Jump to content

Les Autres sport classification: Difference between revisions

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Line 26: Line 26:


== Sports ==
== Sports ==
There are a number of sports open to people who fit into Les Autres classes, though their eligibility often depends on if they have short stature or PROM. For people with short stature, these sports include equestrian, powerlifting, swimming, table tennis and track and field.<ref name=":0" /> For people with PROM, these sports include archery, boccia, cycling, equestrian, paracanoe, paratriathlon, powerlifting, rowing, sailing, shooting, swimming, table tennis, track and field, wheelchair basketball, wheelchair fencing and wheelchair tennis.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/disability-sport/18934366|title=A-Z of Paralympic classification|access-date=2016-07-31}}</ref>
There are a number of sports open to people who fit into Les Autres classes, though their eligibility often depends on if they have short stature or PROM. For people with short stature, these sports include equestrian, powerlifting, swimming, table tennis and track and field.<ref name=":0" /> For people with PROM, these sports include archery, boccia, cycling, equestrian, paracanoe, paratriathlon, powerlifting, rowing, sailing, shooting, swimming, table tennis, track and field, wheelchair American football, wheelchair basketball, wheelchair fencing, wheelchair softball and wheelchair tennis.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/disability-sport/18934366|title=A-Z of Paralympic classification|access-date=2016-07-31}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usO95dxAEm8C|title=Pediatric Rehabilitation: Principles & Practices, Fourth Edition|last=MD|first=Michael A. Alexander|last2=MD|first2=Dennis J. Matthews|date=2009-09-18|publisher=Demos Medical Publishing|isbn=9781935281658|language=en}}</ref>


== Classes ==
== Classes ==
Line 36: Line 36:
!Athletics
!Athletics
!Equestrian
!Equestrian
!Swimming
!Other sports
!Other sports
!Ref
!Ref
|-
|-
|LAF1
|LAF1
|Wheelchair class. Impairment in dominant arm.
|Wheelchair class. Severe issues with all four limbs. Impairment in dominant arm.
|[[ARW1]]
|
|F51, F52
|F51, F52
|Grade 1
|Grade 1
|
|''Skiing'': LW10
|''Skiing'': LW10
|<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://queenslandschoolsport.eq.edu.au/Supportandresources/Formsanddocuments/Documents/Officials%20and%20executives/classification-system-for-students-with-a-disability.docx|title=CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR STUDENTS WITH A DISABILITY|last=|first=|date=|website=Queensland Sport|publisher=Queensland Sport|access-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":6" />
|<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://queenslandschoolsport.eq.edu.au/Supportandresources/Formsanddocuments/Documents/Officials%20and%20executives/classification-system-for-students-with-a-disability.docx|title=CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR STUDENTS WITH A DISABILITY|last=|first=|date=|website=Queensland Sport|publisher=Queensland Sport|access-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":9" />
<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://paralympics.org.uk/paralympicsports/archery|title=Paralympic Archery - overview, rules and classification {{!}} British Paralympic Association|website=British Paralympic Association|access-date=2016-07-31}}</ref>
|-
|-
|LAF2
|LAF2
|Wheelchair class.  Low to moderate levels of balance issues while sitting. Normal arm function.
|Wheelchair class.  Low to moderate levels of balance issues while sitting. Severe impairment of three limbs, or all four limbs but to a lesser degree than LAF1, Normal arm function.
|ARW1, ARW2
|
|F53
|F53
|Grade 1
|Grade 1
|
|''Skiing'': LW11
|''Skiing'': LW11
|<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":6" />
|<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":11" />
|-
|-
|LAF3
|LAF3
|Wheelchair or wheelchair class. Reduced muscle function. Normal trunk functionality, balance and use of their upper limbs. Weakness in one leg muscle or who have joint restrictions.
|Wheelchair or wheelchair class. Reduced muscle function. Normal trunk functionality, balance and use of their upper limbs. Weakness in one leg muscle or who have joint restrictions. Limited function in at least two limbs.
|ARW2
|
|T44, F54, F55, F56, F57, F58
|T44, F54, F55, F56, F57, F58
|Grade 1
|Grade 1
|
|''Skiing'': LW12
|''Skiing'': LW12
|<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oandp.com/resources/sports/games97/classify.htm|title=Men & Women 800 Meter Run - Results - 1997 National Summer Games|last=|first=|date=|website=Disabled Sports US|publisher=Disabled Sports US|access-date=2016-07-28}}</ref><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":6" />
|<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oandp.com/resources/sports/games97/classify.htm|title=Men & Women 800 Meter Run - Results - 1997 National Summer Games|last=|first=|date=|website=Disabled Sports US|publisher=Disabled Sports US|access-date=2016-07-28}}</ref><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":11" />
|-
|-
|LAF4
|LAF4
|Ambulant class. Difficulty moving or severe balance problems. Reduced upper limb function.
|Ambulant class. Difficulty moving or severe balance problems. Reduced upper limb function. Limited function in two limbs to a lesser extent than LAF3.
|[[ARST]]
|[[ARST]]
|T46, F58
|T46, F58
|Grade 4
|Grade 4
|
|
⚫
|<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lbc.co.uk/paralympic-classification-what-do-the-categories-mean-58926|title=Paralympics: What Do The Categories Mean?|last=|first=|date=|website=Leading Britain's Conversation|publisher=Leading Britain's Conversation|access-date=2016-07-28}}</ref><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":9" />
|
⚫
|<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lbc.co.uk/paralympic-classification-what-do-the-categories-mean-58926|title=Paralympics: What Do The Categories Mean?|last=|first=|date=|website=Leading Britain's Conversation|publisher=Leading Britain's Conversation|access-date=2016-07-28}}</ref><ref name=":02" />
|-
|-
|LAF5
|LAF5
|Ambulant class. Normal upper limb functionality but who have balance issues or problems with their lower limbs.
|Ambulant class. Normal upper limb functionality but who have balance issues or problems with their lower limbs. Limited function in at least one limb.
|[[ARST]]
|[[ARST]]
|F42, F43, F44
|F42, F43, F44
|Grade 4
|Grade 4
|
|
⚫
|<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":02" />
|
⚫
|<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02" />
|-
|-
|LAF6
|LAF6
|Ambulant class.  Minimal issues with trunk and lower limb functionality. Impairments in one upper limb.
|Ambulant class.  Minimal issues with trunk and lower limb functionality. Impairments in one upper limb. Minimal disability.
|[[ARST]]
|[[ARST]]
|F46
|F46
|Grade 4
|Grade 4
|
|
⚫
|<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":9" />
|
⚫
|<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02" />
|-
|-
|SS1
|SS1
Line 99: Line 93:
|T40, F40
|T40, F40
|
|
|S2, S5
|
|
|<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Tim-Taek|first=Oh|last2=Osborough|first2=Conor|last3=Burkett|first3=Brendan|last4=Payton|first4=Carl|year=2015|title=Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151028124028893_84_Oh_Passive+drag+in+IPC+Swimming+Classification+System.pdf|journal=VISTA Conference|publisher=International Paralympic Commitee|volume=|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=July 24, 2016|via=}}</ref><ref name=":02" />
|<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Tim-Taek|first=Oh|last2=Osborough|first2=Conor|last3=Burkett|first3=Brendan|last4=Payton|first4=Carl|year=2015|title=Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151028124028893_84_Oh_Passive+drag+in+IPC+Swimming+Classification+System.pdf|journal=VISTA Conference|publisher=International Paralympic Commitee|volume=|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=July 24, 2016|via=}}</ref><ref name=":02" />
Line 108: Line 101:
|T41, F41
|T41, F41
|
|
|S6
|
|
|<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":02" />
|<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":02" />
|}
|}
Some sports have open classification, with all Les Autres classes able to participate so long as they meet the minimal definition of having a disability. This was true for powerlifting. <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /> In athletics, the T40s and F40s classes include Les Autres classes.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /> Les Autres competitors can also participate in sitting volleyball. In the past, the sport had a classification system and they were assigned to one of these classes.<ref name=":8" /> In Nordic and alpine skiing, Les Autres competitors participate in different classes depending on their type of disability and what is effected.<ref name=":6" />
Some sports have open classification, with all Les Autres classes able to participate so long as they meet the minimal definition of having a disability. This was true for powerlifting. <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /> In athletics, the T40s and F40s classes include Les Autres classes.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /> Les Autres competitors can also participate in sitting volleyball. In the past, the sport had a classification system and they were assigned to one of these classes.<ref name=":8" /> In Nordic and alpine skiing, Les Autres competitors participate in different classes depending on their type of disability and what is effected.<ref name=":6" /> Wheelchair softball uses a point system similar to wheelchair basketball.<ref name=":9" /> Wheelchair American football requires at least one of the six football players on the field be a tetraplegic or woman with a disability.<ref name=":9" />


== Criticism ==
== Criticism ==

Revision as of 18:21, 31 July 2016

Les Autres sport classification is

Purpose

The purpose of Les Autres sport classification is to allow for fair competition between people of different disability types.[1] As a system, its purpose in being created was largely to find a way to include people with certain types of disabilities not covered by other disability sport classification types, but who otherwise fit inside the model and culture of who should be a Paralympic sportsperson.[2]

Governance

Les Autres sport classification was originally handled by International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD).[3] Currently, classification is overseen by IWAS,[4][5] having taken over this role following the 2005 merger of ISMWSF and ISOD.[6][2]

National sport organizations handle classification on the national level. In the United Kingdom, this is the British Les Autres Sports Association.[7] In the United States, this is the United States Les Autres Sports Association.[8]

Disabilities

ISOD eligibilty for people in the Les Autres group covers sportspeople with locomotor disabilities regardless of their diagnosis.[9][10][11] People who are ineligible to compete in Les Autres classes include people with intellectual disabilities, people with heart, chest, abdominal, ear, eye or skin related disabilities where these disabilities do not impair their locomotor function.[9] This grouping does not include people with dislocated muscles or arthritis.[12] In practice, this class generally covers people with minimal disabilities who do not use a wheelchair, do not have cerebral palsy and do not have an amputation.[2] This disability group also includes people with Friedreich's ataxia, Duchenne's, Ehler Danlos Syndrome, arthogyposis, osteogenesis imperfecta and JRA.[13]

The Les Autres class of disabilities generally covers two classes. These are people with short stature or drawfism and people with impaired passive range of movement. The latter is sometimes referred to as PROM.[12][14][11]

People with short stature have this issue as a result of congenital issues.[12]

PROM includes people with joint disorders including arthrogryposis and thalidomide. Most of the included specific conditions are for congential disorders. [12] It also includes people with multiple sclerosis.[12]

History

The classification system for Les Autres sport was developed by  International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD) during the late 1970s after the organization had worked on developing classification systems for other disability groups earlier in the decade.[15]

In the United States, Les Autres were participated in sport via cerebral palsy sport organizations, and first participated in a national championship with their own classes in 1985. An organization for sports for dwarfes was created the same year in the United States and a separate one was created for people with Les Autres.[7]

In 2010, the IPC announced that they would release a new IPC Athletics Classification handbook that specifically dealt with physical impairments. This classification guide would be put into effect following the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Paralympics. One of these changes was creating a minimum age to compete in the T40 and T41 classes, open to competitors with short stature.[16]

Sports

There are a number of sports open to people who fit into Les Autres classes, though their eligibility often depends on if they have short stature or PROM. For people with short stature, these sports include equestrian, powerlifting, swimming, table tennis and track and field.[12] For people with PROM, these sports include archery, boccia, cycling, equestrian, paracanoe, paratriathlon, powerlifting, rowing, sailing, shooting, swimming, table tennis, track and field, wheelchair American football, wheelchair basketball, wheelchair fencing, wheelchair softball and wheelchair tennis.[12][17][18]

Classes

LAF1, LAF2 and LAF3 are wheelchair classes, while LAF4, LAF5 and LAF6 are ambulant classes.[19]

Class Definition Archery Athletics Equestrian Other sports Ref
LAF1 Wheelchair class. Severe issues with all four limbs. Impairment in dominant arm. ARW1 F51, F52 Grade 1 Skiing: LW10 [19][20][8][18]

[21]

LAF2 Wheelchair class.  Low to moderate levels of balance issues while sitting. Severe impairment of three limbs, or all four limbs but to a lesser degree than LAF1, Normal arm function. ARW1, ARW2 F53 Grade 1 Skiing: LW11 [19][20][18][8][21]
LAF3 Wheelchair or wheelchair class. Reduced muscle function. Normal trunk functionality, balance and use of their upper limbs. Weakness in one leg muscle or who have joint restrictions. Limited function in at least two limbs. ARW2 T44, F54, F55, F56, F57, F58 Grade 1 Skiing: LW12 [19][22][20][8][18][21]
LAF4 Ambulant class. Difficulty moving or severe balance problems. Reduced upper limb function. Limited function in two limbs to a lesser extent than LAF3. ARST T46, F58 Grade 4 [19][23][20][18]
LAF5 Ambulant class. Normal upper limb functionality but who have balance issues or problems with their lower limbs. Limited function in at least one limb. ARST F42, F43, F44 Grade 4 [19][23][18][20]
LAF6 Ambulant class.  Minimal issues with trunk and lower limb functionality. Impairments in one upper limb. Minimal disability. ARST F46 Grade 4 [19][23][20][18]
SS1 Short stature. Male standing height and arm length added together are equal to or less than 180 centimetres (71 in). Female standing height and arm length added together are equal to or less than 173 centimetres (68 in). T40, F40 [24][20]
SS2 Short stature. Male standing height and arm length added together are equal to or less than 200 centimetres (79 in). Female standing height and arm length added together are equal to or less than 190 centimetres (75 in). T41, F41 [24][20]

Some sports have open classification, with all Les Autres classes able to participate so long as they meet the minimal definition of having a disability. This was true for powerlifting. [22][14][11] In athletics, the T40s and F40s classes include Les Autres classes.[14][11] Les Autres competitors can also participate in sitting volleyball. In the past, the sport had a classification system and they were assigned to one of these classes.[14] In Nordic and alpine skiing, Les Autres competitors participate in different classes depending on their type of disability and what is effected.[8] Wheelchair softball uses a point system similar to wheelchair basketball.[18] Wheelchair American football requires at least one of the six football players on the field be a tetraplegic or woman with a disability.[18]

Criticism

The system of classification for people with Les Autres related disabilities has been criticized for not having a rigid conceptual model for how classes are defined and determining the basis of facilitating fair competition between people in this disability group type. Of the major disabilities covered by the Paralympic sport, the IPC has acknowledged this group as being the weakest in this regards. In some instances, the weakness of this system results in Les Autres sportspeople being classified using the wheelchair sports, amputee sports or cerebral palsy sports classification systems. [9]

Another criticism of this classification is that it marginalizes sportspeople in this class because they do not fit into easy to understand media narratives about elite sportspeople with disabilities because the type of disability they have is either not easy to understand and they are not in sports where they can be celebrated because of technological advantages.[2]

References

  1. ^ "INTRODUCTION to CLASSIFICATION IN SPORT". International Bowls for the Disabled. International Bowls for the Disabled. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d Andrews, David L.; Carrington, Ben (2013-06-21). A Companion to Sport. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118325285.
  3. ^ "ritgerd". www.ifsport.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 2016-07-30.
  4. ^ "About IWAS". Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation. Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation. Retrieved 2016-07-30.
  5. ^ "Other Sports". Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation. Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation. Retrieved 2016-07-30.
  6. ^ KOCCA (2011). "장애인e스포츠 활성화를 위한 스포츠 등급분류 연구" [Activate e-sports for people with disabilities: Sports Classification Study] (PDF). KOCCA (in Korean).
  7. ^ a b DePauw, Karen P.; Gavron, Susan J. (2005-01-01). Disability Sport. Human Kinetics. ISBN 9780736046381.
  8. ^ a b c d e McKeag, Douglas; Moeller, James L. (2007-01-01). ACSM's Primary Care Sports Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781770286.
  9. ^ a b c Tweedy, S. M. (2003). The ICF and Classification in Disability Athletics. In R. Madden, S. Bricknell, C. Sykes and L. York (Ed.), ICF Australian User Guide, Version 1.0, Disability Series (pp. 82-88)Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 
  10. ^ Albrecht, Gary L. (2005-10-07). Encyclopedia of Disability. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781452265209.
  11. ^ a b c d "Paralympic classifications explained". ABC News Sport. 2012-08-31. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g "Les Autres: Paralympic Classification Interactive". Team USA. US Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2016-07-28.
  13. ^ McKeag, Douglas; Moeller, James L. (2007-01-01). ACSM's Primary Care Sports Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781770286.
  14. ^ a b c d "Paralympics categories explained". ABC News. 2008-09-03. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
  15. ^ "ISOD History - Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation". IWASF. IWASF. Retrieved 2016-07-29.
  16. ^ "IPC Athletics Amendments". Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation. Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation. 2010. Retrieved 2016-07-29.
  17. ^ "A-Z of Paralympic classification". Retrieved 2016-07-31.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i MD, Michael A. Alexander; MD, Dennis J. Matthews (2009-09-18). Pediatric Rehabilitation: Principles & Practices, Fourth Edition. Demos Medical Publishing. ISBN 9781935281658.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Consejo Superior de Deportes (2011). Deportistas sin Adjectivos (PDF) (in European Spanish). Spain: Consejo Superior de Deportes.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h "CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR STUDENTS WITH A DISABILITY". Queensland Sport. Queensland Sport. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  21. ^ a b c "Paralympic Archery - overview, rules and classification | British Paralympic Association". British Paralympic Association. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
  22. ^ a b "Men & Women 800 Meter Run - Results - 1997 National Summer Games". Disabled Sports US. Disabled Sports US. Retrieved 2016-07-28.
  23. ^ a b c "Paralympics: What Do The Categories Mean?". Leading Britain's Conversation. Leading Britain's Conversation. Retrieved 2016-07-28.
  24. ^ a b Tim-Taek, Oh; Osborough, Conor; Burkett, Brendan; Payton, Carl (2015). "Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System" (PDF). VISTA Conference. International Paralympic Commitee. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Les_Autres_sport_classification&oldid=732396110"