Argumentum a fortiori: Difference between revisions
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''A fortiori'' argument}} |
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''A fortiori'' argument}} |
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An '''a fortiori argument''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑː|_|f|ɔː|r|t|ɪ|ˈ|oʊ|r|iː}}<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Latin Words and Phrases |last=Morwood |first=James |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-860109-8 |pages=x–xii }}</ref> is an "argument from a yet stronger reason." The phrase ''a fortiori'' is Latin for "from [something] stronger". |
An '''''a fortiori'' argument''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑː|_|f|ɔː|r|t|ɪ|ˈ|oʊ|r|iː}}<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Latin Words and Phrases |last=Morwood |first=James |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-860109-8 |pages=x–xii }}</ref> is an "argument from a yet stronger reason." The phrase ''a fortiori'' is Latin for "from [something] stronger". Such an argument draws upon existing confidence in a proposition to argue in favor of a second proposition that is held to be implicit in the first. The second proposition may be considered "weaker," and therefore the arguer adduces a "stronger" proposition to support it. |
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An ''a fortiori'' argument draws upon existing confidence in a proposition to argue in favor of a second proposition that is held to be implicit in the first. The second proposition may be considered "weaker," and therefore the arguer adduces a "stronger" proposition to support it. |
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For example, if a person is dead (the stronger reason), then one can with equal or greater certainty argue that the person is not [[Breathing#Control of breathing|breathing]]. "Being dead" trumps other arguments that might be made to show that the person is not breathing, such as, for instance, not seeing any sign of breathing (provided, of course, that the determination of "being dead" can be made without using "not breathing" as evidence, else this scenario becomes circularly reasoned). |
For example, if a person is dead (the stronger reason), then one can with equal or greater certainty argue that the person is not [[Breathing#Control of breathing|breathing]]. "Being dead" trumps other arguments that might be made to show that the person is not breathing, such as, for instance, not seeing any sign of breathing (provided, of course, that the determination of "being dead" can be made without using "not breathing" as evidence, else this scenario becomes circularly reasoned). |
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Revision as of 15:49, 13 May 2016
An a fortiori argument /ˈɑː fɔːrtɪˈoʊriː/[1] is an "argument from a yet stronger reason." The phrase a fortiori is Latin for "from [something] stronger". Such an argument draws upon existing confidence in a proposition to argue in favor of a second proposition that is held to be implicit in the first. The second proposition may be considered "weaker," and therefore the arguer adduces a "stronger" proposition to support it.
For example, if a person is dead (the stronger reason), then one can with equal or greater certainty argue that the person is not breathing. "Being dead" trumps other arguments that might be made to show that the person is not breathing, such as, for instance, not seeing any sign of breathing (provided, of course, that the determination of "being dead" can be made without using "not breathing" as evidence, else this scenario becomes circularly reasoned).
Usage
In the English language, the phrase a fortiori is most often used as an adverbial phrase meaning "by even greater force of logic" or "all the more so".
Bryan Garner, an authority on usage, has written in Garner's Modern American Usage that writers sometimes use a fortiori as an adjective, which he says is "a usage to be resisted." As an example of this he gives the sentence, "Clearly, if laws depend so heavily on public acquiescence, the case of conventions is an a fortiori [read even more compelling] one."[2]
A fortiori arguments are regularly used in Jewish Law under the name kal va-chomer (Light and Heavy).
In ancient Indian logic (nyaya), an a fortiori inference is known as kaimutika or kaimutya nyaya, from the words kim uta meaning "even more so."
In Islamic jurisprudence, a fortiori arguments are among the methods used in qiyas (reasoning by analogy).[3]
See also
References
- ^ Morwood, James (1998). A Dictionary of Latin Words and Phrases. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. x–xii. ISBN 978-0-19-860109-8.
- ^ Garner, Bryan A. (2009). Garner's Modern American Usage (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-19-538275-4.
- ^ Hallaq, Wael (2009). Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 105. ISBN 0521678749.
Bibliography
- Grabenhorst, Thomas K.: Das argumentum a fortiori, Verlag „Peter Lang“ 1990 ISBN 3-631-43261-5.
- Schneider: Logik für Juristen, pages 158ff.