Kidarites: Difference between revisions
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==Origin== |
==Origin== |
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{{Citation style|date=August 2016}} |
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According to the Chinese sources Kidarites appeared in [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Bactria]] in 4th century and were branch of the Little [[Yuezhi]]. Some of them inherited the [[Kushan Empire]] and were called little Kushans.<ref>COINS OF THE TOCHARI, KUSHÂNS, OR YUE-TI, A. Cunningham, The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society, http://www.jstor.org/stable/42680025?seq=12#page_scan_tab_contents</ref><ref>A NOTE ON KIDARA AND THE KIDARITES, WILLIAM SAMOLIN, Central Asiatic Journal, Vol. 2, No. 4 (1956), pp. 295-297, „The Yueh-chih origin of Kidara is clearly established...“, https://www.jstor.org/stable/41926398?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents</ref> Kidarites were also called Red Huns<ref>Kuṣāṇa Coins and Kuṣāṇa Sculptures from Mathurā, Gritli von Mitterwallner, Frederic Salmon Growse, page 49, https://books.google.bg/books?id=uufVAAAAMAAJ&q=kidarites+red&dq=kidarites+red&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmgaLvr_PNAhXDOhQKHQnxDxIQ6AEIIjAB</ref> and were displayed on Sogdian coins as archers riding on the reverse.<ref>History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Ahmad Hasan Dani, B. A. Litvinsky, page 120, https://books.google.bg/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA120&dq=kidarites&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=kidarites&f=false</ref> The Little [[Yuezhi]] remained in [[North China]] and were included into [[Xiongnu]] confederation under the name [[Jie people|Jie]] (sometimes also Chieh) people. Chinese chronicles documented them as one of the 19 tribes of [[Xiongnu]].<ref>The World of the Huns, Otto Maenchen-Helfen, pages 372-375, https://books.google.bg/books?id=CrUdgzSICxcC&pg=PA367&lpg=PA367&dq=Kenkol+River&source=bl&ots=KIZSHZyaJZ&sig=NixP5N00kD3QfzxQgebZCE-HF9w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjc6JSIibrMAhXJaxQKHXDgBEMQ6AEIQjAI#v=onepage&q=Kenkol%20River&f=false</ref> Obviously their number wasn't small at all, as it is usually assumed, because we are told that between 184 AD and 221 AD there was a serious revolt of the Little [[Yuezhi]] in [[Gansu]] and the Chinese couldn't suppress it for almost 40 years.<ref>The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1, Denis Sinor, page 170, https://books.google.bg/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=cranial+deformation+Yueh-Chih&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjApt2UmLrMAhWM8RQKHdvQBr04ChDoAQg9MAc#v=onepage&q=Yueh%20Chih&f=false</ref> In 349 AD there was a massacre of [[Jie people|Jie]] Chieh people in North China, [[Maenchen-Helfen]] points out that 200 000 of them were slain. Probably it can be considered as the final date of the Little [[Yuezhi]] migration from [[North China]]/[[Tarim basin]] toward [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Bactria]]. |
According to the Chinese sources Kidarites appeared in [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Bactria]] in 4th century and were branch of the Little [[Yuezhi]]. Some of them inherited the [[Kushan Empire]] and were called little Kushans.<ref>COINS OF THE TOCHARI, KUSHÂNS, OR YUE-TI, A. Cunningham, The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society, http://www.jstor.org/stable/42680025?seq=12#page_scan_tab_contents</ref>{{Obsolete source|reason=This source 127 years old, there is probably a better source for the|date=August 2016}}<ref>A NOTE ON KIDARA AND THE KIDARITES, WILLIAM SAMOLIN, Central Asiatic Journal, Vol. 2, No. 4 (1956), pp. 295-297, „The Yueh-chih origin of Kidara is clearly established...“, https://www.jstor.org/stable/41926398?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents</ref> Kidarites were also called Red Huns<ref>Kuṣāṇa Coins and Kuṣāṇa Sculptures from Mathurā, Gritli von Mitterwallner, Frederic Salmon Growse, page 49, https://books.google.bg/books?id=uufVAAAAMAAJ&q=kidarites+red&dq=kidarites+red&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmgaLvr_PNAhXDOhQKHQnxDxIQ6AEIIjAB</ref> and were displayed on Sogdian coins as archers riding on the reverse.<ref>History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Ahmad Hasan Dani, B. A. Litvinsky, page 120, https://books.google.bg/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA120&dq=kidarites&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=kidarites&f=false</ref> The Little [[Yuezhi]] remained in [[North China]] and were included into [[Xiongnu]] confederation under the name [[Jie people|Jie]] (sometimes also Chieh) people. Chinese chronicles documented them as one of the 19 tribes of [[Xiongnu]].<ref>The World of the Huns, Otto Maenchen-Helfen, pages 372-375, https://books.google.bg/books?id=CrUdgzSICxcC&pg=PA367&lpg=PA367&dq=Kenkol+River&source=bl&ots=KIZSHZyaJZ&sig=NixP5N00kD3QfzxQgebZCE-HF9w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjc6JSIibrMAhXJaxQKHXDgBEMQ6AEIQjAI#v=onepage&q=Kenkol%20River&f=false</ref> Obviously their number wasn't small at all, as it is usually assumed, because we are told that between 184 AD and 221 AD there was a serious revolt of the Little [[Yuezhi]] in [[Gansu]] and the Chinese couldn't suppress it for almost 40 years.<ref>The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1, Denis Sinor, page 170, https://books.google.bg/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=cranial+deformation+Yueh-Chih&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjApt2UmLrMAhWM8RQKHdvQBr04ChDoAQg9MAc#v=onepage&q=Yueh%20Chih&f=false</ref> In 349 AD there was a massacre of [[Jie people|Jie]] Chieh people in North China, [[Maenchen-Helfen]] points out that 200 000 of them were slain. Probably it can be considered as the final date of the Little [[Yuezhi]] migration from [[North China]]/[[Tarim basin]] toward [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Bactria]]. |
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==Kidarite kingdom== |
==Kidarite kingdom== |
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==White Huns== |
==White Huns== |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2016}} |
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As a result of "[[Wusun]] vultures" descending upon them in Transoxiana, the Kidarite powerbase moved in 460 from southern "Red" [[Balkh]] to western "White" [[Khiva]], where the Hephthalite dynasty was established by [[Khingila I]]. |
As a result of "[[Wusun]] vultures" descending upon them in Transoxiana, the Kidarite powerbase moved in 460 from southern "Red" [[Balkh]] to western "White" [[Khiva]], where the Hephthalite dynasty was established by [[Khingila I]]. |
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The Kidarite Xionites flourished under the Hephthalites, until something forced them to migrate from Khiva to [[Atil]] under [[Kandik]] in the mid-6th century. Not long afterwards, the Hephthalites remaining in Central Asia submitted to [[Göktürks|Gokturk]] rule in 567AD. |
The Kidarite Xionites flourished under the Hephthalites, until something forced them to migrate from Khiva to [[Atil]] under [[Kandik]] in the mid-6th century. Not long afterwards, the Hephthalites remaining in Central Asia submitted to [[Göktürks|Gokturk]] rule in 567AD. |
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== Relation to the "Huns" of Europe== |
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The [[Huns]] already present on the Black Sea Steppes might not have been as closely related to the northern [[Karakum Desert]] Kidarites and the related Xionites or Hunas as is usually presumed. Though the ''Chronicles of Kiev'' mention how the Ki clan founded Kiev after subjugating the eastern Hunno-Bulgars who subsequently became known as the [[Kazarig]]. In Europe the Kidarites became known as the [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]], first mentioned in Balkhan province of Turkmenistan attacking the [[Sabir]]s in 460 AD and who the following century (in 557) entered Europe under the leadership of [[Kandik]]. Because of their flimsy connection to the Uar dynasty the [[Gokturks]] objected to the Kidarites calling themselves "Avars" and demanded the Byzantine Emperor Maurice (582-602) recognise the fact that the eastern Avars (from which the [[Dulo clan]] descended) who had submitted to Gokturk rule were the "true" Avars, while the Kidarites who had entered Europe under Kandik should be called "Pseudo-Avars".{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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Revision as of 23:45, 10 August 2016
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2015) |
 | This article is written like a review. (March 2016) |
The Kidarite (Chinese: Jiduolo[1]) were a dynasty of the "Ki" clan. They were part of the complex of Iranian-speaking tribes known collectively as Xionites or "Hunas".
During the 4th-5th century they established the Kidarite kingdom.
History
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The Kidarites, a nomadic clan, are supposed to have originated in China and arrived in Bactria with the great migrations of the second half of the 4th century.
When Shi Le established the Later Zhao state, it is thought that many of the Uar (Chinese 滑 Huá) fled (c. 320 CE) from the area around Pingyang (平陽; modern Linfen, Shanxi) and fled west along the Silk Road. This put pressure on the Xionites, who increasingly encroached upon Khorasan and the frontiers of the Kushan state.
The Kidarite king Grumbat mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus was a cause of much concern to the Persians. Between 353 AD and 358 AD, the Xionites under Grumbat attacked in the eastern frontiers of Shapur II's empire along with other nomad tribes. After a prolonged struggle they were forced to conclude a peace, and their king Grumbat accompanied Shapur II in the war against the Romans. Victories of the Xionites during their campaigns in the Eastern Caspian lands are described by Ammianus Marcellinus: Grumbates Chionitarum rex novus aetate quidem media rugosisque membris sed mente quadam grandifica multisque victoriarum insignibus nobilis. ("Grumbates, the new king of the Xionites, while he was middle aged, and his limbs were wrinkled, he was endowed with a mind that acted grandly, and was famous for his many, significant victories." –Ammianus Marcellinus, 18.6.22.)
The southern or "Red" Kidarite vassals to the Kushans in the North-Western Indus valley became known as Kermikhiones.
A "Kidarite dynasty", south of the Oxus, was at war with the Sassanids in the fifth century. Peroz I fought Kidara and then his son Kungas, forcing Kungas to leave Bactria. They entered Kabul and replaced the last of the Kushan Empire rulers. However, the Kidarites in turn were soon overwhelmed by the Hephthalites.[2]
Kutrigur Huns[3][4] from the Byzantine sources involved in causing Hunnic migrations across the Volga into Europe were identified with Kidar Bulgars from Armenian sources,[5] whom in turn David Marshall Lang identified with the Kermikhion-Kidarites.[6]
Origin
| This article has an unclear citation style. (August 2016) |
According to the Chinese sources Kidarites appeared in Kazakhstan and Bactria in 4th century and were branch of the Little Yuezhi. Some of them inherited the Kushan Empire and were called little Kushans.[7][obsolete source][8] Kidarites were also called Red Huns[9] and were displayed on Sogdian coins as archers riding on the reverse.[10] The Little Yuezhi remained in North China and were included into Xiongnu confederation under the name Jie (sometimes also Chieh) people. Chinese chronicles documented them as one of the 19 tribes of Xiongnu.[11] Obviously their number wasn't small at all, as it is usually assumed, because we are told that between 184 AD and 221 AD there was a serious revolt of the Little Yuezhi in Gansu and the Chinese couldn't suppress it for almost 40 years.[12] In 349 AD there was a massacre of Jie Chieh people in North China, Maenchen-Helfen points out that 200 000 of them were slain. Probably it can be considered as the final date of the Little Yuezhi migration from North China/Tarim basin toward Kazakhstan and Bactria.
Kidarite kingdom
The Kidarite kingdom was created either in the second half of the 4th century, or in the twenties of the 5th century.
The only 4th century evidence are gold coins discovered in Balkh dating from c. 380, where 'Kidara' is usually interpreted in a legend in the Bactrian language. Most numismatic specialists favor this idea. All the other data we currently have on the Kidarite kingdom are from Chinese and Byzantine sources from the middle of the 5th century.
They may have risen to power during the 420s in Northern Afghanistan before conquering Peshawar and part of northwest India, then turning north to conquer Sogdiana in the 440s, before being cut from their Bactrian nomadic roots by the rise of the Hephthalites in the 450s. Many small Kidarite kingdoms seems to have survived in northwest India up to the conquest by the Hephthalites during the last quarter of the 5th century are known through their coinage.
The Kidarites are the last dynasty to regard themselves (on the legend of their coins) as the inheritors of the Kushan empire, which had disappeared as an independent entity two centuries earlier.
| Kidara I | fl. c. 320 CE |
| Kungas | 330's ? |
| Varhran I | fl. c. 340 |
| Grumbat | c. 358-c. 380 |
| Kidara (II ?) | fl. c. 360 |
| Brahmi Buddhatala | fl. c. 370 |
| (Unknown) | fl. 388/400 |
| Varhran (II) | fl. c. 425 |
| Goboziko | fl. c. 450 |
| Salanavira | mid 400's |
| Vinayaditya | late 400's |
| Kandik | early 500's |
The Kidarites were the first "Hunas" to bother India. Indian records note that the Hūna had established themselves in modern Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier Province in present-day Pakistan by the first half of the 5th century, and the Gupta emperor Skandagupta had repelled a Hūna invasion in 455.
White Huns
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As a result of "Wusun vultures" descending upon them in Transoxiana, the Kidarite powerbase moved in 460 from southern "Red" Balkh to western "White" Khiva, where the Hephthalite dynasty was established by Khingila I.
The Greek envoy Rhetor often referred to the "White Huns" as "Kidarite Xionites" when they united with the Uar under the Hepthalite clan. While in India, the Kidarite Xionites became known as Sveta-Hūna meaning "White Huns". They were said to have been of fair complexion according to Procopius, although according to the Central Asian order of cosmic precedence, "White Huns" would simply mean "Western Huns".
Although they fought against the Sassanians, early 5th century "OIONO" coins (thought to have been minted by Xionite rulers) imitate Sassanian drachmas (for more information on coins see Xionites).
The Kidarite Xionites flourished under the Hephthalites, until something forced them to migrate from Khiva to Atil under Kandik in the mid-6th century. Not long afterwards, the Hephthalites remaining in Central Asia submitted to Gokturk rule in 567AD.
See also
References and notes
- ^ Touraj Daryaee (2009), Sasanian Persia, London and New York: I.B.Tauris, p. 17
- ^ Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp. 68–69. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
- ^ The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe, Hyun Jin Kim, page 253, https://books.google.bg/books?id=fX8YAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA253&dq=kutrigurs+huns&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=kutrigurs%20huns&f=false
- ^ The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, René Grousset, page 79, https://books.google.bg/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC&pg=PA79&dq=kutrigur+huns&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=kutrigur%20huns&f=false
- ^ История на Първото българско Царство. I. Епоха на хуно-българското надмощие, В. Златарски, page 156, http://promacedonia.org/vz1a/vz1a_a_5.html
- ^ The Bulgarians: from pagan times to the Ottoman conquest(1976), David Marshall Lang, pages 31 and 204, https://books.google.bg/books?redir_esc=y&id=8EppAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=kidar
- ^ COINS OF THE TOCHARI, KUSHÂNS, OR YUE-TI, A. Cunningham, The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society, http://www.jstor.org/stable/42680025?seq=12#page_scan_tab_contents
- ^ A NOTE ON KIDARA AND THE KIDARITES, WILLIAM SAMOLIN, Central Asiatic Journal, Vol. 2, No. 4 (1956), pp. 295-297, „The Yueh-chih origin of Kidara is clearly established...“, https://www.jstor.org/stable/41926398?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
- ^ Kuṣāṇa Coins and Kuṣāṇa Sculptures from Mathurā, Gritli von Mitterwallner, Frederic Salmon Growse, page 49, https://books.google.bg/books?id=uufVAAAAMAAJ&q=kidarites+red&dq=kidarites+red&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmgaLvr_PNAhXDOhQKHQnxDxIQ6AEIIjAB
- ^ History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Ahmad Hasan Dani, B. A. Litvinsky, page 120, https://books.google.bg/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA120&dq=kidarites&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=kidarites&f=false
- ^ The World of the Huns, Otto Maenchen-Helfen, pages 372-375, https://books.google.bg/books?id=CrUdgzSICxcC&pg=PA367&lpg=PA367&dq=Kenkol+River&source=bl&ots=KIZSHZyaJZ&sig=NixP5N00kD3QfzxQgebZCE-HF9w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjc6JSIibrMAhXJaxQKHXDgBEMQ6AEIQjAI#v=onepage&q=Kenkol%20River&f=false
- ^ The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1, Denis Sinor, page 170, https://books.google.bg/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=cranial+deformation+Yueh-Chih&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjApt2UmLrMAhWM8RQKHdvQBr04ChDoAQg9MAc#v=onepage&q=Yueh%20Chih&f=false
- ENOKI, K., « On the Date of the Kidarites (I) », Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko, 27, 1969, p. 1–26.
- GRENET, F. « Regional Interaction in Central Asia and North-West India in the Kidarite and Hephtalite Period », in SIMS-WILLIAMS, N. (ed.), Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples, (Proceedings of the British Academy), London, 2002, p. 203–224.