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| production = 2.97 million units <small>(2012)</small><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-09/peugeot-2012-vehicle-sales-drop-17-on-europen-car-market.html|title=Peugeot Quarterly Sales Fall 20% on European Market Drop|accessdate=Jan 9, 2013|publisher=bloomberg|author=Mathieu Rosemain|date=9 January 2013}}</ref>
| production = 2.97 million units <small>(2012)</small><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-09/peugeot-2012-vehicle-sales-drop-17-on-europen-car-market.html|title=Peugeot Quarterly Sales Fall 20% on European Market Drop|accessdate=Jan 9, 2013|publisher=bloomberg|author=Mathieu Rosemain|date=9 January 2013}}</ref>
| services =
| services =
| revenue = {{decrease}}€54.676billion <small>(2015)</small>
| revenue = {{increase}}€54.676billion <small>(2015)</small><ref>http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/analysts-and-investors/financial-results</ref>
| operating_income = {{decrease}}€4.698 billion <small>(2012)</small>
| operating_income = {{increase}}€1.976 billion <small>(2015)</small><ref>http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/analysts-and-investors/financial-results</ref>
| net_income = {{decrease}}€435 million <small>(2014)</small>
| net_income = {{increase}}€1.202 billion <small>(2015)</small><ref>http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/analysts-and-investors/financial-results</ref>
| aum = <!-- Only used with financial services companies -->
| aum = <!-- Only used with financial services companies -->
| assets = €68.49 billion <small>(end 2010)</small><ref name="AR2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/document/amf/doc%20de%20ref%20gb1303467412.pdf |title=Annual Report 2010 |accessdate=25 April 2011 |publisher=PSA Peugeot Citroën |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20110807025428/http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/document/amf/doc%20de%20ref%20gb1303467412.pdf |archivedate=7 August 2011 }}</ref>
| assets = {{increase}}€49.11 billion <small>(2015)</small><ref>http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/analysts-and-investors/financial-results</ref>
| equity = €10.557 billion <small>(2012)</small>
| equity = {{increase}}€12.219 billion <small>(2015)</small><ref>http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/analysts-and-investors/financial-results</ref>
| owner = Peugeot family Group (14.13%)<ref>http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/finance/peugeot-sa-share/stockholder-structure</ref><br>[[Dongfeng Motor]] (14.13%)<ref>http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/finance/peugeot-sa-share/stockholder-structure</ref><br>[[SOGEPA]] (14.13%)<ref>http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/finance/peugeot-sa-share/stockholder-structure</ref>
| owner = Peugeot family Group (14.13%)<ref>http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/finance/peugeot-sa-share/stockholder-structure</ref><br>[[Dongfeng Motor]] (14.13%)<ref>http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/finance/peugeot-sa-share/stockholder-structure</ref><br>[[SOGEPA]] (14.13%)<ref>http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/finance/peugeot-sa-share/stockholder-structure</ref>
| num_employees = 184.107 (Total 2015) (http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/automotive-group/overview/key-financial-data)
| num_employees = 184.107 (Total 2015) (http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/automotive-group/overview/key-financial-data)

Revision as of 20:40, 13 May 2016

Groupe PSA
Groupe PSA
Company typeSociété Anonyme
IndustryAutomotive
PredecessorCitroën
Peugeot
Chrysler Europe
FoundedParis, France (April 1976) (as PSA Peugeot Citroën)
Headquarters
Paris
,
France
Area served
Worldwide except United States, and Canada
Key people
Carlos Tavares (CEO and Chairman of the management board)
Thierry Peugeot (Chairman of the supervisory board)
ProductsAutomobiles (73.8%)
Automotive parts (21%)
Financing (2.8%)
Logistics (2.2%)
Motorcycles (0.2%)[1]
Production output
2.97 million units (2012)[2]
RevenueIncrease€54.676billion (2015)[3]
Increase€1.976 billion (2015)[4]
Increase€1.202 billion (2015)[5]
Total assetsIncrease€49.11 billion (2015)[6]
Total equityIncrease€12.219 billion (2015)[7]
OwnerPeugeot family Group (14.13%)[8]
Dongfeng Motor (14.13%)[9]
SOGEPA (14.13%)[10]
Number of employees
184.107 (Total 2015) (http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/automotive-group/overview/key-financial-data)
Subsidiaries
List
Websitewww.psa-peugeot-citroen.com

Groupe PSA (informally PSA; formerly known as PSA Peugeot Citroën from 1991 to 2016) is a French multinational manufacturer of automobiles and motorcycles sold under the Peugeot, Citroën and DS Automobiles[12] brands. PSA is listed on the Euronext Paris stock exchange and is once again a constituent of the CAC 40 index (2015)[13] after having been removed in 2012.[14][15]

Headquartered in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, PSA (with 2.9 million units) is in 2012 the second-largest Europe-based automaker, and the ninth largest in the world, measured by unit production (sixth in 2009).[16]

History

Former Logo From 1991 to 2016

In December 1974 Peugeot S.A. acquired a 38.2% share of Citroën. On 9 April 1976[17] they increased their stake of the then bankrupt company to 89.95%, thus creating the PSA Group (where PSA is short for Peugeot Société Anonyme), becoming PSA Peugeot Citroën.[18] Since Citroën had two successful new designs in the market at this time (the GS and CX) and Peugeot was typically prudent in its own finances, the PSA venture was a financial success from 1976 to 1979.

In late 1978, PSA purchased the failing Chrysler Europe (which was formerly Rootes and Simca) from the troubled U.S. parent firm for a nominal USD $1.00, plus assumption of outstanding debt, leading to losses for the consortium from 1980 to 1985.[19] Further investment was required because PSA decided to create a new brand for the entity for the disparate French and British models, based on the Talbot sports car last seen in the 1950s. From then on, the whole Chrysler/Simca range was sold under the Talbot badge until production of Talbot-branded passenger cars was shelved in 1987 and on commercial vehicles in 1992.[20]

All of this investment caused serious financial problems for the entire PSA group; PSA lost money from 1980 to 1985. In 1986, the company dropped the Talbot brand for passenger cars when it ceased production of the Simca-based Horizon, Alpine and Solara models. What was to have been the Talbot Arizona became the 309, with the former Rootes plant in Ryton and Simca plant in Poissy being turned over for Peugeot assembly. Producing Peugeots in Ryton was significant, as it signalled the first time that PSA would build cars in the UK (car assembly at Ryton stopped in 2006 and the plant was closed). The Talbot name survived for a little longer on commercial vehicles until 1992 before being shelved completely.

Philippe Varin - in Berlin 2013

On 29 February 2012, PSA formally announced the creation of a major alliance with General Motors (GM), as part of which GM became PSA's second-largest shareholder, after the Peugeot family, with a holding of 7%. The alliance is intended to enable $2 billion per year of cost savings through platform sharing, common purchasing and other economies of scale.[21]

In July 2012, a union official said that PSA Peugeot Citroën will cut as 10 percent (8,000-10,000) of its French workforce of 100,356 employees on permanent and temporary contract. The jobs cut is more than previously announced.[22][23]

On October 24, PSA said it was close to an agreement with creditor banks on 11.5 billion euros ($14.9 billion) of refinancing and had won state guarantees on 7 billion euros in further borrowing by its Banque PSA Finance.[24] In that same year, PSA Group along with other major European car makers was under pressure by the European Union, the United States, and its partial owner General Motors, to leave Iran, in which forced PSA Group to end their partnership with Iran Khodro and leave the country. And in doing so, PSA ended up losing revenue rapidly.

CEO Philippe Varin says that "Citroën and Peugeot are too close", so he plans on positioning Citroën C-line models lower than Peugeot with DS models above Peugeot.[25]

On 12 December 2013, General Motors announces it is selling its entire 7% stake in PSA Peugeot Citroën.

In 2014, Dongfeng Motors, the Chinese partner that builds PSA cars in China, and the French government each took a 13% stake in PSA, in a financial rescue operation, reducing the Peugeot family share from 25% to 14%.[26]

Operations

World locations of PSA factories

The Peugeot and Citroën brands retain separate sales and marketing structures, but share common technology, development and assembling assets.

PSA is actively committed to develop its market presence and sales in many fast growing developing countries and regions of the world. This led to huge investments and partnerships in South America, Iran (Iran Khodro) and China (Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën Automobile). It announced plans to invest €650 million in a manufacturing plant in Sanand, India. With a capacity of 170,000 vehicles, the Sanand plant is expected to be operational by 2014.[27] In Kazakhstan, assembly of the Peugeot passenger cars will start in June 2013 with a production capacity of 4,000 units per year at the beginning and more than 10,000 units in the near future.[28]

Jean-Martin Folz was PSA's CEO between 1996 and early 2007, when he was replaced by former Airbus head Christian Streiff. Streiff was sacked on 29 March 2009, a day after the company posted a full year loss for 2008.[29] Streiff was replaced by Corus Group chief executive Philippe Varin.[29]

Peugeot Citroën Automobiles SA

The manufacturer of Peugeot and Citroën branded cars and vans, 100% owned by PSA Peugeot Citroën and formed from the combination of Automobiles Citroën and Automobiles Peugeot. Automobiles Citroën and Automobiles Peugeot remain in operation in relation to specific retail operations in various countries but not in the development or manufacture of vehicles.

Peugeot Citroën Moteurs

Peugeot Citroën Moteurs is a manufacturer of petrol and diesel engines for a range of companies including Citroën, Ford, Jaguar, Mini and Peugeot. Initially founded by Peugeot in 1898 in Lille and subsequently named Compagnie Lilloise de moteurs (CLM). In 1992 SCM-CLM as it was then known became Peugeot Citroën Moteurs.[30]

The company has a partnership with Ford Motor Company since 1998,[31] currently supplies and receives a range of petrol and diesel engines to Ford and its subsidiaries.

PSA and BMW have an agreement to develop the Prince engine. PSA also sell their engines, gearboxes and other parts to small independent manufacturers such as DeLaChapelle and PGO.[32] This PSA Peugeot Citroën 1.6-litre turbo petrol engine has received the International Engine of the Year awards a total of eight times, from 2007 to 2014.[33]

Process Conception Ingénierie

Process Conception Ingénierie (PCI) is a French-based manufacturer of machine-tools for the automotive and aircraft industry.[34]

Peugeot Motorcycles

Peugeot Motorcycles is 99.9% owned by PSA and manufacturers a range of mopeds and scooters. The subsidiary owned 50% of the Chinese Jinan Qingqi Peugeot Motorcycles joint venture in 2006 which later became wholly owned subsidiary of China South Industries Group in 2013.[35]

Faurecia

PSA owns 57.43% of automotive supplier Faurecia,[36] a company created by a 1997 merger between Bertrand Faure and PSA-owned ECIA. It provides various components to Citroen and Peugeot together with significant interior and exterior parts to companies such as Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz.[37]

Gefco near Berlin

Gefco

Gefco is a large international logistics company,[38] established by Peugeot in 1949 and was originally named Les Groupages Express de Franche-Comté. In November 2012, PSA sold a 75% share to Russian Railways (RZD) for €800m.[39]

Motaquip

Motaquip is an all makes aftermarket parts company and was established in the UK by PSA Peugeot Citroën in 1981. In December 2014 Motaquip was sold to an outside company to become independent of PSA as "Motaquip Limited". The head office is still based in Coventry, UK but all parts are distributed from a warehouse in Luton, UK.

Financial services

PSA wholly owns Banque PSA Finance which provides financial services and also 98.67% of GIE PSA Tresorerie which was founded in 1990 as a treasury and cash management services division.

Former marques and subsidiaries

A number of marques were inherited following the acquisition of Chrysler Europe in 1978, and some were merged to re-establish Talbot, a previously dormant marque. Chrysler Europe marques included the British Sunbeam (1901–1976), Humber (1868-1976), Singer (1905–1970), Commer (1905–1979), Hillman (1907–1976), Karrier (1908–1977), the French Simca (1934–1977) and the Spanish Barreiros (1959–1978)

Cycles Peugeot produced bicycles from 1882 until 2005. In 1987 ProCycle of Canada acquired rights to distribute French-made Peugeots in North America and in 1990, Cycles Peugeot sold the North American rights to market bicycles under the Peugeot name to the Canadian firm ProCycle. In 2001, ProCycle discontinued the Peugeot bicycle brand. In Europe, the license to produce Peugeot-branded bicycles was sold to Cycleurope, a company making bicycles under different names, on condition that it would be reconsidered in 2004. That license was later withdrawn for Europe, though production of bicycles for export continued for another year.

Citer SA is a French-based car rental company originally established by Citroën in 1968 was sold to Enterprise Holdings in 2011.[40]

Joint ventures and collaborations

Sevel SpA

Main article: Sevel

Seval (Société Européenne de Véhicules Légers SA and Società Europea Veicoli Leggeri-Sevel S.p.A.) was established in 1978 and is equally owned by Peugeot Citroën and Fiat. As a result of this, two factories have been built assembling three ranges of vehicles, Sevel Nord and Sevel Sud. Peugeot and Fiat's Argentinian operations were also joined under the name of Sevel Argentina S.A. (Sociedad Europea de Vehículos para Latinoamérica), although Fiat withdrew in 1995. Currently Sevel builds the Fiat Ducato, Peugeot Boxer, and Citroën Jumper.

Dongfeng Peugeot Citroën Automobile Company

Main article: Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën Automobile

The joint venture with the Chinese company Dongfeng was established in 1992 and produces the 207, 307 and 408 models at factories in Wuhan and Xiangyang.[41]

Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile

Main article: Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech

In 2002, the joint venture with Toyota Motor Corporation for the development and manufacturing of a series of city cars in a new factory in the Czech Republic was signed. The resulting company is called TPCA (Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile) and it currently manufactures the Citroën C1, Peugeot 108 and Toyota Aygo.[42]

Peugeot Citroën Mitsubishi Automotiv Rus

The Kaluga factory was built by the Russian-based joint venture between PSA Peugeot Citroën (70%) and Mitsubishi Motors (30%) established in 2011. The site builds the joint venture Peugeot 4007, Citroën C-Crosser and Mitsubishi Outlander, and the Peugeot 308 and Citroën C4.[43]

Changan PSA Automobile

A 50–50 joint venture with the Chinese Chang'an Automobile Group, based in Shenzhen with an initial annual production capacity of 200,000 vehicles & engines.[44]

Other interests

In 2008, the company investigated the option to buy Mitsubishi Motors but a deal could not be concluded and was called off in 2010.[45] One outcome of the talks resulted in the Mitsubishi Outlander and Mitsubishi i-MiEV to be sold as Peugeot and Citroën in Europe.[46]

Former joint ventures

  • Guangzhou Peugeot Automobile Company (GPAC) was in operation from 1985 to 1997[47] and produced the Peugeot 504 and 505.
  • In 2011, PSA Peugeot Citroën and BMW agreed to establish BMW Peugeot Citroën Electrification as an equal joint venture to develop and manufacture hybrid components including battery packs, generators, power electronics and chargers, and software for hybrid systems.[48] The company was dissolved with the end of 2012 due to the alliance of PSA Peugeot Citroën with General Motors.

Locations

Head office

The head office of PSA Peugeot Citroën is located in the 16th arrondissement of Paris.[49][50] The 50,000-square-metre (540,000 sq ft) 1961 building houses around 2,000 employees. 900 square metres (9,700 sq ft) of space in the lobby includes an automobile showroom.[50]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, Peugeot Motor Company PLC is a wholly owned United Kingdom subsidiary of PSA Peugeot Citroën that operates the Peugeot UK and Citroën UK brands. Peugeot UK's retail arm is Robins & Day which once was part of Rootes Group before becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of Peugeot Motor Company PLC in 1970.

Other locations

PSA has a number of manufacturing and development sites around the world. Vigo, in Galicia has PSA's biggest factory in the world.

PSA invested ₹4 billion establishing new plant in Chennai, India[51]

Vehicles

Notable vehicles and innovations

Hybrid Air

Peugeot 2008 HYbrid air cutaway exhibited at the Salão Internacional do Automóvel 2014 São Paulo, Brazil

PSA Peugeot Citroën exhibited the "Hybrid Air" engine, an experimental petro-hydraulic hybrid, at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show. The engine is the result of a secret development project involving about 100 people. The basic technology is not new, it has been used in heavy vehicles such as garbage trucks or buses which frequently start and stop, but its application to passenger cars is.[52] The vehicle uses nitrogen gas compressed by energy harvested from braking or deceleration to power an hydraulic drive which supplements power from its conventional gasoline engine. The hydraulic and electronic components were supplied by Robert Bosch GmbH. Production versions were scheduled for 2015 or 2016 to sell at about $25,000, £17,000. Mileage was estimated to be about 80 miles per gallon for city driving if installed in a Citroën C3.[53]

Awards

Both Peugeot and Citroën vehicles have won many awards for their vehicles including: seven times the European Car of the Year award, 12 times the Car of the year Auto Europa award in Italy, 18 times the car of the year in Spain, and five times the Irish Car of the Year award.

European Car of the Year award winners:[54]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Peugeot Company Information". NYSE EURONEXT. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  2. ^ Mathieu Rosemain (9 January 2013). "Peugeot Quarterly Sales Fall 20% on European Market Drop". bloomberg. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  3. ^ http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/analysts-and-investors/financial-results
  4. ^ http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/analysts-and-investors/financial-results
  5. ^ http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/analysts-and-investors/financial-results
  6. ^ http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/analysts-and-investors/financial-results
  7. ^ http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/analysts-and-investors/financial-results
  8. ^ http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/finance/peugeot-sa-share/stockholder-structure
  9. ^ http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/finance/peugeot-sa-share/stockholder-structure
  10. ^ http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/finance/peugeot-sa-share/stockholder-structure
  11. ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Auto/Peugeot-to-sell-75-stake-in-Gefco-to-Russia-s-RZD-for-800-mn/Article1-933165.aspx
  12. ^ "Official website".
  13. ^ "PSA returns to French CAC 40 index and may hit operating margin target earlier than planned". Automotive News. 23 March 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  14. ^ Ahad, Abdul (3 September 2012). "Embattled Peugeot booted from French CAC 40 index". Brecorder.com. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  15. ^ La Voix Du Nord. "Peugeot éjecté du CAC 40 : un nouveau coup dur pour l'image du constructeur - Journal Numérique - France-Monde". www.lavoixdunord.fr. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  16. ^ "WORLD RANKING OF MANUFACTURERS 2010" (PDF). oica.net. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  17. ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MZxAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GKUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6208,1716150&dq=citroen&hl=en
  18. ^ Peugeot Motion and Emotion, Corporate interactive history, Undated. Retrieved: 9 April 2012.
  19. ^ "Development of the Simca 180 cars". Rootes-Chrysler.co.uk. Retrieved 11 June 2006.
  20. ^ "Austin Rover Online". Aronline.co.uk. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
  21. ^ "GM and Peugeot announce alliance". BBC News. 29 February 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  22. ^ Rosemain, Mathieu (3 July 2012). "July 3, 2012 - Peugeot to Raise French Workforce Cuts to 10,000, Union Says". Bloomberg.
  23. ^ "Peugeot Citroën may cut 5000 jobs in Europe". Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  24. ^ "Peugeot gets government rescue as crisis deepens". Reuters. 24 October 2012.
  25. ^ Automotive News Europe. http://europe.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20130312/ANE/130309964/psa-launches-new-brand-strategy-for-peugeot-and-citroen#axzz2NN9OA2to. Retrieved 29 June 2013. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  26. ^ "Peugeot signs rescue deal with China's Dongfeng Motor". BBC. 19 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  27. ^ Pearson, David (1 September 2011). "Peugeot-Citroen to Invest €650 Million in Indian Assembly Plant". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ "Peugeot-Citroën Will Begin Assembly in Kazakhstan in June". The Gazette of Central Asia. Satrapia. 7 March 2013.
  29. ^ a b "French carmaker Peugeot fires CEO to weather crisis". Reuters. 30 March 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  30. ^ "Official website". Peugeot Citroën Moteurs. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  31. ^ "Ford And PSA Peugeot Citroen Announce Plans For Expansion Of Diesel Engine Production". Carpages.co.uk. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  32. ^ "PGO Cévennes". Evo. September 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  33. ^ "PSA Peugeot Citroen 1.6-litre turbo petrol". www.ukipme.com. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  34. ^ "Official website". PCI. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  35. ^ www.21-sun.com, design by. "Company profile_About Us_Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle Co.,Ltd". en.qingqi.com.cn. Retrieved 4 March 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ "2010 Registration Document" (PDF). PSA Peugeot Citroen. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  37. ^ "Geneva 2011 press pack" (PDF). Faurecia. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  38. ^ "Official website". Gefco. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  39. ^ "Russian Railways to keep "most" Gefco staff after sale approval". Just Auto. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  40. ^ Webb, Alex (21 November 2011). "Enterprise Buys Peugeot Rental-Car Unit". Bloomberg. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  41. ^ "China : Wuhan". PSA Peugeot Citroen. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  42. ^ "About us". TPCA website. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  43. ^ "PSA Peugeot Citroën and Mitsubishi Motors Corporation begin production at their jointly owned plant in Kaluga". PSA Peugeot Citroën press release. 23 April 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  44. ^ "FIRST HALF RESULTS" (PDF). 2011 FIRST HALF RESULTS – July 27th, 2011. PSA Peugeot Citroën. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  45. ^ "Mitsubishi left at the altar – again". Go Auto. 11 March 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  46. ^ Lawrence J. Speer (2009). "PSA to launch electric cars next year". autonews.com. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  47. ^ "China Press Kit – September 2010" (PDF). PSA Peugeot Citroën. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  48. ^ "BMW Group and PSA Peugeot Citroën Create Joint Venture to Enhance Cooperation on Hybrid Technologies". BMW Press release. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  49. ^ "Contact." PSA Peugeot Citroën. Retrieved on 7 July 2010.
  50. ^ a b "Axa allie patrimoine et modernité." Le Journal du Net. Retrieved on 7 July 2010.
  51. ^ "Peugeot to set up Rs 4,000-cr plant in Tamil Nadu". The Times Of India. 30 June 2011.
  52. ^ Tim Lewis (23 March 2013). "Peugeot's Hybrid Air: the car of the future that runs on air". The Observer The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  53. ^ David Jolly (1 March 2013). "Compressing Gas for a Cheaper, Simpler Hybrid". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
  54. ^ "European Car of the Year webpage". Caroftheyear.org. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  55. ^ "Peugeot's 308 wins 2014 Car of the Year". The Telegraph. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.


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