Kocel: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Kocel.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of Koceľ ([[National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia]] in [[Belgrade]])]] |
[[File:Kocel.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of Koceľ ([[National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia]] in [[Belgrade]])]] |
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[[File:Pannonian Slavic Duchy-cro.PNG|Principality of Lower Pannonia under Kocel|thumb|250px]] |
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'''Kocel'''{{Cref2|a}} ({{floruit}} 861–874) was a Slavic ruler of [[Lower Pannonia (9th century)|Lower Pannonia]], a polity known in historiography as the [[Balaton principality]]. He was an East Frankish vassal titled ''comes'' (count), and is believed to have ruled between 861 or 864 and 876. |
'''Kocel'''{{Cref2|a}} ({{floruit}} 861–874) was a Slavic ruler of [[Lower Pannonia (9th century)|Lower Pannonia]], a polity known in historiography as the [[Balaton principality]]. He was an East Frankish vassal titled ''comes'' (count), and is believed to have ruled between 861 or 864 and 876. |
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At the beginning of the 9th century, many [[Carantanians]] were moved as settlers in Balaton Principality/Lower Pannonia, which was referred in Latin sources as Carantanorum regio or "The Land of the Carantanians". Carantanians/Alpine Slavs were the |
At the beginning of the 9th century, many [[Carantanians]] were moved as settlers in Balaton Principality/Lower Pannonia, which was referred in Latin sources as Carantanorum regio or "The Land of the Carantanians". Carantanians/Alpine Slavs were the ancestors of present-day [[Slovenians]]. The name Carantanians (Quarantani) was in use for Slovenians until the 13th century.<ref>The Land Between: A History of Slovenia. Second, revised edition 2nd Edition (Edited by Oto Luthar), Peter Lang GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, 2013. ISBN 978-3631628775</ref> |
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Kocel was the son of [[Pribina]], a Slavic ''dux'' installed by the Franks in Lower Pannonia in ca. 838{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=203}} or 840.{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=325}} Bowlus believes he was born in ca. 820.{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=203}} In 861, Kocel made a significant donation to the Freising monastery, showing that he had a solid social and political standing.{{sfn|Hellēnikē Hetaireia Slavikōn Meletōn|1999|p=92}} According to Bowlus, this document indicates that Pribina had died, and Kocel succeeded him.{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=139}} [[Louis the German]] installed Kocel as a ruler in Lower Pannonia in 864.{{sfn|Goldberg|2006|pp=273–274}} Kocel held "Lower Pannonia" (''Pannonia inferioris'') in 865, when Archbishop [[Adalwin of Salzburg]] visited his lands twice.{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=156}} In 869, Kocel had requested for Byzantine missionary [[Saints Cyril and Methodius|Methodius]] to be sent into Pannonia as a papal legate.{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=184}} In midsummer, Kocel sent Methodius to Rome with twenty men to petition for his elevation to bishop.{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=184}} [[Hadrian II]] appointed Methodius the archbishop of Sirmium, and sent confirmations to, among others, Kocel, whose land lay within the jurisdiction.{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=185}} [[Frankish Pannonia]] was held by Kocel and Bavarian margraves in 871; Kocel enjoyed independence, as evident from his talks with the pope.{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=176}} In 874, following the Moravian conflict, Kocel continued to rule the [[Drava]] Valley, presumably under [[Carloman of Bavaria|Carloman]] of the [[March of Pannonia]].{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=184}} Kocel disappears from sources after 874,{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=203}} and was either dead or removed from his office in ca. 876,{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=201}} certainly dead by 880.{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=192}} |
Kocel was the son of [[Pribina]], a Slavic ''dux'' installed by the Franks in Lower Pannonia in ca. 838{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=203}} or 840.{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=325}} Bowlus believes he was born in ca. 820.{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=203}} In 861, Kocel made a significant donation to the Freising monastery, showing that he had a solid social and political standing.{{sfn|Hellēnikē Hetaireia Slavikōn Meletōn|1999|p=92}} According to Bowlus, this document indicates that Pribina had died, and Kocel succeeded him.{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=139}} [[Louis the German]] installed Kocel as a ruler in Lower Pannonia in 864.{{sfn|Goldberg|2006|pp=273–274}} Kocel held "Lower Pannonia" (''Pannonia inferioris'') in 865, when Archbishop [[Adalwin of Salzburg]] visited his lands twice.{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=156}} In 869, Kocel had requested for Byzantine missionary [[Saints Cyril and Methodius|Methodius]] to be sent into Pannonia as a papal legate.{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=184}} In midsummer, Kocel sent Methodius to Rome with twenty men to petition for his elevation to bishop.{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=184}} [[Hadrian II]] appointed Methodius the archbishop of Sirmium, and sent confirmations to, among others, Kocel, whose land lay within the jurisdiction.{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=185}} [[Frankish Pannonia]] was held by Kocel and Bavarian margraves in 871; Kocel enjoyed independence, as evident from his talks with the pope.{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=176}} In 874, following the Moravian conflict, Kocel continued to rule the [[Drava]] Valley, presumably under [[Carloman of Bavaria|Carloman]] of the [[March of Pannonia]].{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=184}} Kocel disappears from sources after 874,{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=203}} and was either dead or removed from his office in ca. 876,{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=201}} certainly dead by 880.{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=192}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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==Sources== |
==Sources== |
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*{{cite book|last=Bowlus|first=Charles R.|title=Franks, Moravians, and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788-907|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VZhnAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-3276-9|ref=harv}} |
*{{cite book|last=Bowlus|first=Charles R.|title=Franks, Moravians, and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788-907|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VZhnAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-3276-9|ref=harv}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kocel}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kocel}} |
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[[Category:830s births]] |
[[Category:830s births]] |
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Revision as of 04:45, 15 September 2016
Kocel[a] (fl. 861–874) was a Slavic ruler of Lower Pannonia, a polity known in historiography as the Balaton principality. He was an East Frankish vassal titled comes (count), and is believed to have ruled between 861 or 864 and 876.
At the beginning of the 9th century, many Carantanians were moved as settlers in Balaton Principality/Lower Pannonia, which was referred in Latin sources as Carantanorum regio or "The Land of the Carantanians". Carantanians/Alpine Slavs were the ancestors of present-day Slovenians. The name Carantanians (Quarantani) was in use for Slovenians until the 13th century.[1]
Kocel was the son of Pribina, a Slavic dux installed by the Franks in Lower Pannonia in ca. 838[2] or 840.[3] Bowlus believes he was born in ca. 820.[2] In 861, Kocel made a significant donation to the Freising monastery, showing that he had a solid social and political standing.[4] According to Bowlus, this document indicates that Pribina had died, and Kocel succeeded him.[5] Louis the German installed Kocel as a ruler in Lower Pannonia in 864.[6] Kocel held "Lower Pannonia" (Pannonia inferioris) in 865, when Archbishop Adalwin of Salzburg visited his lands twice.[7] In 869, Kocel had requested for Byzantine missionary Methodius to be sent into Pannonia as a papal legate.[8] In midsummer, Kocel sent Methodius to Rome with twenty men to petition for his elevation to bishop.[8] Hadrian II appointed Methodius the archbishop of Sirmium, and sent confirmations to, among others, Kocel, whose land lay within the jurisdiction.[9] Frankish Pannonia was held by Kocel and Bavarian margraves in 871; Kocel enjoyed independence, as evident from his talks with the pope.[10] In 874, following the Moravian conflict, Kocel continued to rule the Drava Valley, presumably under Carloman of the March of Pannonia.[8] Kocel disappears from sources after 874,[2] and was either dead or removed from his office in ca. 876,[11] certainly dead by 880.[12]
Titles
- "Count of Slavs" (comes de Sclavis nomine Chezul), 861 Latin gift deed.[4]
- "Duke" (Chezil dux), posthumously between 876 and 880.[13]
Annotations
- ^ He is known from Bavarian and Papal documents mostly as Chozil, Chezil, Chezul, and Gozil.[4] Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum uses Chozil, Chezil, and Chezilo.[14] The most used rendering is Kocel. His name is also spellt Koceľ in Slovak,[15] Kocelj (Коцељ) in Slovenian and Serbo-Croatian,[16] and Kotzeles in Greek.[16]
References
- ^ The Land Between: A History of Slovenia. Second, revised edition 2nd Edition (Edited by Oto Luthar), Peter Lang GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, 2013. ISBN 978-3631628775
- ^ a b c Bowlus 1995, p. 203.
- ^ Bowlus 1995, p. 325.
- ^ a b c Hellēnikē Hetaireia Slavikōn Meletōn 1999, p. 92.
- ^ Bowlus 1995, p. 139.
- ^ Goldberg 2006, pp. 273–274.
- ^ Bowlus 1995, p. 156.
- ^ a b c Bowlus 1995, p. 184.
- ^ Bowlus 1995, p. 185.
- ^ Bowlus 1995, p. 176.
- ^ Bowlus 1995, p. 201.
- ^ Bowlus 1995, p. 192.
- ^ Bowlus 1995, p. 207.
- ^ John Tuzson (2002). István II (1116-1131): A Chapter in Medieval Hungarian History. East Europe Monographs. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-88033-500-3.
- ^ Elena Mannová (2000). Studia Historica Slovaca. Vol. 21. Historický ústav SAV. p. 23. ISBN 978-80-88880-42-4.
- ^ a b Vatroslav Jagić (1866). Književnik. Brzotiskom Dragutina Albrechta. pp. 100–.
Sources
- Bowlus, Charles R. (1995). Franks, Moravians, and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788-907. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-3276-9.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Goldberg, Eric Joseph (2006). Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817-876. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3890-X.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Hellēnikē Hetaireia Slavikōn Meletōn (1999). Thessaloniki, Magna Moravia: proceedings of the International conference, Thessaloniki, 16-19 october 1997. Hellenic Association for Slavic Studies. p. 92.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
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