Russians in Moldova: Difference between revisions

**Russians in Moldova**
Regions with significant populations
	Transnistria (30.37%)

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Russians in Moldova form the second largest ethnic minority in the country. According to the Moldovan Census (2004) and a separate 2004 Census in Transnistria, about 370,000 persons identified themselves as ethnic Russians in Moldova.

Self-identification	Moldovan census	% Core Moldova	Transnistrian census	% Transnistria + Bender	Total	%
Russians	201,218	5.95%	168,678	30.37%	369,896	9.39%

The Russophone population could be even larger, considering that some ethnic Ukrainians, Gagauz, and Bulgarians might be Russophones.

Population of Moldova	Moldovan (Romanian)	Russian	Ukrainian	Gagauz	Bulgarian	Other languages or undeclared
by native language	2,588,355 76.51%	380,796 11.26%	186,394 5.51%	137,774 4.07%	54,401 1.61%	35,612 1.04%
by language of first use	2,543,354 75.17%	540,990 15.99%	130,114 3.85%	104,890 3.10%	38,565 1.14%	25,419 0.75%

The Russian and Ukrainian dominated Transnistria region broke away from government control amid fears the country would soon reunite with Romania.

History

Russians settled Moldova, which was then Bessarabia, when Russian Empire annexed Bessarabia from Romania after 1812. Romanians under Russian rule enjoyed privileges well, the language of Moldavians was established as an official language in the governmental institutions of Bessarabia, used along with Russian,^[1] as 95% of the population was Romanian.^{[citation needed]} The publishing works established by Archbishop Gavril Bănulescu-Bodoni were able to produce books and lithurgical works in Moldavian between 1815-1820.,^[2] until the period from 1871 to 1905, when Russification policies were implemented that all public use of Romanian was phased out, and substituted with Russian. Romanian continued to be used as the colloquial language of home and family, mostly spoken by Romanians, either first or second language. Many Romanians changed their family names to Russian. This was the era of the highest level of assimilation in the Russian Empire.^[3]

In 1918, after the relinquishment of Russian Empire, control over the whole of Bessarabia fell under the Kingdom of Romania. The takeover was followed by the policy of Romanianization of ethnic minorities, mostly Russians, pursued by the Romanian authorities. The policies were built on an increasing sentiment spread in Romanian media and historic works that all of Bukovina was inherently a Romanian ethnic territory. Ion Nistor, a prominent Romanian historian and one of the most vocal proponents of Greater Romanian nationalism,^[4]^[5] was made a rector of the University of Cernăuţi (Chernivtsi), the main university of the province. The Romanianization policies brought the closure of the Russian public schools (all such schools were closed until 1928) and the suppression of most of the Russian cultural institutions. The very term "Russians" was prohibited from the official usage and some populations of disputable Russian ethnicity were rather called the "citizens of Romania who forgot their native language" and were forced to change their last names to Romanian-sounding ones.^[4] Among those who were Romanianized were descendants of Romanians who underwent Russification laws in the past.

In 1940, Bessarabia was claimed by Soviet Union, meaning Bessarabia came back to Russian power, wherein Bessarabia is now part of Moldova and Ukraine.

References

^ Template:Ru iconCharter for the organization of the Bessarabian Oblast, April 29, 1818, in "Печатается по изданию: Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Собрание первое.", Vol 35. 1818, Sankt Petersburg, 1830, pg. 222-227. Available online at hrono.info
^ King, Charles, The Moldovans, Hoover Press, 2000, ISBN 08-1799-792-X, pg. 21-22
^ Colesnic-Codreanca, Lidia. Limba Română în Basarabia. Studiu sociolingvistic pe baza materialelor de arhivă (1812–1918) ("The Romanian language in Bessarabia. A sociolinguistic study based on archival materials (1812-1918)"). Chișinău: Editorial Museum, 2003.
^ ^a ^b Oleksandr Derhachov (editor), "Ukrainian Statehood in the Twentieth Century: Historical and Political Analysis", Chapter: "Ukraine in Romanian concepts of the foreign policy", 1996, Kiev ISBN 966-543-040-8
^ Mariana Hausleitner, "Cernauti University, 1919-1940: Concepts and Consequences of Romanization". Presented at ""Culture and the Politics of Identity in Modern Romania", May 27–30, 1998, Elisabeta Palace, Bucharest, Romania

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[1] Template:Ru iconCharter for the organization of the Bessarabian Oblast, April 29, 1818, in "Печатается по изданию: Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Собрание первое.", Vol 35. 1818, Sankt Petersburg, 1830, pg. 222-227. Available online at hrono.info

[2] King, Charles, The Moldovans, Hoover Press, 2000, ISBN 08-1799-792-X, pg. 21-22

[3] Colesnic-Codreanca, Lidia. Limba Română în Basarabia. Studiu sociolingvistic pe baza materialelor de arhivă (1812–1918) ("The Romanian language in Bessarabia. A sociolinguistic study based on archival materials (1812-1918)"). Chișinău: Editorial Museum, 2003.

[Derh-4] Oleksandr Derhachov (editor), "Ukrainian Statehood in the Twentieth Century: Historical and Political Analysis", Chapter: "Ukraine in Romanian concepts of the foreign policy", 1996, Kiev ISBN 966-543-040-8

[Hausl-5] Mariana Hausleitner, "Cernauti University, 1919-1940: Concepts and Consequences of Romanization". Presented at ""Culture and the Politics of Identity in Modern Romania", May 27–30, 1998, Elisabeta Palace, Bucharest, Romania

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@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 Russians settled Moldova, which was then Bessarabia, when [[Bessarabia in the Russian Empire|Russian Empire annexed Bessarabia from Romania]] after 1812. Romanians under Russian rule enjoyed privileges well, the language of Moldavians was established as an official language in the governmental institutions of [[Bessarabia]], used along with [[Russian language|Russian]],<ref>{{ru icon}}''Charter for the organization of the Bessarabian Oblast'', April 29, 1818, in "Печатается по изданию: Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Собрание первое.", Vol 35. ''1818'', [[Sankt Petersburg]], 1830, pg. 222-227. Available online at [http://www.hrono.info/dokum/moldav1818.html hrono.info]</ref> as 95% of the population was [[Romanians|Romanian]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} The publishing works established by Archbishop [[Gavril Bănulescu-Bodoni]] were able to produce books and lithurgical works in Moldavian between 1815-1820.,<ref>King, Charles, ''The Moldovans'', [[Hoover Press]], 2000, ISBN 08-1799-792-X, pg. 21-22</ref> until the period from 1871 to 1905, when [[Russification#Bessarabia/Moldova|Russification]] policies were implemented that all public use of Romanian was phased out, and substituted with Russian. Romanian continued to be used as the colloquial language of home and family, mostly spoken by Romanians, either first or second language. Many Romanians changed their family names to Russian. This was the era of the highest level of assimilation in the [[Russian Empire]].<ref>Colesnic-Codreanca, Lidia. ''Limba Română în Basarabia. Studiu sociolingvistic pe baza materialelor de arhivă (1812–1918)'' ("The Romanian language in Bessarabia. A sociolinguistic study based on archival materials (1812-1918)"). Chișinău: Editorial Museum, 2003.</ref>
-In 1918, after the relinquishment of [[Russian Empire]], control over the whole of Bessarabia fell under the [[Kingdom of Romania]]. The takeover was followed by the policy of Romanianization of ethnic minorities, mostly Russians, pursued by the Romanian authorities. The policies were built on an increasing sentiment spread in Romanian media and historic works that all of Bukovina was inherently a Romanian ethnic territory. [[Ion Nistor]], a prominent Romanian historian and one of the most vocal proponents of Greater Romanian nationalism,<ref name=Derh>Oleksandr Derhachov (editor), "Ukrainian Statehood in the Twentieth Century: Historical and Political Analysis", Chapter: "Ukraine in Romanian concepts of the foreign policy", 1996, Kiev ISBN 966-543-040-8</ref><ref name=Hausl>Mariana Hausleitner, "[http://web.archive.org/web/20050211184958/www.pitt.edu/~identity/hausleitner.html Cernauti University, 1919-1940: Concepts and Consequences of Romanization]". Presented at ""Culture and the Politics of Identity in Modern Romania", May 27–30, 1998, Elisabeta Palace, Bucharest, Romania</ref> was made a rector of the [[Chernivtsi University|University of Cernăuţi]]  ([[Chernivtsi]]), the main university of the province. Enrollment of Ukrainians in the university fell from 239 out of 1671 in 1914 to 155 out of 3,247 in 1933, while Romanian enrollment in the same period increased to 2,117 out of 3,247.<ref>A. Zhukovsky, [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/C/H/ChernivtsiUniversity.htm Chernivtsi University], ''Encyclopedia of Ukraine'', 2001, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. Accessed 11 Feb 2006.</ref>
+In 1918, after the relinquishment of [[Russian Empire]], control over the whole of Bessarabia fell under the [[Kingdom of Romania]]. The takeover was followed by the policy of Romanianization of ethnic minorities, mostly Russians, pursued by the Romanian authorities. The policies were built on an increasing sentiment spread in Romanian media and historic works that all of Bukovina was inherently a Romanian ethnic territory. [[Ion Nistor]], a prominent Romanian historian and one of the most vocal proponents of Greater Romanian nationalism,<ref name=Derh>Oleksandr Derhachov (editor), "Ukrainian Statehood in the Twentieth Century: Historical and Political Analysis", Chapter: "Ukraine in Romanian concepts of the foreign policy", 1996, Kiev ISBN 966-543-040-8</ref><ref name=Hausl>Mariana Hausleitner, "[http://web.archive.org/web/20050211184958/www.pitt.edu/~identity/hausleitner.html Cernauti University, 1919-1940: Concepts and Consequences of Romanization]". Presented at ""Culture and the Politics of Identity in Modern Romania", May 27–30, 1998, Elisabeta Palace, Bucharest, Romania</ref> was made a rector of the [[Chernivtsi University|University of Cernăuţi]]  ([[Chernivtsi]]), the main university of the province. The Romanianization policies brought the closure of the Russian public schools (all such schools were closed until 1928) and the suppression of most of the Russian cultural institutions. The very term "Russians" was prohibited from the official usage and some populations of disputable Russian ethnicity were rather called the "citizens of Romania who forgot their native language" and were forced to change their last names to Romanian-sounding ones.<ref name=Derh/> Among those who were Romanianized were descendants of Romanians who underwent [[Russification]] laws in the past.
+In 1940, [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|Bessarabia was claimed by Soviet Union]], meaning Bessarabia came back to Russian power, wherein Bessarabia is now part of Moldova and Ukraine.
-The Romanianization policies brought the closure of the Russian public schools (all such schools were closed until 1928) and the suppression of most of the Russian cultural institutions. The very term "Russians" was prohibited from the official usage and some populations of disputable Russian ethnicity were rather called the "citizens of Romania who forgot their native language" and were forced to change their last names to Romanian-sounding ones.<ref name=Derh/> Among those who were Romanianized were descendants of Romanians who underwent [[Russification]] laws in the past.
-In 1940, [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|Bessarabia was claimed by Soviet Union]], meaning Bessarabia came back to Russian power, wherein Bessarabia is now part of Moldova and Ukraine.
 ==See also==