South-western black rhinoceros: Difference between revisions
LittleJerry (talk | contribs) too broad for subspecies |
m http→https for Google Books and Google News using AWB |
||
| Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
||
This subspecies is often mistaken for either the extinct southern black rhinoceros (''[[Diceros bicornis bicornis|D. b. bicornis]]'') or the southeastern subspecies (''[[Diceros bicornis minor|D. b. minor]]''). However, the populations in the arid areas of northern Namibia and southwestern Angola represent a separate subspecies.<ref name=grovesgrubb2011>{{cite book |title= Ungulate Taxonomy |last1=Groves |first1=C. | last2= Grubb | first2= P.|year=2011 |publisher= [[The Johns Hopkins University Press]]|location=[[Baltimore]] |isbn=978-1-4214-0093-8 |pages=317 |accessdate=October 7, 2012 |url= |
This subspecies is often mistaken for either the extinct southern black rhinoceros (''[[Diceros bicornis bicornis|D. b. bicornis]]'') or the southeastern subspecies (''[[Diceros bicornis minor|D. b. minor]]''). However, the populations in the arid areas of northern Namibia and southwestern Angola represent a separate subspecies.<ref name=grovesgrubb2011>{{cite book |title= Ungulate Taxonomy |last1=Groves |first1=C. | last2= Grubb | first2= P.|year=2011 |publisher= [[The Johns Hopkins University Press]]|location=[[Baltimore]] |isbn=978-1-4214-0093-8 |pages=317 |accessdate=October 7, 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3uZtA1ZpTAC&dq=diceros+bicornis+subspecies&hl=de&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref> |
||
The [[holotype]] specimen, a male, was about 16 months old when caught alive by a Mr. Müller in 1914 near the [[Kunene River]] ([[Kaokoveld]], border region between Namibia and Angola), and shipped to the [[Tierpark Hagenbeck]], the [[Hamburg]] [[Zoo]], in [[Germany]]. After its death on 15 October 1916, its hide and skeleton was preserved at the [[Zoologisches Museum Hamburg]] (specimen no. 40056) and described as belonging to a new species, ''Opsiceros occidentalis'', by [[Ludwig Zukowsky|L. Zukowsky]] in 1922.<ref name=zukowsky1922>{{Cite journal | url = http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1178936002.pdf | format = PDF |journal = [[Archiv für Naturgeschichte]] | title = Vorläufige Mitteilung über eine neue Art des Spitzschnautz-Nashorns aus Südwest-Afrika | author = Zukowsky, L. | year = 1922 | pages = 162–163 | volume = 88A (7)}}</ref><ref name=rookmaker1998>{{cite book |title= The Rhinoceros in Captivity |last1=Rookmaker |first1=L.C. | year=1998 |publisher= [[SPB Academic Publishing bv]]|location=[[The Hague]] |isbn=90-5103-134-3 |pages=409 |accessdate=October 20, 2013 |url= |
The [[holotype]] specimen, a male, was about 16 months old when caught alive by a Mr. Müller in 1914 near the [[Kunene River]] ([[Kaokoveld]], border region between Namibia and Angola), and shipped to the [[Tierpark Hagenbeck]], the [[Hamburg]] [[Zoo]], in [[Germany]]. After its death on 15 October 1916, its hide and skeleton was preserved at the [[Zoologisches Museum Hamburg]] (specimen no. 40056) and described as belonging to a new species, ''Opsiceros occidentalis'', by [[Ludwig Zukowsky|L. Zukowsky]] in 1922.<ref name=zukowsky1922>{{Cite journal | url = http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1178936002.pdf | format = PDF |journal = [[Archiv für Naturgeschichte]] | title = Vorläufige Mitteilung über eine neue Art des Spitzschnautz-Nashorns aus Südwest-Afrika | author = Zukowsky, L. | year = 1922 | pages = 162–163 | volume = 88A (7)}}</ref><ref name=rookmaker1998>{{cite book |title= The Rhinoceros in Captivity |last1=Rookmaker |first1=L.C. | year=1998 |publisher= [[SPB Academic Publishing bv]]|location=[[The Hague]] |isbn=90-5103-134-3 |pages=409 |accessdate=October 20, 2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDijgNs_7Q0C&printsec=frontcover&hl=de#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> ''Opsiceros'' is an invalid synonym of the genus ''[[Diceros]]''.<ref name=groves&grubb2011/> |
||
== Description == |
== Description == |
||
| Line 36: | Line 36: | ||
=== IUCN status === |
=== IUCN status === |
||
The [[IUCN]] considers the living northern Namibian black rhino populations to belong to the [[subspecies]] ''D. bicornis bicornis'', and does not recognize a separate ''D. b. occidentalis''.<ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2011.2|assessors=Emslie, R.|year=2011|id=39318|title=Diceros bicornis ssp. bicornis|downloaded=18 January 2012}}</ref> This synonymy, based upon du Toit (1987)<ref name=dutoit1987>{{Cite journal | url = http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1175862849.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Pachyderm | title = The existing basis for subspecies classification of black and white rhino | author = du Toit, R. | year = 1987 | pages = 3–5 | volume = 9}}</ref> was, however, considered erroneous by Groves and Grubb (2011), and ''D. b. occidentalis'' was re-established as a valid subspecies. As all southernmost populations of black rhinoceros were exterminated by the mid-19th century, ''D. b. bicornis'' is completely extinct today.<ref name=groves&grubb2011>{{cite book |title= Ungulate Taxonomy |last1=Groves |first1=C. | last2= Grubb | first2= P.|year=2011 |publisher= [[The Johns Hopkins University Press]]|location=[[Baltimore]] |isbn=978-1-4214-0093-8 |pages=317 |accessdate=October 9, 2012 |url= |
The [[IUCN]] considers the living northern Namibian black rhino populations to belong to the [[subspecies]] ''D. bicornis bicornis'', and does not recognize a separate ''D. b. occidentalis''.<ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2011.2|assessors=Emslie, R.|year=2011|id=39318|title=Diceros bicornis ssp. bicornis|downloaded=18 January 2012}}</ref> This synonymy, based upon du Toit (1987)<ref name=dutoit1987>{{Cite journal | url = http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/117/1175862849.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Pachyderm | title = The existing basis for subspecies classification of black and white rhino | author = du Toit, R. | year = 1987 | pages = 3–5 | volume = 9}}</ref> was, however, considered erroneous by Groves and Grubb (2011), and ''D. b. occidentalis'' was re-established as a valid subspecies. As all southernmost populations of black rhinoceros were exterminated by the mid-19th century, ''D. b. bicornis'' is completely extinct today.<ref name=groves&grubb2011>{{cite book |title= Ungulate Taxonomy |last1=Groves |first1=C. | last2= Grubb | first2= P.|year=2011 |publisher= [[The Johns Hopkins University Press]]|location=[[Baltimore]] |isbn=978-1-4214-0093-8 |pages=317 |accessdate=October 9, 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3uZtA1ZpTAC&dq=diceros+bicornis+subspecies&hl=de&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref> |
||
== References == |
== References == |
||
Revision as of 11:37, 25 September 2016
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2009) |
| South-western black rhinoceros | |
|---|---|
| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | |
| Subspecies: | D. b. occidentalis
|
| Trinomial name | |
| Diceros bicornis occidentalis (Zukowsky, 1922)
| |
| Type strain | |
| ZMH 40056[2] | |
The south-western black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis occidentalis) is a subspecies of the black rhinoceros, living in southwestern Africa (northern Namibia and southern Angola, introduced to South Africa). It is currently listed as vulnerable by the IUCN. The biggest threat towards the subspecies Diceros bicornis occidentalis is illegal poaching.[1]
Taxonomy
This subspecies is often mistaken for either the extinct southern black rhinoceros (D. b. bicornis) or the southeastern subspecies (D. b. minor). However, the populations in the arid areas of northern Namibia and southwestern Angola represent a separate subspecies.[3]
The holotype specimen, a male, was about 16 months old when caught alive by a Mr. Müller in 1914 near the Kunene River (Kaokoveld, border region between Namibia and Angola), and shipped to the Tierpark Hagenbeck, the Hamburg Zoo, in Germany. After its death on 15 October 1916, its hide and skeleton was preserved at the Zoologisches Museum Hamburg (specimen no. 40056) and described as belonging to a new species, Opsiceros occidentalis, by L. Zukowsky in 1922.[2][4] Opsiceros is an invalid synonym of the genus Diceros.[5]
Description
The south-western black rhino, like all black rhino subspecies, has a distinct prehensile lip and is a browser. Its appearance is similar to other subspecies, the most important difference to them is a relatively broad head behind the eyes and minor features in the dentition. Other characters often mentioned, like body size or the straightness and size of the horns, are subject to individual variation.[5] They also are most adapted to arid habitat and can be found in arid savanna and desert climates.
Population and threats
Historically, this subspecies once roamed in Angola, and Namibia, but their current range has decreased. The stronghold of the species is primarily in Namibia. One to four specimens have been reported from Angola and others were introduced to South Africa. The total population is increasing and numbered to 1,920 animals in 2010, with 55.8% adults. Poaching due to increasing horn prices is considered the main threat to the population[1][5]
IUCN status
The IUCN considers the living northern Namibian black rhino populations to belong to the subspecies D. bicornis bicornis, and does not recognize a separate D. b. occidentalis.[1] This synonymy, based upon du Toit (1987)[6] was, however, considered erroneous by Groves and Grubb (2011), and D. b. occidentalis was re-established as a valid subspecies. As all southernmost populations of black rhinoceros were exterminated by the mid-19th century, D. b. bicornis is completely extinct today.[5]
References
- ^ a b c d Template:IUCN2011.2
- ^ a b Zukowsky, L. (1922). "Vorläufige Mitteilung über eine neue Art des Spitzschnautz-Nashorns aus Südwest-Afrika" (PDF). Archiv für Naturgeschichte. 88A (7): 162–163.
- ^ Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (2011). Ungulate Taxonomy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-4214-0093-8. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
- ^ Rookmaker, L.C. (1998). The Rhinoceros in Captivity. The Hague: SPB Academic Publishing bv. p. 409. ISBN 90-5103-134-3. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
- ^ a b c d Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (2011). Ungulate Taxonomy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-4214-0093-8. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
- ^ du Toit, R. (1987). "The existing basis for subspecies classification of black and white rhino" (PDF). Pachyderm. 9: 3–5.
