Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict: Difference between revisions
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{{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Yemen]]<br><small>([[Cabinet of Yemen|Hadi government]])</small><br> |
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{{flagicon|South Yemen}} [[Southern Movement]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/YemeniCrisis/comments/30es4v/southern_movement_now_siding_with_hadi_it_is_our/|title=Southern Movement now siding with Hadi: "It is our duty to defend the south... we in the movement will abandon our peaceful means and take up arms against the Houthis" : YemeniCrisis|work=reddit}}</ref><br /> |
{{flagicon|South Yemen}} [[Southern Movement]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/YemeniCrisis/comments/30es4v/southern_movement_now_siding_with_hadi_it_is_our/|title=Southern Movement now siding with Hadi: "It is our duty to defend the south... we in the movement will abandon our peaceful means and take up arms against the Houthis" : YemeniCrisis|work=reddit}}</ref><br /> |
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{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<ref name="offensive">{{cite news|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/saudi-arabia-has-150000-troops-for-yemen-operation-report/arti|date=26 March 2015 |accessdate=26 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326221558/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/saudi-arabia-has-150000-troops-for-yemen-operation-report/article23628188/ |archivedate=March 26, 2015 }}</ref><br> |
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Revision as of 06:30, 5 July 2016
The Islamic Republic of Iran and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are said to have been involved in a proxy war[19] in Central Asia, South Asia and the Middle East, most recently in the Syrian Civil War[20][21][22] and Yemeni Civil War.[23][24] The proxy conflict has also been referred to as the Mideast Cold War.[25]
The conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia is on multiple levels, including the most notable the religious historic rivalry of the Sunni and Shia branches of Islam,[19] as well as modern geopolitical competition over hegemony in the Middle East and economic rivalry over control of the oil markets.[26]
Background
The proxy conflict can be traced back to the Iranian Revolution, where Iran became an Islamic Republic. Iranian Islamic revolutionaries called specifically for the overthrow of monarchies and their replacement with Islamic republics, much to the alarm of its smaller Sunni-run Arab neighbors Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the other Persian Gulf States – most of whom were monarchies and all of whom had sizable Shi'a populations. Islamist insurgents rose in Saudi Arabia (1979), Egypt (1981), Syria (1982), and Lebanon (1983).
Even before the Iranian Revolution, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia had oil wealth and prestige as the land of Mecca and Medina, the two holy cities of Islam. To using Islam, Saudi Arabia sponsored an international Islamic conference in Mecca in 1962. It created the Muslim World League, dedicated to spreading Islam and fostering Islamic solidarity. The League was "extremely effective" in promoting Islam, particularly conservative Wahhabi Islam in the Muslim world.[27] Saudi Arabia also spearheaded the creation of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation in 1969.
In 1980, the Arab Nationalist and Sunni Muslim-dominated regime of Saddam Hussein of neighboring Iraq, attempted to take advantage of revolutionary chaos and destroy the revolution in its infancy. This triggered the Iran-Iraq war which lasted for eight years, killing hundreds of thousands. During the war, Iraq was supported by many countries including Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and UAE, who supplied either financial or military aid to Iraq to prevent Iran from exporting its 'Islamic Revolution'. Apart from the Iran-Iraq War, Iran and Saudi Arabia have engaged in tense rivalry, supporting different armed groups in Lebanese Civil War, the Soviet–Afghan War and other conflicts. After the Cold War, Iran[28] and Saudi Arabia[29][30] continued to support different groups and organizations among sectarian lines such as in Iraq and Yemen.
History
Nuclear program of Iran
![[icon]](/enwiki/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (April 2016) |
Involvement in regional conflicts
In Bahrain
In Syria
In Yemen
In Iraq
| This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (May 2016) |
In Afghanistan
| This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (May 2016) |
In Pakistan
| This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (May 2016) |
Recent events
On 2 January 2016, 47 people were put to death in several Saudi cities, including prominent Shiite cleric Nimr al-Nimr. Protesters of the executions responded by demonstrating in Iran’s capital, Tehran. That same day a few protesters would eventually ransack the Saudi Embassy in Tehran and later set it ablaze.[31] Police donned riot gear and arrested 40 people during the incident.[32][33][34]
In response, Saudi Arabia, along with its allies, Bahrain, Sudan, Djibouti, Somalia, and the Comoros cut diplomatic ties with Iran.[35][36]
See also
- Iran–Saudi Arabia relations
- Shia–Sunni relations
- Arab Cold War
- Arab Spring
- Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry
- Iran-Israel proxy conflict
- Cold War II
- Arab-Israeli Conflict
Notes
References
- ^ "Report: Iran, North Korea Helping Syria Resume Building Missiles". Retrieved 18 November 2014.
- ^ Ryall, Julian (6 June 2013). "Syria: North Korean military 'advising Assad regime'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
- ^ "North Korea violating sanctions, according to UN report". The Telegraph. 3 July 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
- ^ a b c Wladimir van Wilgenburg (12 June 2015). "The Rise of Jaysh al-Fateh in Northern Syria". Terrorism Monitor. Vol. XIII, no. 12. Jamestown Foundation. p. 3.
- ^ a b c Gareth Porter (28 May 2015). "Gulf allies and 'Army of Conquest'". Al-Ahram Weekly.
- ^ "U.S. weapons reaching Syrian rebels". Washington Post. September 11, 2013.
- ^ "Hollande confirms French delivery of arms to Syrian rebels". 2014-08-21. Retrieved 2015-01-16.
- ^ Reardon, Martin (25 March 2015). "Saudi Arabia, Iran and the 'Great Game' in Yemen". Al Jazeera.
- ^ "Southern Movement now siding with Hadi: "It is our duty to defend the south... we in the movement will abandon our peaceful means and take up arms against the Houthis" : YemeniCrisis". reddit.
- ^ a b c d e f g h . 26 March 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150326221558/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/saudi-arabia-has-150000-troops-for-yemen-operation-report/article23628188/. Archived from the original on March 26, 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
{{cite news}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Senegal to send 2,100 troops to join Saudi-led alliance". Reuters. 4 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
- ^ "SOMALIA: Somalia finally pledges support to Saudi-led coalition in Yemen – Raxanreeb Online". RBC Radio. 7 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.[dead link]
- ^ Hussain, Tom (17 April 2015). "Pakistan agrees to send ships to block arms shipments to Yemen rebels". McClatchy Newspapers. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
- ^ Template:Tr icon Dışişleri Bakanlığı, Husi terörüne karşı Yemen'e destek verdi
- ^ "Bahrain king declares state of emergency after protests". BBC News. 15 March 2011.
- ^ "Bahrain: Widespread Suppression, Scant Reforms". Human Rights Watch.
- ^ Chulov, Martin (4 January 2016). "Saudi Arabia cuts diplomatic ties with Iran after execution of cleric". The Guardian.
- ^ MEE staff (February 23, 2016). "Saudi Arabia and UAE tell citizens to avoid Lebanon". Middle East Eye. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
- ^ a b Jennifer Rubin (6 January 2016). "The Iran-Saudi Arabia proxy war". Washington Post.
- ^ Gerges, Fawaz (15 December 2013). "Saudi Arabia and Iran must end their proxy war in Syria". The Guardian.
- ^ Rogin, Josh (4 November 2015). "Iran and Saudi Arabia Clash Inside Syria Talks". Bloomberg View.
...Iran and Saudi Arabia to discuss anything civilly, much less come to an agreement on Syria, where both sides have proxy forces in the fight.
- ^ Loewenstein, Jennifer. "Heading Toward a Collision: Syria, Saudi Arabia and Regional Proxy Wars". CounterPunch.
Saudi Arabian and Iranian-backed factions are contributing to the proxy war in Syria...
- ^ Tisdall, Simon (25 March 2015). "Iran-Saudi proxy war in Yemen explodes into region-wide crisis". The Guardian.
- ^ Browning, Noah. "The Iran-Saudi Arabia proxy war in Yemen has reached a new phase". Business Insider.
- ^ New Middle East Cold War: Saudi Arabia and Iran 's Rivalry. [1]
- ^ Kenneth M. Pollack (8 January 2016). "Fear and Loathing in Saudi Arabia". Foreign Policy.
- ^ Gold, Dore (2003). Hatred's Kingdom. Washington, DC: Regnery. pp. 75–6.
- ^ "State Sponsors: Iran". Council on Foreign Relations.
- ^ "How Saudi Wahhabism Is the Fountainhead of Islamist Terrorism". The Huffington Post. 21 January 2015.
- ^ Patrick Cockburn (11 January 2016). "Prince Mohammed bin Salman: Naive, arrogant Saudi prince is playing with fire". The Independent.
- ^ Yousuf Basil, Salma Abdelaziz and Michael Pearson, CNN (2 January 2016). "Tehran protest after Saudi Arabia executes Shiite cleric - CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Loveluck, Louisa. "Iran supreme leader says Saudi faces 'divine revenge'". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
- ^ Staff writers. "Farsnews". en.farsnews.com. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
- ^ Ben Brumfield, Yousuf Basil and Michael Pearson, CNN (3 January 2016). "Mideast protests rage after Saudi Arabia executes Shia cleric al-Nimr, 46 others". CNN. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "More countries back Saudi Arabia in Iran dispute".
- ^ Ali Mmadi (14 January 2016). "Comoros Cuts Ties With Iran in Solidarity With Saudi Arabia". Bloomberg.com.