Necrophilia: Difference between revisions
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Herodotus writes<ref>Herodotus ([[circa|c.]] 440 BC). ''The Histories'', [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext01/1hofh10.txt Book II], 89: |
Herodotus writes<ref>Herodotus ([[circa|c.]] 440 BC). ''The Histories'', [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext01/1hofh10.txt Book II], 89: |
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:"The wives of men of rank when they die are not given at once to be embalmed, nor such women as are very beautiful or of greater regard than others, but on the third or fourth day after their death (and not before) they are delivered to the embalmers. They do so about this matter in order that the embalmers may not abuse their women, for they say that one of them was taken once doing so to the corpse of a woman lately dead, and his fellow-craftsman gave information."</ref> in [[Histories (Herodotus)|''The Histories'']] that, to discourage intercourse with a corpse, Ancient Egyptians left deceased beautiful women to decay for "three or four days" before giving them to the [[embalmers]].<ref>Brill, Abraham A. (1941). "Necrophilia," ''Journal of Criminal Psychopathology'', 2(4), 433-443.</ref><ref name="klaf" /> |
:"The wives of men of rank when they die are not given at once to be embalmed, nor such women as are very beautiful or of greater regard than others, but on the third or fourth day after their death (and not before) they are delivered to the embalmers. They do so about this matter in order that the embalmers may not abuse their women, for they say that one of them was taken once doing so to the corpse of a woman lately dead, and his fellow-craftsman gave information."</ref> in [[Histories (Herodotus)|''The Histories'']] that, to discourage intercourse with a corpse, Ancient Egyptians left deceased beautiful women to decay for "three or four days" before giving them to the [[embalmers]].<ref>Brill, Abraham A. (1941). "Necrophilia," ''Journal of Criminal Psychopathology'', 2(4), 433-443.</ref><ref name="klaf" /> |
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Historically there are many variants of tales in which a lecherous monk has intercourse with the body of a young woman to whom it has been entrusted for a prayer vigil. Such tales often end with the deceased coming to life (or not being actually dead) and a marriage them arranged ans till exist in modern times in the form of [[urban legends]]. |
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Revision as of 03:29, 5 September 2006
Necrophilia, also called thanatophilia and necrolagnia, is a paraphilia characterized by a sexual attraction to corpses. The word is artificially derived from Ancient Greek: νεκρός (nekros; "corpse," or "dead") and φιλία (philia; "love"). The term appears[1] to have originated from Krafft-Ebing's 1886 work Psychopathia Sexualis.[2]
Figuratively, the term "necrophilia" describes an inordinate desire to control another person, usually in the context of a romantic or interpersonal relationship; the accusation is that the person is so interpersonally controlling as to be better-suited to relationships with nonresponsive people.[citation needed]
Social, legal and psychological views on necrophilia
Cause and prevalance
Virtually no research has been conducted regarding the prevalance of necrophilic attraction among humans. Klaf and Brown[3] (1958) commented that, although rarely described, necrophilic fantasies may occur more often than is generally supposed.
Rosman and Resnick[4] (1989) theorized that either of the following situations could be antecedents to necrophilia (pp. 161):
- The necrophile develops poor self-esteem, perhaps due in part to a significant loss;
- (a) He (usually male) is very fearful of rejection by women and he desires a sexual object who is incapable of rejecting him; and/or
- (b) He is fearful of the dead, and transforms his fear of the dead—by means of reaction formation—into a desire for the dead.
- He develops an exciting fantasy of sex with a corpse, sometimes after exposure to a corpse.
The authors also reported that, of their sample of 'necrophiliacs,' 68% were motivated by a desire for an unresisting and unrejecting partner; 21% by a want for reunion with a lost partner; 15% by sexual attraction to corpses; 15% by a desire for comfort or to overcome feelings of isolation; and 12% by a desire to remedy low self-esteem by expressing power over a corpse (pp. 159). (It could be surmised that only the 15% motivated by an attraction to corpses were true necrophiliacs.)
Consensuality issue
Although obtaining consent is not usually considered a prerequisite for activity with non-living material, sexual activity with a human corpse is taboo[1] and frequently labelled 'abuse,' based on the presumption that the person would not have consented to the act while alive, and that it would thus constitute a profound and disturbing disrespect for their remains to be treated in a way other than their wishes. In rare cases, however, necrophilic acts can be consensual: for example, in the Armin Meiwes case, the victim gave his consent to the mutilation and death inflicted upon him.
Although virtually all human societies condemn sexual activity with the dead as a form of symbolic disrespect, several groups, individuals, and publications have pushed for the legalization of necrophilic acts. "The NecroErotic," for example, argues that "necrophiliacs have as much right to engage in their orgasmic release of choice as do 'normal' couples," and that "all 'rights' cease the moment a person draws their last breath."[5]
Necrophilia in psychoanalysis-Erich Fromm
For psychologist/philosopher Erich Fromm, necrophilia is a character orientation which is not necessarily sexual. It is expressed in an attraction to that which is dead or totally controlled. At the extreme, it results in hatred of life and destructiveness.
For Fromm, necrophilia is the opposite of biophilia. Unlike Freud's death instinct, it is not biologically determined but results in upbringing. Fromm believed that the lack of love in the western society and the attraction to mechanistic control leads to necrophilia. Expressions of necrophilia are modern weapon systems, idolotry of technology, and the treatment of people as things in bureaucracy.
For further information, see Fromm's, The Heart of Man (Harper and Row, 1964) and The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness, (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970)
Necrophilia in history
Herodotus writes[6] in The Histories that, to discourage intercourse with a corpse, Ancient Egyptians left deceased beautiful women to decay for "three or four days" before giving them to the embalmers.[7][3]
Historically there are many variants of tales in which a lecherous monk has intercourse with the body of a young woman to whom it has been entrusted for a prayer vigil. Such tales often end with the deceased coming to life (or not being actually dead) and a marriage them arranged ans till exist in modern times in the form of urban legends.
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Notable necrophiles
Carl Tanzler
Carl Tanzler was a radiologist in Key West, Florida who developed a morbid obsession for Elena Milagro Hoyos (1910-1931). She was one of his patients, and she died from tuberculosis in 1931. With her parents' permission, Tanzler had an above ground mausoleum built for her, so she wouldn't decompose underground. He visited the tomb almost every night, but in 1933, his obsession apparently overcame him, as he took Hoyos' corpse home with him and kept it in his bed. He restored her body as best he could and kept a full wardrobe to dress her. As her body decomposed, he replaced the skin with wax and plaster of paris, and bought copius amounts of perfume, often several times a month. Tanzler also allegedly inserted a vaginal tube into Hoyos' corpse for intercourse. In 1940, one of Hoyos's surviving sisters became suspicious due to omnipresent rumors of Tanzler's necrophilia, and eventually confronted Tanzler at his home. She entered Tanzler's house and found Elena's corpse lying in his bed in an elegant dress, almost fully decomposed. Tanzler was later arrested and charged with "wantonly and maliciously destroying a grave and removing a body without authorization," but he was ultimately released, as the statute of limitations on the crime had expired.
Serial killers
Necrophilia has also been a motive for some serial killers, including murderers Ed Gein, Richard Chase, Winston Moseley, John Reginald Halliday Christie, Bruno Lüdke, Jerry Brudos, Ted Bundy, and Jeffrey Dahmer, who ate his victims after killing them; the technical term for this particular variant activity is necrophagia. Several other murderers have described drawing sexual excitement from killing, as well, such as Karla Faye Tucker, who claimed to have an orgasm with each swing of the axe she used to kill Jerry Lynn Dean. The guilty-plea testimony provided by the recently captured (2005) serial killer Dennis Rader provided a rare public glimpse into the workings of such a controlling mind.
Among animals
Necrophilia is not unknown in animals, with a number of confirmed observations. Kees Moeliker made one of these observations while he was sitting in his office at the Natuurmuseum Rotterdam, when he heard the distinctive thud of a bird hitting the glass facade of the building. Upon inspection, he discovered a drake mallard lying dead about two meters from the building. Next to the downed bird there was a second drake mallard standing close by. As he observed the odd couple, the living drake picked at the corpse of the dead one for a few minutes and then mounted the corpse and began copulating with it. The act of necrophilia lasted for about 75 minutes, in which time, according to Moeliker, the living drake took two short breaks before resuming with copulating behavior. Moeliker surmised that at the time of the collision with the window the two mallards were engaged in a common motif in duck behavior which is called rape flight. "When one died the other one just went for it and didn't get any negative feedback -- well, didn't get any feedback," according to Moeliker. This is the first recorded case of homosexual necrophilia in the mallard duck.
Legal status
 | The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. |
Legality in the United States
As of May, 2006, there is no federal legislation specifically barring sex with a corpse.[1] Multiple states have their own laws:
- Alabama - Class C felony under 13A-11-13
- Alaska - Class A misdemeanour under 11-61-130
- Arkansas - Class D felony under 5-60-101
- California - Illegal, up to 8 years in prison
- Colorado - Class 2 misdemeanour under 18-13-101
- Delaware - Class A misdemeanour under 11-5-1332
- Georgia - Felony, up to 10 years in prison under 16-6-7
- Hawaii - Misdemeanour under 7
References
- ^ a b Template:Ru icon "НЕКРОФИЛИЯ КАК СТРУКТУРА СОЗНАНИЯ", 2002.
- ^ Krafft-Ebing, Richard von (1886). Psychopathia Sexualis. English translation: ISBN 1-55970-425-X.
- ^ a b Klaf, Franklin S., and Brown, William (1958). "Necrophilia: Brief Review and Case Report," the Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 29(143), 645-652. "Inhibited forms of necrophilia and necrophilic fantasies may occur more commonly then is generally realized."
- ^ Rosman, Jonathan P., and Resnick, Phillip J. (1989). "Sexual attraction to corpses: a psychiatric review of necrophilia," Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 17, 153-163.
- ^ Pirog, John. "Necrophilic Principles," The NecroErotic. Accessed May, 2006.
- ^ Herodotus (c. 440 BC). The Histories, Book II, 89:
- "The wives of men of rank when they die are not given at once to be embalmed, nor such women as are very beautiful or of greater regard than others, but on the third or fourth day after their death (and not before) they are delivered to the embalmers. They do so about this matter in order that the embalmers may not abuse their women, for they say that one of them was taken once doing so to the corpse of a woman lately dead, and his fellow-craftsman gave information."
- ^ Brill, Abraham A. (1941). "Necrophilia," Journal of Criminal Psychopathology, 2(4), 433-443.