensing of the special hardware element, the BDA believes that it can eliminate the possibility of mass producing BD-ROMs without authorization.

In addition, Blu-ray players must follow AACS guidelines pertaining to outputs over non-encrypted interfaces. This is set by a flag called the Image Constraint Token (ICT), which restricts the output-resolution without HDCP to 960×540. The decision to set the flag to restrict output ("down-convert") is left up to the content provider. According to CED Magazine, Sony/MGM and Disney currently have no plans to down-convert, and Fox is opposed to it as well. Warner Pictures is a proponent of the ICT, and it is expected that Paramount will also implement it [13]. Other studios releasing Blu-ray content have not yet commented on whether or not they will use down-conversion. AACS guidelines require that any title that implements the ICT must clearly state so on the packaging.

Applications

Compatibility

While it is not compulsory for manufacturers, the Blu-ray Disc Association recommends that Blu-ray drives should be capable of reading DVDs for backward compatibility. For instance, Samsung's first Blu-ray drive (now available) can read and write CD, DVD, and Blu-ray discs.

JVC has developed a three layer technology that allows putting both standard-definition DVD data and HD data on a BD/DVD combo disc. If successfully commercialized, this would enable the consumer to purchase a disc which could be played on current DVD players, and reveal its HD version when played on a new BD player.[14] This form of hybrid disc does not appear to be ready for production, however, and no titles have been announced that utilize this disc structure.

Stand-alone recorders and game consoles

The first Blu-ray recorder was unveiled by Sony on March 3, 2003, and was introduced to the Japanese market in April that year. On September 1, 2003, JVC and Samsung Electronics announced Blu-ray based products at IFA in Berlin, Germany. Both indicated that their products would be on the market in 2005.

In June 2004 Panasonic became the second manufacturer to launch a Blu-ray recorder to the Japanese market. Launching in July the DMR-E700BD was one of the first few units to support writing to existing DVD formats, and to single-side dual-layer Blu-ray Discs with a maximum capacity of 50 gigabytes. The launch price of the recorder was $2780 USD, with 50GB disc costing around $69 USD and the 25GB disc costing around $32 USD. [15][16]

Sony has announced that the PlayStation 3 will be shipped with a 2x Blu-ray drive, likely read-only as is the case with most game console optical drives. According to Sony's press releases, it will support DVD(8x), CD(24x) and SACD (2x) formats in addition to BD-ROM, BD-R, and BD-RE. The Japanese release date for PS3 is on November 11, 2006. The release date of the PS3 everywhere else has been announced for November 17, 2006. Sony also announced in March 2006 their first consumer Blu-ray disc player the BDP-S1, would be available in stores by July 2006. [17]

On January 4, 2006, at the Consumer Electronics Show Samsung and Philips announced their first Blu-ray consumer products to the US market. Samsung launched the first Blu-ray player for the US market, the BD-P1000, retailing for $1000 USD and sporting HDMI output with backwards support for most of today's standard DVD formats (DVD-RAM, DVD-RW, DVD-R, DVD RW, and DVD R), while Philips launched the BDP-9000 player. Both players were expected to arrive in stores sometime in 2nd and 3rd quarters of 2006. [18][19] [20]

On April 13 2006, Panasonic announced their first Blu-ray player for the US market, the DMP-BD10 would be shipping together in late 2006 along with their first commercially available plasma 1080p HDTVs. [21]

PC data storage

Main article: Blu-ray Disc recordable

Originally, blu-ray drives in production could only transfer approximately 36 Mbit/s (54 Mbit/s required for BD-ROM), but 2x speed drives with a 72 Mbit/s transfer rate are now available. Rates of 8x (288 Mbit/s) or more are planned for the future.

File:BDR-101 01.jpg
North American Pioneer BDR-101A drive

Hewlett Packard has announced plans to sell Blu-ray-equipped desktop PCs and laptops. In December 2005, HP announced that they would also be supporting the rival HD DVD technology. [22] Philips was scheduled to debut a Blu-ray computer drive in the second half of 2005, but it was also delayed. [23] [24] On March 10, 2005 Apple Computer joined the Blu-ray Disc Association.

In July 2005, information was leaked about an upcoming Pioneer Blu-ray drive; the OEM BDR 101A. [25] On December 27, 2005, Pioneer formally announced the drive which was released in the late second quarter of 2006. The drive writes at 2x on BD-R and BD-RE, 8x on DVD+R and DVD-R, and 4x on DVD-RW and DVD+RW. [26] [27]

Optical heads allowing the reading of CD/DVD/Blu-ray discs have already been developed and are expected to be included after first release of DVD/Blu-ray only drives. [28]

The Panasonic Blu-ray SW-5582 is the first drive to support all 3 formats. [29]

On January 4, 2006, at the Consumer Electronics Show Philips announced its SPD7000 Triplewriter Blu-ray internal drive for the PC and Blu-ray BD-R/B-RE/BD-RE media discs would be available in 2nd quarter of 2006. [30]

In March 2006 Sony announced a Blu-ray disc player, a VAIO desktop PC with a Blu-Ray recorder, and a Blu-ray internal PC drive would be released in the summer of 2006. [31]

In April 2006 Panasonic said it would be releasing a Blu-ray internal PC drive in the summer, the LF-MB121JD, priced at $850 USD. The new drive would be able to comprehensively read and/or write 13 BD / DVD / CD formats, which includes both BD-R/RE formats. It will read both 25GB and 50GB dual layer discs and write to them at 2x speeds. [32]

As of June 2006 Sony sold the first commercially available VAIO AR laptop and RC desktop PCs with a built in Blu-Ray recorder. [33][34]

In June 2006 LiteOn announced their first internal Blu-ray drive LH-2B1S would be released August 2006 for the UK market. [35] Also in June Plextor announced their first internal 2x Blu-ray drive PX-B900A would be released in 3rd quarter of 2006. [36]

In July 2006 BenQ announced they will be selling a Blu-ray device for the Europe, China and Taiwan markets. [37]

Sony's first after-market Blu-ray drive is announced in July 2006 with shipment due in August. [38]

In August 2006 LiteOn announced their first triple laser internal Blu-ray drive for the US market would be available in 3rd quarter of 2006. [39]

Corporate support

Blu-ray initially received more support than HD DVD from film studios and distributors, but the two formats are now closer in levels of industry support. However, HD-DVD has fewer exclusive content providers: only Universal Studios, among the majors. Blu-Ray is backed by 20th Century Fox, as well as the Sony subsidiaries Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Sony Pictures Entertainment.

  • On June 30, 2004 Panasonic, part of Matsushita Electric, a founder member of the Blu-ray Disc Association, became the second manufacturer after Sony to launch a Blu-ray consumer product into the Japanese market. The DMR-E700BD recorder supported writing to existing DVD formats, and became one of the first units to read and write to single-side dual-layer Blu-ray Discs with a maximum capacity of 50 gigabytes. The launch price of the recorder was $2780 USD. [40][41]
  • On October 3, 2004 20th Century Fox announced that it was joining the BDA, and on July 29, 2005 the studio officially announced its support for Blu-ray.
  • On December 8, 2004 The Walt Disney Company (and its home video division, Buena Vista Home Entertainment) announced its non-exclusive support for Blu-ray.
  • On January 7, 2005 Vivendi Universal Games (VU Games) and Electronic Arts (EA Games) announced their support for the Blu-ray Disc format.
  • On March 10, 2005 Apple Computer announced its support for Blu-ray and joined the BDA.
  • On July 28, 2005 Verbatim Corporation, part of Mitsubishi Chemical Media, announced its support for Blu-ray and HD-DVD storage format development. [42]
  • On August 17, 2005 Lions Gate Home Entertainment announced it would release its content using the Blu-ray disc format.
  • On September 7, 2005 Samsung confirmed their next-generation of optical drives will support Blu-Ray and HD-DVD discs.
  • On October 2, 2005 Paramount announced they would endorse Blu-ray, while still supplying content on the rival HD-DVD -- in order to give consumers a choice.
  • On October 20, 2005 Warner Bros. announced they would release titles on the Blu-ray format, in addition to HD-DVD Video. [43] [44] Of the six largest Hollywood studios, this leaves only Universal Studios supporting HD-DVD exclusively.
  • On November 9, 2005 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer announced it would support Blu-ray Disc, and plans to have titles available when Blu-ray Disc is launched. [45]
  • On November 19, 2005, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment announced that they finished editing the first Blu-ray Disc, a full-length movie, Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle. The disc uses MPEG-2 compression at a resolution of 1920x1080 (it was not announced whether it will be 1080p or 1080i) and claims to use a menu interface that would succeed current DVD-Video interfaces. [46]
  • On January 4, 2006, at the Consumer Electronics Show Samsung and Philips announced their first Blu-ray players for the US market. Samsung announced the BD-P1000, retailing for $1000 USD and sporting HDMI output with backwards support for DVD formats (DVD-RAM, DVD-RW, DVD-R, DVD RW, and DVD R), while Philips announced the BDP-9000. Philips also announced their all-in-one PC TripleWriter Blu-ray drive and range of Blu-ray medias would arrive in 2nd quarter of 2006. [47][48]
  • On January 5, 2006, the Consumer Electronics Show displayed Blu-ray movie titles with the 1080p logo on the case.[49]
  • On January 12, 2006 Digital Playground, a prominent pornographic movie studio, announced it would release its content using the Blu-ray disc format. [50]
  • On March 7, 2006 Sony announced it would be shipping rewriteable single-layer 25 GB 2x speed Blu-ray discs to Europe, with dual-layer discs arriving later in the year. [51]
  • On March 16, 2006 Sony announced a Blu-ray disc player, the first VAIO desktop PC with a Blu-Ray recorder, and a Blu-ray internal PC drive would be released in the summer of 2006. The VAIO PC would be shipped with a free 25 GB Blank BD-RE (rewritable) Blu-ray disc worth $25 USD. [52]
  • On April 3, 2006 Blueray, an Italian videoproduction company, announced it would release its content using the Blu-ray disc format. [53]
  • On April 10, 2006 TDK announced in a press release that it began shipping 25 GB BD-R and BD-RE media (at prices of $19.99 USD and $24.99 USD respectively). TDK also announced that it would be releasing 50 GB BD-R and BD-RE media later this year (at prices of $47.99 USD and $59.99 respectively). [54]
  • On May 16, 2006 Sony announced its first VAIO notebook computer that will include a built-in Blu-ray burner with a 17" WUXGA display capable of displaying 1080p (at a price of $3499.99 USD). The VAIO shipped in June including software to play Blu-ray movies and an HDMI-A input for other HD devices. [55]
  • On May 17, 2006 Pioneer shipped BDR-101A, a PC-based Blu-ray burner drive.[56]
  • On June 15, 2006, Samsung announced the industry's first BD-P1000 player had begun shipping to US retail stores for availability on June 25 2006. [57]
  • On June 29, 2006, Plextor announced their first internal Blu-ray drive PX-B900A would be released in 3rd quarter of 2006. [58]
  • On July 11, 2006 Human Computing announced that it is shipping the first Blu-ray PC software.[59]
  • On July 18, 2006 Verbatim Corporation announced that it was shipping its ScratchGuard coated BD-R and BD-RE Blu-ray recordable and rewriteable discs to stores in Europe, with discs priced between £20 and £24 (GBP). [60]
  • On August 16, 2006 Sony announced shipment of 50 GB dual layer Blu-ray recordable disks with a suggested retail price of $48.[61]

The BDA has over 170 members. Its Board of Directors consists of representatives from Apple Computer Corp.; Dell, Inc.; Hewlett Packard Company; Hitachi, Ltd.; LG Electronics Inc.; Mitsubishi Electric Corporation; Panasonic (Matsushita Electric); Pioneer Corporation; Royal Philips Electronics; Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.; Sharp Corporation; Sony Corporation; TDK Corporation; Thomson; Twentieth Century Fox; Walt Disney Pictures and Television; Warner Bros. Entertainment.

List of Supporting Companies

Over 170 companies has joined the Blu-Ray Disc Asociation. Here is the full list:

Board of Directors Contributors Members

Alternatives

The primary rival to Blu-ray is HD DVD, championed by Toshiba, NEC Corporation, Microsoft, and Intel. HD DVD has lower disc capacity (30 GB vs 50 GB), but currently (as of 2006) benefits from correspondingly lower manufacturing costs for both pre-recorded (ROM) and recordable media. In addition, since no Blu-ray movie titles have shipped on 50 GB dual-layer discs, HD DVD actually features more real-world capacity (30 GB vs. 25 GB). Blu-ray detractors believe that the 50 GB disc is unlikely to ever be cost effective, while Blu-Ray proponents expect BD media manufacturing costs to approach those of HD DVD, once production volume has ramped. All Blu-ray movies currently released (as of 2006) have been on single-layer 25 GB discs. Sony's goal is to reach the standard of 50 GB dual-layer discs capable of storing four hours of high-definition MPEG-2 video content, but up to this point in time the cost of mass producing dual-layer Blu-ray discs has been too high. Alternatively, studios releasing movies on Blu-ray may choose to switch to VC-1 or H.264/AVC in the future, allowing four hours of high-definition content to fit on a single layer BD disc.

In terms of audio/video compression, Blu-ray and HD DVD are similar on the surface: both support MPEG-2, VC-1, and H264 for video compression, and Dolby Digital (AC-3), PCM, and DTS for audio compression. All Blu-ray movies currently released (as of 2006) use MPEG-2 (the standard currently used in DVDs), whereas most HD DVDs currently released (as of 2006) use the much newer VC-1. Blu-ray proponents point out that Blu-ray permits a higher maximum video-bitrate, as well as potentially higher average bitrates (due to greater total disc-capacity.) In terms of audio, there are greater differences. Blu-ray allows conventional AC-3 audiotracks at 640 kbit/s, which is higher than DVD/HD DVD's maximum, 448 kbit/s. On the other hand, Dolby Digital Plus support is mandatory for standalone HD DVD players at a maximum of 3 Mbit/s, while only optional for BD players and capped at 1.7 Mbit/s.

On November 29, 2004 four Hollywood studios (New Line Cinema, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Warner Bros.) announced non-exclusive agreements to support HD DVD. Since that time, Paramount and Warner have chosen to release titles in both Blu-ray and HD DVD.

Blu-ray is a very similar format to PDD, another optical disc format developed by Sony (and has been available since 2004) but offering higher data transfer speeds. PDD is not intended for home video use and is aimed towards data archival and backup use in business. The UDO format is also aimed for similar purposes.

Other competitors:

Released titles

Main article: List of Blu-ray releases

The first Blu-Ray titles released on June 20, 2006 were Hitch, The Fifth Element, House of Flying Daggers, Underworld: Evolution, 50 First Dates, XXX by Sony; and The Terminator by MGM.

To date, 28 titles have been released. All titles currently released are on 25 GB single layer blu-ray discs, using MPEG-2 video compression.

See also

References

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