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In November 1947, a Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) ground party based at [[Stonington Island]] observed Mount Jackson and estimated its height at {{convert|3050|m}}, considerably lower and more accurate than the first estimate in 1940.<ref name="SCAR7021"/>
In November 1947, a Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) ground party based at [[Stonington Island]] observed Mount Jackson and estimated its height at {{convert|3050|m}}, considerably lower and more accurate than the first estimate in 1940.<ref name="SCAR7021"/>


After the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey was renamed British Antarctic Survey in 1962, a series of depots were developed, including one at Mount Jackson.<ref name="Survey1969">{{cite book|author=British Antarctic Survey|title=Annual Report|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pWkkAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=4 January 2013|year=1969|publisher=Natural Environment Research Council|page=5}}</ref> BAS members were successful in making many first ascents of the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula, and John Cunningham, who served at the BAS base at [[Adelaide Island]], was the first to climb Mount Jackson. Traveling by [[dog sled]] for {{convert|400|mi|disp=flip}},<ref name="Encyclopaedia1975">Encyclopaedia of mountaineering, p. 74</ref> his team reached the summit on 23 November 1964.<ref name="SCAR7021"/><ref name="Cunningham"/><ref name=wickens/>
After the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey was renamed British Antarctic Survey in 1962, a series of depots were developed, including one at Mount Jackson.<ref name="Survey1969">{{cite book|author=British Antarctic Survey|title=Annual Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWkkAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=4 January 2013|year=1969|publisher=Natural Environment Research Council|page=5}}</ref> BAS members were successful in making many first ascents of the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula, and John Cunningham, who served at the BAS base at [[Adelaide Island]], was the first to climb Mount Jackson. Traveling by [[dog sled]] for {{convert|400|mi|disp=flip}},<ref name="Encyclopaedia1975">Encyclopaedia of mountaineering, p. 74</ref> his team reached the summit on 23 November 1964.<ref name="SCAR7021"/><ref name="Cunningham"/><ref name=wickens/>


A precise height of the summit was determined by a BAS survey party who ascended the peak during the austral summer of 1996–97.<ref name="Headland2009"/><!--"A" precise height? Not "the"? What height did they determine?-->
A precise height of the summit was determined by a BAS survey party who ascended the peak during the austral summer of 1996–97.<ref name="Headland2009"/><!--"A" precise height? Not "the"? What height did they determine?-->
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==Geography==
==Geography==
[[File:S of Mt Jackson mixed mafic-felsic breccia face.jpg|thumb|upright|Exposed rock formation on the southern slope of Mount Jackson, showing a mixed [[mafic]]/[[felsic]] [[breccia]] face]]
[[File:S of Mt Jackson mixed mafic-felsic breccia face.jpg|thumb|upright|Exposed rock formation on the southern slope of Mount Jackson, showing a mixed [[mafic]]/[[felsic]] [[breccia]] face]]
The mountain is {{convert|3184|m}} in height,<ref name="Headland2009"/> with a prominence of {{convert|2187|m}} and a saddle [[Digital elevation model|DEM]] of {{convert|997|m}}.<ref name="peaklist"/> Mount Jackson and the [[Welch Mountains]] demarcate the central [[Black Coast]], which is dissected by many inlets and is bounded on the west by [[Dyer Plateau]] of central Palmer Land, with elevation ranging between {{convert|2000|-|3000|m}},<ref name="Riffenburgh2007">Riffenburgh, pp. 66–</ref> and on the west side of the central Black Coast.<ref name="Bulletin1980">{{cite book|title=Bulletin|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=v4bzAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=4 January 2013|year=1980|publisher=British Antarctic Survey|pages=23, 30}}</ref> The two mountains rise above the ice shelf with reliefs of about {{convert|1200|-|1500|m}} towards the east. They are interconnected by [[icefall]] zones forming a plateau with steep snow slopes.<ref name=geology>{{Cite web|url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin49_04.pdf|format=pdf|title=Physiography and Glacial Geomorphology of the Central Black Coast, Palmer Land|pages=21–22, 30|accessdate=15 January 2013|publisher=British Antarctic Survey Bulletin, Antarctica.ac.uk}}</ref> The northern part of the mountain system, which extends over {{convert|990|mi|disp=flip}}, covers most of the Antarctic Peninsula, and Mount Jackson is its highest peak.<ref name="Headland2009"/><ref name="Secretariat2004">Commonwealth Yearbook 2004, p. 341</ref><ref name="Rubin2008">Rubin 2008, pp. 35–36</ref>
The mountain is {{convert|3184|m}} in height,<ref name="Headland2009"/> with a prominence of {{convert|2187|m}} and a saddle [[Digital elevation model|DEM]] of {{convert|997|m}}.<ref name="peaklist"/> Mount Jackson and the [[Welch Mountains]] demarcate the central [[Black Coast]], which is dissected by many inlets and is bounded on the west by [[Dyer Plateau]] of central Palmer Land, with elevation ranging between {{convert|2000|-|3000|m}},<ref name="Riffenburgh2007">Riffenburgh, pp. 66–</ref> and on the west side of the central Black Coast.<ref name="Bulletin1980">{{cite book|title=Bulletin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4bzAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=4 January 2013|year=1980|publisher=British Antarctic Survey|pages=23, 30}}</ref> The two mountains rise above the ice shelf with reliefs of about {{convert|1200|-|1500|m}} towards the east. They are interconnected by [[icefall]] zones forming a plateau with steep snow slopes.<ref name=geology>{{Cite web|url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin49_04.pdf|format=pdf|title=Physiography and Glacial Geomorphology of the Central Black Coast, Palmer Land|pages=21–22, 30|accessdate=15 January 2013|publisher=British Antarctic Survey Bulletin, Antarctica.ac.uk}}</ref> The northern part of the mountain system, which extends over {{convert|990|mi|disp=flip}}, covers most of the Antarctic Peninsula, and Mount Jackson is its highest peak.<ref name="Headland2009"/><ref name="Secretariat2004">Commonwealth Yearbook 2004, p. 341</ref><ref name="Rubin2008">Rubin 2008, pp. 35–36</ref>


Mount Jackson rises from its southeast flanks, displaying a steeple summit,<ref name="Sailing2002">Sailing Directions, p. 97</ref> while the north flank is occupied by a vast [[cirque (landform)|cirque]]. Supraglacial [[moraine]]s on the mountain's east side measure between {{convert|1|-|5|km}} in length and display boulders at their distal ends. Mount Jackson and the [[Rowley Massif]] are separated by [[Odom Inlet]].<ref name="Herzfeld2004">Herzfeld, pp. 204–</ref> [[Cline Glacier]] drains eastern Mount Jackson before arriving at Odom Inlet.<ref name="geographic.orgCline">{{cite web|url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/antname.php?uni=2886&fid=antgeo_105|title=Cline Glacier: Antarctica |publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|accessdate=5 January 2013|location=Bethesda, MD, USA}}</ref>
Mount Jackson rises from its southeast flanks, displaying a steeple summit,<ref name="Sailing2002">Sailing Directions, p. 97</ref> while the north flank is occupied by a vast [[cirque (landform)|cirque]]. Supraglacial [[moraine]]s on the mountain's east side measure between {{convert|1|-|5|km}} in length and display boulders at their distal ends. Mount Jackson and the [[Rowley Massif]] are separated by [[Odom Inlet]].<ref name="Herzfeld2004">Herzfeld, pp. 204–</ref> [[Cline Glacier]] drains eastern Mount Jackson before arriving at Odom Inlet.<ref name="geographic.orgCline">{{cite web|url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/antname.php?uni=2886&fid=antgeo_105|title=Cline Glacier: Antarctica |publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|accessdate=5 January 2013|location=Bethesda, MD, USA}}</ref>
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* {{Cite book | title=Sailing Directions (planning Guide &amp; Enroute) for Antarctica
* {{Cite book | title=Sailing Directions (planning Guide &amp; Enroute) for Antarctica
| year=2002 | publisher=The Agency
| year=2002 | publisher=The Agency
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sfvtAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=5 January 2013}}
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfvtAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=5 January 2013}}
* {{Cite book | title=Commonwealth Yearbook 2004
* {{Cite book | title=Commonwealth Yearbook 2004
| author=Commonwealth Secretariat
| author=Commonwealth Secretariat
| date=1 April 2004 | publisher=Stylus Pub Llc | isbn=978-0-11-703227-9
| date=1 April 2004 | publisher=Stylus Pub Llc | isbn=978-0-11-703227-9
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-P9d2Kb5WREC&pg=PA341 | accessdate=29 December 2012}}
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-P9d2Kb5WREC&pg=PA341 | accessdate=29 December 2012}}
* {{Cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of mountaineering
* {{Cite book | title=Encyclopaedia of mountaineering
|year=1975 | publisher=Robert Hale | isbn=978-0-7091-4804-3
|year=1975 | publisher=Robert Hale | isbn=978-0-7091-4804-3
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Jo1YAAAAYAAJ | accessdate=27 December 2012}}
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jo1YAAAAYAAJ | accessdate=27 December 2012}}
* {{Cite book | title=A Chronology of Antarctic Exploration
* {{Cite book | title=A Chronology of Antarctic Exploration
| last=Headland | first=Robert K.
| last=Headland | first=Robert K.
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| last=Herzfeld | first=Ute C.
| last=Herzfeld | first=Ute C.
| year=2004 | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-3-540-43457-3
| year=2004 | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-3-540-43457-3
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5TsW5lmjJf4C&pg=PA204 | accessdate=4 January 2013}}
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5TsW5lmjJf4C&pg=PA204 | accessdate=4 January 2013}}
* {{Cite book | title=Encyclopedia of the Antarctic: A-K, Index
* {{Cite book | title=Encyclopedia of the Antarctic: A-K, Index
| last=Riffenburgh | first=Beau | authorlink=Beau Riffenburgh
| last=Riffenburgh | first=Beau | authorlink=Beau Riffenburgh
| year=2007 | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=978-0-415-97024-2
| year=2007 | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=978-0-415-97024-2
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fRJtB2MNdJMC&pg=PA66|accessdate=4 January 2013}}
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRJtB2MNdJMC&pg=PA66|accessdate=4 January 2013}}
* {{Cite book | title=Antarctica 4
* {{Cite book | title=Antarctica 4
| author=Rubin, Jeff | date=1 November 2008 | publisher=Lonely Planet
| author=Rubin, Jeff | date=1 November 2008 | publisher=Lonely Planet
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=P9-DG11ncGkC&pg=PA35 | accessdate=26 December 2012
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9-DG11ncGkC&pg=PA35 | accessdate=26 December 2012
| isbn=978-1-74104-549-9}}
| isbn=978-1-74104-549-9}}


Revision as of 08:04, 4 October 2016

Mount Jackson
South-east of Mount Jackson ridge
Highest point
Elevation3,184 m (10,446 ft)[1][2]
Prominence2,187 m (7,175 ft)[2]
ListingUltra
Geography
Mount Jackson is located in Antarctica
Mount Jackson
Mount Jackson
Climbing
First ascent23 November 1964 by J C Cunningham (1927–80) of BAS team.[4]

Mount Jackson (Mount Andrew Jackson and Mount Ernest Gruening) is a mountain that dominates the upland of the southern part of the Antarctic Peninsula. It is located in Palmer Land, within the Antarctic claims of Argentina, Chile and the United Kingdom. With an elevation of 3,184 metres (10,446 ft), Mount Jackson is the highest mountain in the Antarctic Peninsula and the British Antarctic Territory. Discovered by members of the United States Antarctic Service, 1939–41, it was named for Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States. The first ascent of Mount Jackson was made by a team led by John Crabbe Cunningham of the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) in 1964. Mount Jackson's geology was studied in 1972 as part of the Palmer Island investigations by a team of geologists.

Mount Jackson and the Welch Mountains demarcate the central Black Coast, which is dissected by many inlets and is bounded on the west by Dyer Plateau of central Palmer Land. The two mountains rise above the ice shelf with reliefs of about 1,200–1,500 metres (3,900–4,900 ft) towards the east. They are interconnected by icefall zones forming a plateau with steep snow slopes. Mount Jackson rises from its southeast flanks, displaying a steeple summit, while the north flank is occupied by a vast cirque. Supraglacial moraines on the mountain's east side measure between 1–5 kilometres (0.62–3.11 mi) in length and display boulders at their distal ends.

History

Satellite image of Antarctic Peninsula

The first topographic mapping of Mount Jackson was carried out in November 1940 by a sledge party of the United States Antarctic Service (USAS). The ground survey was facilitated by aerial photographs and aerial observations. The height was estimated at 4,200 metres (13,800 ft), and the mountain was named Mount Ernest Gruening after the Governor of the Alaska Territory at that time, Ernest Gruening.[5] USAS later renamed it Mount Jackson for the seventh President of the United States.[5] President Jackson signed the bill into law authorizing the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–42. The expedition, led by Lt. Charles Wilkes, included exploration and surveying of the Pacific Ocean and surrounding lands, including Antarctica.[3]

In November 1947, a Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) ground party based at Stonington Island observed Mount Jackson and estimated its height at 3,050 metres (10,010 ft), considerably lower and more accurate than the first estimate in 1940.[5]

After the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey was renamed British Antarctic Survey in 1962, a series of depots were developed, including one at Mount Jackson.[6] BAS members were successful in making many first ascents of the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula, and John Cunningham, who served at the BAS base at Adelaide Island, was the first to climb Mount Jackson. Traveling by dog sled for 640 kilometres (400 mi),[7] his team reached the summit on 23 November 1964.[5][4][8]

A precise height of the summit was determined by a BAS survey party who ascended the peak during the austral summer of 1996–97.[1]

Geography

Exposed rock formation on the southern slope of Mount Jackson, showing a mixed mafic/felsic breccia face

The mountain is 3,184 metres (10,446 ft) in height,[1] with a prominence of 2,187 metres (7,175 ft) and a saddle DEM of 997 metres (3,271 ft).[2] Mount Jackson and the Welch Mountains demarcate the central Black Coast, which is dissected by many inlets and is bounded on the west by Dyer Plateau of central Palmer Land, with elevation ranging between 2,000–3,000 metres (6,600–9,800 ft),[9] and on the west side of the central Black Coast.[10] The two mountains rise above the ice shelf with reliefs of about 1,200–1,500 metres (3,900–4,900 ft) towards the east. They are interconnected by icefall zones forming a plateau with steep snow slopes.[11] The northern part of the mountain system, which extends over 1,590 kilometres (990 mi), covers most of the Antarctic Peninsula, and Mount Jackson is its highest peak.[1][12][13]

Mount Jackson rises from its southeast flanks, displaying a steeple summit,[14] while the north flank is occupied by a vast cirque. Supraglacial moraines on the mountain's east side measure between 1–5 kilometres (0.62–3.11 mi) in length and display boulders at their distal ends. Mount Jackson and the Rowley Massif are separated by Odom Inlet.[15] Cline Glacier drains eastern Mount Jackson before arriving at Odom Inlet.[16]

Mount Jackson's geology was studied in 1972 as part of the Palmer Island investigations by a team of geologists. They identified various rock types and underlying volcanic activity.[17] The relief of the west facing slopes is gentler when compared to the eastern side, characterized by a steep rocky face. Rock weathering is intense in the area spread with scree and felsenmeer. Fresh rock formations and bedrock disintegration are noted.[11]

See also

References

  • Sailing Directions (planning Guide & Enroute) for Antarctica. The Agency. 2002. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  • Commonwealth Secretariat (1 April 2004). Commonwealth Yearbook 2004. Stylus Pub Llc. ISBN 978-0-11-703227-9. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  • Encyclopaedia of mountaineering. Robert Hale. 1975. ISBN 978-0-7091-4804-3. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  • Headland, Robert K. (2009). A Chronology of Antarctic Exploration. Bernard Quaritch Limited. ISBN 978-0-9550852-8-4.
  • Herzfeld, Ute C. (2004). Atlas of Antarctica: Topographic Maps from Geostatistical Analysis of Satellite Radar Altimeter Data : with 169 Figures. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-43457-3. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  • Riffenburgh, Beau (2007). Encyclopedia of the Antarctic: A-K, Index. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-415-97024-2. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  • Rubin, Jeff (1 November 2008). Antarctica 4. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-549-9. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
Footnotes
  1. ^ a b c d Headland, p. 577
  2. ^ a b c d "Antarctica Ultra-Prominences" Peaklist.org. Footnote (14) from site: Elevation from American Alpine Journal (1999). GNIS offers elevation of 3050m. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
  3. ^ a b "Mount Jackson". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
  4. ^ a b "Mountaineers and Skiers in British Antarctic Territory Place-names" (pdf). Alpine Journal Org. Retrieved 27 December 2012. Of the many young mountaineers that have served at the BAS stations over the years, space allows mention of only two. J. C. Cunningham (1927–80) … on 23 November 1964 he led the first ascent of Mount Jackson, Palmer Land 3,180 metres (10,430 ft); the highest peak in the BAT.
  5. ^ a b c d "SCAR Gazetteer Ref. No 7021: Jackson, Mount". Gazetteer of the British Antarctic Territory. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
  6. ^ British Antarctic Survey (1969). Annual Report. Natural Environment Research Council. p. 5. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  7. ^ Encyclopaedia of mountaineering, p. 74
  8. ^ "Exploring the Frozen World" (pdf). Mountain World, Climb Magazine.com. Retrieved 15 February 2014. Ascent of the highest mountain in the entire Peninsula, Mount Jackson at 3,184 metres (10,446 ft) well to the south in remote Palmer Land, fell to the Scot, John Cunningham, in 1964
  9. ^ Riffenburgh, pp. 66–
  10. ^ Bulletin. British Antarctic Survey. 1980. pp. 23, 30. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  11. ^ a b "Physiography and Glacial Geomorphology of the Central Black Coast, Palmer Land" (pdf). British Antarctic Survey Bulletin, Antarctica.ac.uk. pp. 21–22, 30. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  12. ^ Commonwealth Yearbook 2004, p. 341
  13. ^ Rubin 2008, pp. 35–36
  14. ^ Sailing Directions, p. 97
  15. ^ Herzfeld, pp. 204–
  16. ^ "Cline Glacier: Antarctica". Bethesda, MD, USA: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  17. ^ "Antarctica". Encyclopedia of the Nations. Retrieved 15 January 2013.

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