Amanian Gate: Difference between revisions
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The '''Amanian Gate''' ({{lang-la|Amani Portae}}) or '''Bahçe Pass''' ({{lang-tr|Bahçe Geçidi}}), also known as the '''Amanus Pass''' or '''Amanides Pylae''' (Ἀμανίδες or Ἀμανικαί Πύλαι 'Amanus Gates'), is a mountain pass located on the border between [[Osmaniye Province|Osmaniye]] and [[Gaziantep Province|Gaziantep]] provinces in south-central [[Turkey]]. The pass provides a way through the northern [[Amanus Mountains]] (modern [[Nur Mountains]]), connecting [[Cilicia]] to southern [[Anatolia]] and northern [[Syria]]. It is one of two passes through the Amanus, the other being the [[Syrian Gate]] to the south.<ref>Smith, William. ''A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography'', 1878, ''s.v.'' '[http://books.google.com/books?id=UDIGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA114 Amanides Pylae]'</ref> |
The '''Amanian Gate''' ({{lang-la|Amani Portae}}) or '''Bahçe Pass''' ({{lang-tr|Bahçe Geçidi}}), also known as the '''Amanus Pass''' or '''Amanides Pylae''' (Ἀμανίδες or Ἀμανικαί Πύλαι 'Amanus Gates'), is a mountain pass located on the border between [[Osmaniye Province|Osmaniye]] and [[Gaziantep Province|Gaziantep]] provinces in south-central [[Turkey]]. The pass provides a way through the northern [[Amanus Mountains]] (modern [[Nur Mountains]]), connecting [[Cilicia]] to southern [[Anatolia]] and northern [[Syria]]. It is one of two passes through the Amanus, the other being the [[Syrian Gate]] to the south.<ref>Smith, William. ''A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography'', 1878, ''s.v.'' '[http://books.google.com/books?id=UDIGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA114 Amanides Pylae]'</ref> |
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The Amanian Gate was mentioned in the ancient [[Nabonidus Chronicle]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Amanus Mountains|url=http://www.livius.org/am-ao/amanus/amanus.html|publisher=livius.org|accessdate=30 December 2010}}</ref> |
The Amanian Gate was mentioned in the ancient [[Nabonidus Chronicle]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Amanus Mountains|url=http://www.livius.org/am-ao/amanus/amanus.html|publisher=livius.org|accessdate=30 December 2010}}</ref> |
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== The Amanian Gate and the Battle of Issus == |
== The Amanian Gate and the Battle of Issus == |
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== The Amanian Gate and the Mardaites== |
== The Amanian Gate and the Mardaites== |
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According to some historians, after the [[Muslim conquest of Syria|conquest]] of the [[Levant]] by the [[Arab]] [[Caliphate]], the [[Mardaites]], Christians following either [[Miaphysitism]] or [[Monothelitism]],<ref name="ODB">{{Citation | first = Alexander (Ed.) | last = Kazhdan | title = [[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]] | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-19-504652-6 | page=1297}}</ref> gained a semi-independent status around the [[Amanus Mountains]] within the [[Al-'Awasim|Byzantine-Arab border region]]. |
According to some historians, after the [[Muslim conquest of Syria|conquest]] of the [[Levant]] by the [[Arab]] [[Caliphate]], the [[Mardaites]], Christians following either [[Miaphysitism]] or [[Monothelitism]],<ref name="ODB">{{Citation | first = Alexander (Ed.) | last = Kazhdan | title = [[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]] | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-19-504652-6 | page=1297}}</ref> gained a semi-independent status around the [[Amanus Mountains]] within the [[Al-'Awasim|Byzantine-Arab border region]]. |
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They initially agreed to serve as spies for the Arabs and to guard the Amanian Gate, but their loyalty was intermittent and they often sided with the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] instead.<ref name="eoi457">{{cite encyclopedia | title=Djaradjima | encyclopedia=Encyclpoaedia of Islam | publisher=BRILL | accessdate=April 6, 2013 | author=Canard, M. | |
They initially agreed to serve as spies for the Arabs and to guard the Amanian Gate, but their loyalty was intermittent and they often sided with the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] instead.<ref name="eoi457">{{cite encyclopedia | title=Djaradjima | encyclopedia=Encyclpoaedia of Islam | publisher=BRILL | accessdate=April 6, 2013 | author=Canard, M. |editor1=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs | volume=2 | edition=2 | pages=457}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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[[Category:Mountain passes of Turkey]] |
[[Category:Mountain passes of Turkey]] |
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[[Category:Landforms of Osmaniye Province]] |
[[Category:Landforms of Osmaniye Province]] |
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Revision as of 20:55, 8 June 2016
| Amanian Gate | |
|---|---|
| Bahçe Pass | |
  Amanian Gate | |
| Traversed by |  O-52 Template:European route E |
| Location | Osmaniye Province, Turkey |
| Range | Amanus Mountains |
The Amanian Gate (Template:Lang-la) or Bahçe Pass (Template:Lang-tr), also known as the Amanus Pass or Amanides Pylae (Ἀμανίδες or Ἀμανικαί Πύλαι 'Amanus Gates'), is a mountain pass located on the border between Osmaniye and Gaziantep provinces in south-central Turkey. The pass provides a way through the northern Amanus Mountains (modern Nur Mountains), connecting Cilicia to southern Anatolia and northern Syria. It is one of two passes through the Amanus, the other being the Syrian Gate to the south.[1]
The Amanian Gate was mentioned in the ancient Nabonidus Chronicle.[2]
The Amanian Gate and the Battle of Issus
The pass played an important role leading to the Battle of Issus. The Persian army advanced through the Amanic Gate or another nearby pass, coming behind the Macedonian army which turned back to face and defeat the Persian army. The exact Persian strategy remains in dispute. According to Jona Lendering, after a part of Alexander the Great army occupied the Syrian Gate, Darius III of Persia decided to lead his army north through the Amanian Gate and place his army between the two Macedonian armies at the town of Issus.[3] However, the Macedonians joined forces before the arrival of Darius, and the outcome was Persian defeat. However, Donald Engels rejects a similar interpretation.[4]
The Amanian Gate and the Mardaites
According to some historians, after the conquest of the Levant by the Arab Caliphate, the Mardaites, Christians following either Miaphysitism or Monothelitism,[5] gained a semi-independent status around the Amanus Mountains within the Byzantine-Arab border region. They initially agreed to serve as spies for the Arabs and to guard the Amanian Gate, but their loyalty was intermittent and they often sided with the Byzantines instead.[6]
References
- ^ Smith, William. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, 1878, s.v. 'Amanides Pylae'
- ^ "Amanus Mountains". livius.org. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ "The Battle of Issus". livius.org. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ Engels, Donald, 1978, Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army, p. 53 fn. 137.
- ^ Kazhdan, Alexander (Ed.) (1991), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, p. 1297, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6
- ^ Canard, M. "Djaradjima". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclpoaedia of Islam. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). BRILL. p. 457.
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