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== Governance ==
== Governance ==
Les Autres sport classification was originally created and then governed by the [[International Sports Organization for the Disabled]] (ISOD).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifsport.is/ritgerd.htm|title=ritgerd|last=|first=|date=|website=www.ifsport.is|publisher=|language=Icelandic|access-date=2016-07-30}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=Richter|first=Kenneth J.|last2=Adams-Mushett|first2=Carol|last3=Ferrara|first3=Michael S.|last4=McCann|first4=B. Cairbre|date=1992|title=lntegrated Swimming Classification : A Faulted System|url=http://journals.humankinetics.com/AcuCustom/Sitename/Documents/DocumentItem/11786.pdf|journal=ADAPTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY QUARTERLY|volume=9|issue=|pages=5-13|doi=|pmid=|access-date=August 1, 2016|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTQdAQAAMAAJ|title=Rehabilitation World|date=1984-01-01|publisher=Rehabilitation International USA|language=en}}</ref> Currently, classification is overseen by IWAS,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iwasf.com/iwasf/index.cfm/about-iwas111/|title=About IWAS|last=|first=|date=|website=Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation|publisher=Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation|access-date=2016-07-30}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iwasf.com/iwasf/index.cfm/sports/other-sports1/|title=Other Sports|last=|first=|date=|website=Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation|publisher=Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation|access-date=2016-07-30}}</ref> having taken over this role following the 2005 merger of ISMWSF and ISOD.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|last=KOCCA|first=|date=2011|title=장애인e스포츠 활성화를 위한 스포츠 등급분류 연구|trans-title=Activate e-sports for people with disabilities: Sports Classification Study|url=https://www.kocca.kr/knowledge/research/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2011/05/24/6n70w4pHkDKo.pdf|journal=KOCCA|language=Korean|volume=|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=|via=}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
Les Autres sport classification was originally created and then governed by the [[International Sports Organization for the Disabled]] (ISOD).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifsport.is/ritgerd.htm|title=ritgerd|last=|first=|date=|website=www.ifsport.is|publisher=|language=Icelandic|access-date=2016-07-30}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=Richter|first=Kenneth J.|last2=Adams-Mushett|first2=Carol|last3=Ferrara|first3=Michael S.|last4=McCann|first4=B. Cairbre|date=1992|title=lntegrated Swimming Classification : A Faulted System|url=http://journals.humankinetics.com/AcuCustom/Sitename/Documents/DocumentItem/11786.pdf|journal=ADAPTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY QUARTERLY|volume=9|issue=|pages=5-13|doi=|pmid=|access-date=August 1, 2016|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTQdAQAAMAAJ|title=Rehabilitation World|date=1984-01-01|publisher=Rehabilitation International USA|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQkPAQAAMAAJ|title=Fitness in special populations|last=Shephard|first=Roy J.|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Human Kinetics Books|isbn=9780873222709|language=en}}</ref> Currently, classification is overseen by IWAS,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iwasf.com/iwasf/index.cfm/about-iwas111/|title=About IWAS|last=|first=|date=|website=Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation|publisher=Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation|access-date=2016-07-30}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iwasf.com/iwasf/index.cfm/sports/other-sports1/|title=Other Sports|last=|first=|date=|website=Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation|publisher=Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation|access-date=2016-07-30}}</ref> having taken over this role following the 2005 merger of ISMWSF and ISOD.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|last=KOCCA|first=|date=2011|title=장애인e스포츠 활성화를 위한 스포츠 등급분류 연구|trans-title=Activate e-sports for people with disabilities: Sports Classification Study|url=https://www.kocca.kr/knowledge/research/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2011/05/24/6n70w4pHkDKo.pdf|journal=KOCCA|language=Korean|volume=|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=|via=}}</ref><ref name=":4" />


National sport organizations handle classification on the national level. In the United Kingdom, this is the British Amputee and Les Autres Sports Association.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.es/books?id=BPsqAoFtG-sC&pg=PA246&lpg=PA246&dq=%2522les+autres%2522+sport+classification&source=bl&ots=eeaF3fsmkK&sig=NH7u_Yj2czd0RbDTZbDTIUOUQ9w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiwnI7sgp7OAhXGNhoKHWhQCiMQ6AEISjAH#v=onepage&q=les%2520autres&f=false|title=Disability Sport|last=DePauw|first=Karen P.|last2=Gavron|first2=Susan J.|date=2005-01-01|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=9780736046381|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://us.corwin.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/9462_011233Ch6.pdf|title=Sport and Disability|last=Thomas|first=Nigel|date=2002|website=|publisher=|pages=105-124|access-date=August 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2cx8AgAAQBAJ|title=Teaching Physical Education to Children with Special Educational Needs|last=Vickerman|first=Philip|date=2007-01-24|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134168460|language=en}}</ref> In the United States, this is the United States Les Autres Sports Association.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.es/books?id=KoeRrA_-td0C&pg=PA295&lpg=PA295&dq=%2522les+autres%2522+sport+classification&source=bl&ots=3garviB1_C&sig=NZqxHEBKZnR__edDf0gjod8S5Tg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj375r3gp7OAhUEBBoKHVneAHQ4ChDoAQg2MAU#v=onepage&q=%2522les%2520autres%2522%2520sport%2520classification&f=false|title=ACSM's Primary Care Sports Medicine|last=McKeag|first=Douglas|last2=Moeller|first2=James L.|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781770286|language=en}}</ref>
National sport organizations handle classification on the national level. In the United Kingdom, this is the British Amputee and Les Autres Sports Association.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.es/books?id=BPsqAoFtG-sC&pg=PA246&lpg=PA246&dq=%2522les+autres%2522+sport+classification&source=bl&ots=eeaF3fsmkK&sig=NH7u_Yj2czd0RbDTZbDTIUOUQ9w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiwnI7sgp7OAhXGNhoKHWhQCiMQ6AEISjAH#v=onepage&q=les%2520autres&f=false|title=Disability Sport|last=DePauw|first=Karen P.|last2=Gavron|first2=Susan J.|date=2005-01-01|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=9780736046381|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://us.corwin.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/9462_011233Ch6.pdf|title=Sport and Disability|last=Thomas|first=Nigel|date=2002|website=|publisher=|pages=105-124|access-date=August 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2cx8AgAAQBAJ|title=Teaching Physical Education to Children with Special Educational Needs|last=Vickerman|first=Philip|date=2007-01-24|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134168460|language=en}}</ref> In the United States, this is the United States Les Autres Sports Association.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.es/books?id=KoeRrA_-td0C&pg=PA295&lpg=PA295&dq=%2522les+autres%2522+sport+classification&source=bl&ots=3garviB1_C&sig=NZqxHEBKZnR__edDf0gjod8S5Tg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj375r3gp7OAhUEBBoKHVneAHQ4ChDoAQg2MAU#v=onepage&q=%2522les%2520autres%2522%2520sport%2520classification&f=false|title=ACSM's Primary Care Sports Medicine|last=McKeag|first=Douglas|last2=Moeller|first2=James L.|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781770286|language=en}}</ref>
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== History ==
== History ==
The classification system for Les Autres sport was developed by  [[International Sports Organization for the Disabled]] (ISOD) during the late 1970s after the organization had worked on developing classification systems for other disability groups earlier in the decade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iwasf.com/iwasf/index.cfm/about-iwas111/history/isod-history/|title=ISOD History - Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation|last=|first=|date=|website=IWASF|publisher=IWASF|access-date=2016-07-29}}</ref> Les Autres sportspeople were included on the Paralympic program for the first time at the 1976 Summer Paralympics in Toronto.<ref name=":18">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCzvCQAAQBAJ|title=Training and Coaching the Paralympic Athlete|last=Vanlandewijck|first=Yves C.|last2=Thompson|first2=Walter R.|date=2016-08-29|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781119044338|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I6ZiCgAAQBAJ|title=Sport and Society: A Student Introduction|last=Houlihan|first=Barrie|last2=Malcolm|first2=Dominic|date=2015-11-16|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9781473943230|language=en}}</ref> In 1977, ISOD formally created the Les Autres sport classification system, with this system including six classes for Les Autres sportspeople being used for the first time at the 1980 Summer Paralympics.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":17" /> Around the time it was created, the system was a viewed as being both a medical based one and a functional one.<ref name=":19">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dXtAAAAMAAJ|title=Disability and Sport|last=DePauw|first=Karen P.|last2=Gavron|first2=Susan J.|date=1995-01-01|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=9780873228480|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14" /> The functional nature was understood because of the difficulty otherwise often found in classifying people with multiple different disability types at the same time.<ref name=":14" />
The classification system for Les Autres sport was developed by  [[International Sports Organization for the Disabled]] (ISOD) during the late 1970s after the organization had worked on developing classification systems for other disability groups earlier in the decade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iwasf.com/iwasf/index.cfm/about-iwas111/history/isod-history/|title=ISOD History - Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation|last=|first=|date=|website=IWASF|publisher=IWASF|access-date=2016-07-29}}</ref> Les Autres sportspeople were included on the Paralympic program for the first time at the 1976 Summer Paralympics in Toronto.<ref name=":18">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCzvCQAAQBAJ|title=Training and Coaching the Paralympic Athlete|last=Vanlandewijck|first=Yves C.|last2=Thompson|first2=Walter R.|date=2016-08-29|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781119044338|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I6ZiCgAAQBAJ|title=Sport and Society: A Student Introduction|last=Houlihan|first=Barrie|last2=Malcolm|first2=Dominic|date=2015-11-16|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9781473943230|language=en}}</ref> In 1977, ISOD formally created the Les Autres sport classification system, with this system including six classes for Les Autres sportspeople being used for the first time at the 1980 Summer Paralympics.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":17" /> Around the time it was created, the system was a viewed as being both a medical based one and a functional one.<ref name=":19">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dXtAAAAMAAJ|title=Disability and Sport|last=DePauw|first=Karen P.|last2=Gavron|first2=Susan J.|date=1995-01-01|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=9780873228480|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14" /> The functional nature was understood because of the difficulty otherwise often found in classifying people with multiple different disability types at the same time.<ref name=":14" />

Les Autres sportspeople were first eligible to compete at United States Cerebral Palsy Association athletic events in 1978 after previously having been locked out.  They were also not included in the United States's National Wheelchair Athletic Association events prior to that. Their participation was only allowed after people started studying their disabilities and how it impacted their sport performance.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wu9LAAAAYAAJ|title=Special Physical Education: Adapted, Individualized, Developmental|last=Dunn|first=John M.|last2=Fait|first2=Hollis F.|date=1989-01-01|publisher=W.C. Brown|isbn=9780697086242|language=en}}</ref>


The 15 members of the United States Paralympic team at the 1984 Summer Paralympics in Les Autres classes included 4 people with muscular dystrophy, 2 with multiple sclerosis, 2 with Friedreich's ataxia, 1 with Arthrogryposis, 3 with Osteogensis impefecta, and 1 with short stature.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPa1AAAAIAAJ|title=The 1984 Olympic Scientific Congress proceedings: Eugene, Ore., 19-26 July 1984 : (also: OSC proceedings)|last=Broekhoff|first=Jan|date=1986-06-01|publisher=Human Kinetics Publishers|isbn=9780873220064|language=en}}</ref>
The 15 members of the United States Paralympic team at the 1984 Summer Paralympics in Les Autres classes included 4 people with muscular dystrophy, 2 with multiple sclerosis, 2 with Friedreich's ataxia, 1 with Arthrogryposis, 3 with Osteogensis impefecta, and 1 with short stature.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPa1AAAAIAAJ|title=The 1984 Olympic Scientific Congress proceedings: Eugene, Ore., 19-26 July 1984 : (also: OSC proceedings)|last=Broekhoff|first=Jan|date=1986-06-01|publisher=Human Kinetics Publishers|isbn=9780873220064|language=en}}</ref>

Revision as of 08:53, 1 August 2016

Les Autres sport classification is

Purpose

The purpose of Les Autres sport classification is to allow for fair competition between people of different disability types.[1][2] As a system, its purpose in being created was largely to find a way to include people with certain types of disabilities not covered by other disability sport classification types, but who otherwise fit inside the model and culture of who should be a Paralympic sportsperson.[3]

Governance

Les Autres sport classification was originally created and then governed by the International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD).[4][5][6][7] Currently, classification is overseen by IWAS,[8][9] having taken over this role following the 2005 merger of ISMWSF and ISOD.[10][3]

National sport organizations handle classification on the national level. In the United Kingdom, this is the British Amputee and Les Autres Sports Association.[11][12][13] In the United States, this is the United States Les Autres Sports Association.[14]

Disabilities

ISOD eligibility for people in the Les Autres group covers sportspeople with locomotor disabilities regardless of their diagnosis.[15][16][17][18][19] People who are ineligible to compete in Les Autres classes include people with intellectual disabilities, people with heart, chest, abdominal, ear, eye or skin related disabilities where these disabilities do not impair their locomotor function.[15] This grouping does not include people with dislocated muscles or arthritis.[20] In practice, this class generally covers people with minimal disabilities who do not use a wheelchair, do not have cerebral palsy and do not have an amputation.[3] This disability group also includes people with Friedreich's ataxia, Duchenne's, Ehler Danlos Syndrome, arthogyposis, osteogenesis imperfecta and JRA.[21] It also includes people with different limb length and polio sequela.[22][23]

The Les Autres class of disabilities generally covers two classes. These are people with short stature or drawfism and people with impaired passive range of movement. The latter is sometimes referred to as PROM.[20][24][17]

People with short stature have this issue as a result of congenital issues.[20]

PROM includes people with joint disorders including arthrogryposis and thalidomide. Most of the included specific conditions are for congential disorders. [20] It also includes people with multiple sclerosis.[20]

Performance

People in Les Autres classes often have cardiovascular issues associated with the condition causing their disability.[25]

History

The classification system for Les Autres sport was developed by  International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD) during the late 1970s after the organization had worked on developing classification systems for other disability groups earlier in the decade.[26] Les Autres sportspeople were included on the Paralympic program for the first time at the 1976 Summer Paralympics in Toronto.[27][12][28] In 1977, ISOD formally created the Les Autres sport classification system, with this system including six classes for Les Autres sportspeople being used for the first time at the 1980 Summer Paralympics.[27][22] Around the time it was created, the system was a viewed as being both a medical based one and a functional one.[29][18] The functional nature was understood because of the difficulty otherwise often found in classifying people with multiple different disability types at the same time.[18]

Les Autres sportspeople were first eligible to compete at United States Cerebral Palsy Association athletic events in 1978 after previously having been locked out.  They were also not included in the United States's National Wheelchair Athletic Association events prior to that. Their participation was only allowed after people started studying their disabilities and how it impacted their sport performance.[30]

The 15 members of the United States Paralympic team at the 1984 Summer Paralympics in Les Autres classes included 4 people with muscular dystrophy, 2 with multiple sclerosis, 2 with Friedreich's ataxia, 1 with Arthrogryposis, 3 with Osteogensis impefecta, and 1 with short stature.[31]

In the United States, Les Autres were participated in sport via cerebral palsy sport organizations, and first participated in a national championship with their own classes in 1985. An organization for sports for dwarfs was created the same year in the United States and a separate one was created for people with Les Autres.[11][29] At the 1988 Summer Paralympics, there were 6 classes specifically for Les Autres sportspeople.[12] At the 1984 Games, Great Britain won the most medals among all Les Autres events.  They claimed 55.  Spain was second with 38 and the United States was third with 26.[12] Equestrian had a combined class for spinal cord injuries and Les Autres at the 1984 Summer Paralympics, with the competition being held in Texas.  There were 16 total competitors, with three having spinal cord injuries, two having multiple scelorsis, two with other neurological impairments, and nine others.[12]

Starting in 1992, there was a move away from Les Autres specific classifications to functional based classification systems at the Paralympic Games.[12][5] This was realized in swimming, where Les Autres sportspeople competed directly against people with other disabilities including cerebral palsy, spinal cord injuries and amputations.[5] As a result, the 1992 Games saw the total number of classes for people with physical disabilities drop from 31 to 10.[22] Following the 1992 Games, numerous changes were made to the swimming classification system using the 10 class system as the basis to make it more competitive.[22]

In 2010, the IPC announced that they would release a new IPC Athletics Classification handbook that specifically dealt with physical impairments. This classification guide would be put into effect following the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Paralympics. One of these changes was creating a minimum age to compete in the T40 and T41 classes, open to competitors with short stature.[32]

Sports

There are a number of sports open to people who fit into Les Autres classes, though their eligibility often depends on if they have short stature or PROM. For people with short stature, these sports include equestrian, powerlifting, swimming, table tennis and track and field.[20] For people with PROM, these sports include archery, boccia, cycling, equestrian, paracanoe, paratriathlon, powerlifting, rowing, sailing, shooting, swimming, table tennis, track and field, wheelchair American football, wheelchair basketball, wheelchair fencing, wheelchair softball and wheelchair tennis.[20][33][34]

Classes

LAF1, LAF2 and LAF3 are wheelchair classes, while LAF4, LAF5 and LAF6 are ambulant classes.[35]

Class Definition Archery Athletics Equestrian Other sports Ref
LAF1 Wheelchair class. Severe issues with all four limbs. Impairment in dominant arm. ARW1 F51, F52 Grade 1 Skiing: LW10

Powerlifting: Weight based

[35][36][14][34]

[37]

LAF2 Wheelchair class.  Low to moderate levels of balance issues while sitting. Severe impairment of three limbs, or all four limbs but to a lesser degree than LAF1, Normal arm function. ARW1, ARW2 F53 Grade 1 Powerlifting: Weight based

Skiing: LW11

[35][36][34][14][37]
LAF3 Wheelchair or wheelchair class. Reduced muscle function. Normal trunk functionality, balance and use of their upper limbs. Weakness in one leg muscle or who have joint restrictions. Limited function in at least two limbs. ARW2 T44, F54, F55, F56, F57, F58 Grade 1 Powerlifting: Weight based

Skiing: LW12

[35][38][36][14][34][37]
LAF4 Ambulant class. Difficulty moving or severe balance problems. Reduced upper limb function. Limited function in two limbs to a lesser extent than LAF3. ARST T46, F58 Grade 4 Powerlifting: Weight based [35][39][36][34]
LAF5 Ambulant class. Normal upper limb functionality but who have balance issues or problems with their lower limbs. Limited function in at least one limb. ARST F42, F43, F44 Grade 4 Powerlifting: Weight based [35][39][34][36]
LAF6 Ambulant class.  Minimal issues with trunk and lower limb functionality. Impairments in one upper limb. Minimal disability. ARST F46 Grade 4 Powerlifting: Weight based [35][39][36][34]
SS1 Short stature. Male standing height and arm length added together are equal to or less than 180 centimetres (71 in). Female standing height and arm length added together are equal to or less than 173 centimetres (68 in). T40, F40 Powerlifting: Weight based [40][36]
SS2 Short stature. Male standing height and arm length added together are equal to or less than 200 centimetres (79 in). Female standing height and arm length added together are equal to or less than 190 centimetres (75 in). T41, F41 Powerlifting: Weight based [40][36]

Some sports have open classification, with all Les Autres and short stature classes able to participate so long as they meet the minimal definition of having a disability. This was true for powerlifting. [38][24][17] In athletics, the T40s and F40s classes include Les Autres classes.[24][17][41] Les Autres competitors can also participate in sitting volleyball. In the past, the sport had a classification system and they were assigned to one of these classes.[24] In Nordic and alpine skiing, Les Autres competitors participate in different classes depending on their type of disability and what is effected.[14] Wheelchair softball uses a point system similar to wheelchair basketball.[34] Wheelchair American football requires at least one of the six football players on the field be a tetraplegic or woman with a disability.[34]

Criticism

The system of classification for people with Les Autres related disabilities has been criticized for not having a rigid conceptual model for how classes are defined and determining the basis of facilitating fair competition between people in this disability group type. Of the major disabilities covered by the Paralympic sport, the IPC has acknowledged this group as being the weakest in this regards. In some instances, the weakness of this system results in Les Autres sportspeople being classified using the wheelchair sports, amputee sports or cerebral palsy sports classification systems. [15]

Another criticism of this classification is that it marginalizes sportspeople in this class because they do not fit into easy to understand media narratives about elite sportspeople with disabilities because the type of disability they have is either not easy to understand and they are not in sports where they can be celebrated because of technological advantages.[3]

For swimming, the integrated classification system has been criticized because of its emphasis on functional ability while not taking into consideration other variables like exertion. These variables tend to disadvantage certain groups against other disability groups like people with amputations. [5]

Another criticism of the classification system is that for some sports, like swimming, there is a lack of scientific evidence to backup the classification system.[22]

References

  1. ^ "INTRODUCTION to CLASSIFICATION IN SPORT". International Bowls for the Disabled. International Bowls for the Disabled. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
  2. ^ Hebestreit, Helge; Bar-Or, Oded (2008-04-30). The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine: An IOC Medical Commission Publication, The Young Athlete. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470695500.
  3. ^ a b c d Andrews, David L.; Carrington, Ben (2013-06-21). A Companion to Sport. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118325285.
  4. ^ "ritgerd". www.ifsport.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 2016-07-30.
  5. ^ a b c d Richter, Kenneth J.; Adams-Mushett, Carol; Ferrara, Michael S.; McCann, B. Cairbre (1992). "lntegrated Swimming Classification : A Faulted System" (PDF). ADAPTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY QUARTERLY. 9: 5–13. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  6. ^ Rehabilitation World. Rehabilitation International USA. 1984-01-01.
  7. ^ Shephard, Roy J. (1990-01-01). Fitness in special populations. Human Kinetics Books. ISBN 9780873222709.
  8. ^ "About IWAS". Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation. Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation. Retrieved 2016-07-30.
  9. ^ "Other Sports". Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation. Int'l Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation. Retrieved 2016-07-30.
  10. ^ KOCCA (2011). "장애인e스포츠 활성화를 위한 스포츠 등급분류 연구" [Activate e-sports for people with disabilities: Sports Classification Study] (PDF). KOCCA (in Korean).
  11. ^ a b DePauw, Karen P.; Gavron, Susan J. (2005-01-01). Disability Sport. Human Kinetics. ISBN 9780736046381.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Thomas, Nigel (2002). "Sport and Disability" (PDF). pp. 105–124. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  13. ^ Vickerman, Philip (2007-01-24). Teaching Physical Education to Children with Special Educational Needs. Routledge. ISBN 9781134168460.
  14. ^ a b c d e McKeag, Douglas; Moeller, James L. (2007-01-01). ACSM's Primary Care Sports Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781770286.
  15. ^ a b c Tweedy, S. M. (2003). The ICF and Classification in Disability Athletics. In R. Madden, S. Bricknell, C. Sykes and L. York (Ed.), ICF Australian User Guide, Version 1.0, Disability Series (pp. 82-88)Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 
  16. ^ Albrecht, Gary L. (2005-10-07). Encyclopedia of Disability. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781452265209.
  17. ^ a b c d "Paralympic classifications explained". ABC News Sport. 2012-08-31. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
  18. ^ a b c Sportbond, Nederlandse Invaliden (1985-01-01). Proceedings of the Workshop on Disabled and Sports. Nederlandse Invaliden Sportbond.
  19. ^ Narvani, A. A.; Thomas, P.; Lynn, B. (2006-09-27). Key Topics in Sports Medicine. Routledge. ISBN 9781134220618.
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