Himalayan rubythroat: Difference between revisions
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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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The white-tailed rubythroat was previously placed in the genus ''[[Luscinia]]'' but had earlier also been included in the genera ''[[Erithacus]]'' and ''[[Calliope (genus)|Calliope]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ripley | first=S.D. | year=1952| title=The Thrushes| journal=Postilla| volume=13| pages=1–48 | url= |
The white-tailed rubythroat was previously placed in the genus ''[[Luscinia]]'' but had earlier also been included in the genera ''[[Erithacus]]'' and ''[[Calliope (genus)|Calliope]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ripley | first=S.D. | year=1952| title=The Thrushes| journal=Postilla| volume=13| pages=1–48 | url=https://archive.org/stream/postilla150peab#page/n113/mode/2up/ }}</ref> A large [[molecular phylogenetic]] study published in 2010 found that ''Luscinia'' was not [[monophyletic]]. The genus was therefore split and several species including the white-tailed rubythroat were moved to the reinstated genus ''[[Calliope (genus)|Calliope]]''.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Sangster | first1=G. | last2=Alström | first2=P. | last3=Forsmark | first3=E. | last4=Olsson | first4=U. | year=2010 | title=Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=57 | issue=1 | pages=380–392 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2016 | title=Chats, Old World flycatchers | work=World Bird List Version 6.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/chats/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union| accessdate=20 May 2016 }}</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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The male is slaty brown above with a white forehead and supercilium. The wings are brownish and the tail is blackish with white base and tips. The sides of the throat and breast are black and the centre of the chin and throat is scarlet. Each of the black feathers on the breast is narrowly fringed with grey.<ref name=hbk/> The belly and vent are white. The female is dull, brownish grey above with a diffuse supercilium and smoky underparts. The centre of the throat is whitish and a short whitish moustachial stripe is present in the eastern populations.<ref name=hbk>{{cite book|vauthors=Ali S, Ripley SD |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1997 |pages=225–229|title=Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan|volume=8|edition=2|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=New Delhi}}</ref> |
The male is slaty brown above with a white forehead and supercilium. The wings are brownish and the tail is blackish with white base and tips. The sides of the throat and breast are black and the centre of the chin and throat is scarlet. Each of the black feathers on the breast is narrowly fringed with grey.<ref name=hbk/> The belly and vent are white. The female is dull, brownish grey above with a diffuse supercilium and smoky underparts. The centre of the throat is whitish and a short whitish moustachial stripe is present in the eastern populations.<ref name=hbk>{{cite book|vauthors=Ali S, Ripley SD |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1997 |pages=225–229|title=Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan|volume=8|edition=2|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=New Delhi}}</ref> |
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The subspecies found in Afghanistan and the Tien Shans, ''ballioni'', has the male paler than the [[nominate subspecies]] of the western Himalayas. In the central and eastern Himalayas of Sikkim and Bhutan, ''confusa'', is similar but has the male blacker above with a more prominent white forehead. The edge of the Tibetan plateau in Ladakh and to the east up to Gansu is the breeding range of subspecies ''tschebaiewi'' which winters in Assam and Sikkim. It has a face pattern that resembles that of the Siberian rubythroat and a strong white submoustachial streak. The thin supercila over the eyes do not meet at the forehead. Being rather distinctive and possibly closer to the Siberian rubythroat, the taxonomy and placement of this population as well as the overall treatment of this species pair has been questioned.<ref name=pcr>{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen PC |author2=JC Anderton |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2005|title=Birds of South Asia. Volume 2|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions|place=Washington DC and Barcelona|pages=391–392}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url= |
The subspecies found in Afghanistan and the Tien Shans, ''ballioni'', has the male paler than the [[nominate subspecies]] of the western Himalayas. In the central and eastern Himalayas of Sikkim and Bhutan, ''confusa'', is similar but has the male blacker above with a more prominent white forehead. The edge of the Tibetan plateau in Ladakh and to the east up to Gansu is the breeding range of subspecies ''tschebaiewi'' which winters in Assam and Sikkim. It has a face pattern that resembles that of the Siberian rubythroat and a strong white submoustachial streak. The thin supercila over the eyes do not meet at the forehead. Being rather distinctive and possibly closer to the Siberian rubythroat, the taxonomy and placement of this population as well as the overall treatment of this species pair has been questioned.<ref name=pcr>{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen PC |author2=JC Anderton |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2005|title=Birds of South Asia. Volume 2|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions|place=Washington DC and Barcelona|pages=391–392}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/checklistofbirds101964pete#page/44/mode/2up/|pages=44–45|title=Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 10|editor1=Mayr E |editor2=R A Paynter, Jr |author1=Deignan, HG |author2=RA Paynter, Jr |author3=S D Ripley |publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology|place=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=1964}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url = https://archive.org/stream/dievgelderpal01hart#page/739/mode/1up|pages=739–740|title=Die Vogel der palaearktischen Fauna. Band 1|author=Hartert, E|year=1910|publisher=Verlag von R. Friedlaender und Sohn|place=Berlin}}</ref><ref name=fbi2>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds2/bakerFBI2#page/n115/mode/1up|pages=92–95|title=Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 2|edition=2|author=Baker, ECS|year=1924| publisher=Taylor and Francis|place=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter=The birds of Mongolia, the Tangut Country and the Solitudes of Northern Tibet|author=Prjevalsky, N|url= https://archive.org/stream/Ornithologicalm2#page/137/mode/1up|pages=138–204|title=Ornithological Miscellany. Volume |editor=Rowley, George Dawson|year=1877|publisher=Trubner and Co.|place=London}}</ref> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
==Distribution and habitat== |
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It is found in Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, ranging across [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Russia]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Thailand]], [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Uzbekistan]]. The move up north and into higher altitudes in summer and move into lower elevations to the south in winter. Subspecies ''ballioni'' is found in the western and northern part of its range while the nominate population occurs along the western and central Himalayas in India. Subspecies ''confusa'' which may well represent clinal variation in the darkness of the upper plumage of the male is found from Sikkim to Assam. Subspecies ''tschebaiewi'' which breeds along the edge of the Tibetan plateau winters to its south from Nepal to Assam.<ref name=fbi2/><ref>{{cite book|url= |
It is found in Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, ranging across [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Russia]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Thailand]], [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Uzbekistan]]. The move up north and into higher altitudes in summer and move into lower elevations to the south in winter. Subspecies ''ballioni'' is found in the western and northern part of its range while the nominate population occurs along the western and central Himalayas in India. Subspecies ''confusa'' which may well represent clinal variation in the darkness of the upper plumage of the male is found from Sikkim to Assam. Subspecies ''tschebaiewi'' which breeds along the edge of the Tibetan plateau winters to its south from Nepal to Assam.<ref name=fbi2/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/guidetobirdsofne85insk#page/238/mode/1up|page=239|title=A guide to the birds of Nepal|author1=Inskipp, C |author2=Inskipp T |lastauthoramp=yes |edition=2| publisher=Christopher Helm|place=London|year=1985}}</ref> Its natural [[habitat]] is open woodland and scrub.<ref name=pcr/> They may sometimes occur in summer on the lower plains but a record from further south at Londa near Goa has been determined as a misidentified Siberian rubythroat.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Prasad, Anand|year=2006| title= Himalayan (White-tailed) Rubythroat ''Luscinia pectoralis'' at Londa, Karnataka, a deletion |journal=Indian Birds|volume=2|issue=1|page=12|url=http://www.indianbirds.in/pdfs/Himalayan%20%28White-tailed%29%20Rubythroat.pdf}}</ref><ref name=fbi>{{cite book|author=Oates, Eugene W.|year=1890|title=Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 2|url=https://archive.org/stream/faunaofbritishin02oate#page/103/mode/1up/|pages=103–104|publisher=Taylor and Francis|place=London}}</ref> |
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==Behaviour and ecology== |
==Behaviour and ecology== |
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Revision as of 20:45, 19 August 2016
| Himalayan rubythroat | |
|---|---|
| |
| Male of the nominate subspecies (Dehradun, India) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | C. pectoralis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Calliope pectoralis Gould, 1837
| |
| Subspecies | |
| |
| |
L. p. tschebaiewi breeding range
breeding range of other populations Winter range | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Luscinia pectoralis | |
The white-tailed rubythroat or Himalayan rubythroat (Calliope pectoralis previously Luscinia pectoralis) is a species of bird in the family Muscicapidae. It is closely related to the Siberian rubythroat which however lacks the distinctive white tail-tips and white tail bases. It is found along the Himalayan ranges from Afghanistan to Burma. Several subspecies are recognized across its wide range.
Taxonomy
The white-tailed rubythroat was previously placed in the genus Luscinia but had earlier also been included in the genera Erithacus and Calliope.[2] A large molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that Luscinia was not monophyletic. The genus was therefore split and several species including the white-tailed rubythroat were moved to the reinstated genus Calliope.[3][4]
Description
The male is slaty brown above with a white forehead and supercilium. The wings are brownish and the tail is blackish with white base and tips. The sides of the throat and breast are black and the centre of the chin and throat is scarlet. Each of the black feathers on the breast is narrowly fringed with grey.[5] The belly and vent are white. The female is dull, brownish grey above with a diffuse supercilium and smoky underparts. The centre of the throat is whitish and a short whitish moustachial stripe is present in the eastern populations.[5]
The subspecies found in Afghanistan and the Tien Shans, ballioni, has the male paler than the nominate subspecies of the western Himalayas. In the central and eastern Himalayas of Sikkim and Bhutan, confusa, is similar but has the male blacker above with a more prominent white forehead. The edge of the Tibetan plateau in Ladakh and to the east up to Gansu is the breeding range of subspecies tschebaiewi which winters in Assam and Sikkim. It has a face pattern that resembles that of the Siberian rubythroat and a strong white submoustachial streak. The thin supercila over the eyes do not meet at the forehead. Being rather distinctive and possibly closer to the Siberian rubythroat, the taxonomy and placement of this population as well as the overall treatment of this species pair has been questioned.[6][7][8][9][10]
Distribution and habitat
It is found in Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, ranging across Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The move up north and into higher altitudes in summer and move into lower elevations to the south in winter. Subspecies ballioni is found in the western and northern part of its range while the nominate population occurs along the western and central Himalayas in India. Subspecies confusa which may well represent clinal variation in the darkness of the upper plumage of the male is found from Sikkim to Assam. Subspecies tschebaiewi which breeds along the edge of the Tibetan plateau winters to its south from Nepal to Assam.[9][11] Its natural habitat is open woodland and scrub.[6] They may sometimes occur in summer on the lower plains but a record from further south at Londa near Goa has been determined as a misidentified Siberian rubythroat.[12][13]
Behaviour and ecology
Adults are shy although sometimes perching in the open. They are usually seen singly or in pairs during the breeding season. They feed mainly on small insects including beetles and ants. During the beeding season the male sings through the day from the top of an exposed perch. The song is a series of squeaky notes with a great deal of variation. Females produce an upward inflected whistle that follows a short and gruff note. The alarm call is a sharp yapping skyap.[6][14]
In the Tien Shan region, the white-tailed rubythroat is found in thickets of juniper elfin at altitudes of 2500 to 2700 m on gently sloping land. The breeding season is in summer and nests are built in shrubs near dense stands of trees. The nest is placed in the middle of a shrub and sometimes on the ground in a dense tussock. The typical nest is a loose and large ball like with an entrance on the side but is sometimes cup like with an open top. The nest is built mainly by the female. A clutch of 4 to 6 eggs is laid. The eggs are greenish blue with rusty dots forming a ring near the broad end. Incubation is mostly by the female but the nestlings are fed by both parents. The eggs hatch after around 14 days and the young leave the nest when they fledge after about 16 days.[15] The parents forage close to the nest and the young are mainly fed with hairy caterpillars. Rubythroats have been observed to abandon their nest when a cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) laid an egg in their nest. Martens and stoats sometimes destroy nests and prey on the young.[14]
In culture
The summer song of the male inspired the 1995 composition Summoning Dawn by Scottish composer and birdcall recorder Magnus Robb who was inspired by the tune he noticed by playing the calls at a fourth of its normal speed.[16]
References
- ^ Template:IUCN
- ^ Ripley, S.D. (1952). "The Thrushes". Postilla. 13: 1–48.
- ^ Sangster, G.; Alström, P.; Forsmark, E.; Olsson, U. (2010). "Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (1): 380–392. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2016). "Chats, Old World flycatchers". World Bird List Version 6.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ a b Ali S, Ripley SD (1997). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 8 (2 ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 225–229.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Rasmussen PC; JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia. Volume 2. Washington DC and Barcelona: Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. pp. 391–392.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Deignan, HG; RA Paynter, Jr; S D Ripley (1964). Mayr E; R A Paynter, Jr (eds.). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 10. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 44–45.
- ^ Hartert, E (1910). Die Vogel der palaearktischen Fauna. Band 1. Berlin: Verlag von R. Friedlaender und Sohn. pp. 739–740.
- ^ a b Baker, ECS (1924). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 2 (2 ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 92–95.
- ^ Prjevalsky, N (1877). "The birds of Mongolia, the Tangut Country and the Solitudes of Northern Tibet". In Rowley, George Dawson (ed.). Ornithological Miscellany. Volume. London: Trubner and Co. pp. 138–204.
- ^ Inskipp, C; Inskipp T (1985). A guide to the birds of Nepal (2 ed.). London: Christopher Helm. p. 239.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Prasad, Anand (2006). "Himalayan (White-tailed) Rubythroat Luscinia pectoralis at Londa, Karnataka, a deletion" (PDF). Indian Birds. 2 (1): 12.
- ^ Oates, Eugene W. (1890). Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 2. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 103–104.
- ^ a b Gavrilov EI, Kovshar AF (1970). "Breeding biology of the Himalayan Rubythroat, Erithacus pectoralis (Gould) in the Tien Shan". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 67 (1): 14–25.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Badyaev, AV; CK Ghalambor (2001). "Evolution of life histories along elevation gradients: Trade-off between parental care and fecundity" (PDF). Ecology. 82 (10): 2948–2960. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2948:EOLHAE]2.0.CO;2.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Doolitte, Emily (2008). "Crickets in the concert hall: A history of animals in western music". TRANS Revista Transcultural de Musica. 12.
External links
