Jump to content

Apsilae: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Merge content from Tsebelda, add further refs. Moved identification with the Abkhaz people out of the intro, as this is debated.
Bender the Bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
1,008,858 edits
m http→https for Google Books and Google News using AWB
Line 1: Line 1:
The '''Apsilae''' ([[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] ''Аҧстәыла''; also known as '''Tsebelda''') were an ancient tribe inhabiting the territory of Apsilia, in modern [[Abkhazia]].<ref name="А1">{{cite web|url=http://bse.sci-lib.com/article066618.html |title=Апсилы |publisher=Bse.sci-lib.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-21}}</ref><ref name="Mikaberidze2015">{{cite book|author=Alexander Mikaberidze|title=Historical Dictionary of Georgia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JNNQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA130|date=6 February 2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-4146-6|pages=130–1}}</ref>
The '''Apsilae''' ([[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] ''Аҧстәыла''; also known as '''Tsebelda''') were an ancient tribe inhabiting the territory of Apsilia, in modern [[Abkhazia]].<ref name="А1">{{cite web|url=http://bse.sci-lib.com/article066618.html |title=Апсилы |publisher=Bse.sci-lib.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-21}}</ref><ref name="Mikaberidze2015">{{cite book|author=Alexander Mikaberidze|title=Historical Dictionary of Georgia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNNQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA130|date=6 February 2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-4146-6|pages=130–1}}</ref>


==Location==
==Location==
The tribal territory was located on the Black Sea coast of the northwest [[Caucasus]], between the rivers [[Psirzcha]] (Псырцха) (near the present [[New Athos]]) and [[Aaldzga]], known also under the historical name "Tsebelda". It consisted of two historical regions - [[Gumae]] and [[Abzhywa]]. The most important cities were: [[Tusuml]] (Тусумэ), [[Tsibilae]] (Цибила), [[Pustae]] (Пуста), [[Zkibin]] (Цкыбын), [[Skotar]] (Скотор), [[Mokva]] (Моква). The capital was [[Sukhumi|Sebastopolis]].<ref name="geography1854">{{cite book|author=Greek geography|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography: Abacaenum-Hytanis|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9y0BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA163|year=1854|publisher=Walton & Maberly|page=163}}</ref>
The tribal territory was located on the Black Sea coast of the northwest [[Caucasus]], between the rivers [[Psirzcha]] (Псырцха) (near the present [[New Athos]]) and [[Aaldzga]], known also under the historical name "Tsebelda". It consisted of two historical regions - [[Gumae]] and [[Abzhywa]]. The most important cities were: [[Tusuml]] (Тусумэ), [[Tsibilae]] (Цибила), [[Pustae]] (Пуста), [[Zkibin]] (Цкыбын), [[Skotar]] (Скотор), [[Mokva]] (Моква). The capital was [[Sukhumi|Sebastopolis]].<ref name="geography1854">{{cite book|author=Greek geography|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography: Abacaenum-Hytanis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9y0BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA163|year=1854|publisher=Walton & Maberly|page=163}}</ref>


==Identity==
==Identity==
The Apsilae descended from the coastal part of the ancient [[Zygii]] tribes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bse.sci-lib.com/article047332.html |title=Зихи |publisher=Bse.sci-lib.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-21}}</ref> most notably the Trakhea, Tsibil and Tsakhar.<ref>George Hewitt, "The Abkhazians: Handbook", p. 1</ref> They may have been a [[Colchian]] tribe or an [[Abkhaz people|Abkhaz]] group. It is debated whether they were ancestors of the present-day Abkhaz (''Apswa'', [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] ''Аҧсуаа'') or of the [[Georgian people|Georgians]].<ref name="Smith1998">{{cite book|author=Graham Smith|title=Nation-building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands: The Politics of National Identities|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BtzEeq9QcRMC&pg=PA55|date=10 September 1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-59968-9|page=55}}</ref><ref name="West2010">{{cite book|author=Barbara A. West|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA1|date=19 May 2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7|page=1}}</ref>
The Apsilae descended from the coastal part of the ancient [[Zygii]] tribes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bse.sci-lib.com/article047332.html |title=Зихи |publisher=Bse.sci-lib.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-21}}</ref> most notably the Trakhea, Tsibil and Tsakhar.<ref>George Hewitt, "The Abkhazians: Handbook", p. 1</ref> They may have been a [[Colchian]] tribe or an [[Abkhaz people|Abkhaz]] group. It is debated whether they were ancestors of the present-day Abkhaz (''Apswa'', [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] ''Аҧсуаа'') or of the [[Georgian people|Georgians]].<ref name="Smith1998">{{cite book|author=Graham Smith|title=Nation-building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands: The Politics of National Identities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtzEeq9QcRMC&pg=PA55|date=10 September 1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-59968-9|page=55}}</ref><ref name="West2010">{{cite book|author=Barbara A. West|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA1|date=19 May 2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7|page=1}}</ref>


Their culture is known as the [[Tsebelda culture]], marked by well-developed local manufacturing of metal products and tools.
Their culture is known as the [[Tsebelda culture]], marked by well-developed local manufacturing of metal products and tools.


==History==
==History==
The first known record of the Apsilae occurs in the writings of [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] of the 1st century AD,<ref name="А1" /> as well as of [[Arrian|Flavius Arrianus]] in the 2nd century ({{lang-gr|Αψιλαι}}).<ref name="ArrianFalconer1805">{{cite book|author1=Arrian|author2=Thomas Falconer|title=Arrian's Voyage Round the Euxine Sea: Translated and Accompanied with a Geographical Dissertation and Maps : to which are Added Three Discourses, I. On the Trade to the East Indies by Means of the Euxine Sea, II. On the Distance which the Ships of Antiquity Usually Sailed in Twenty-four Hours, III. On the Measure of the Olympic Stadium|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Q4xeAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA9|year=1805|publisher=J. Cooke|page=9}}</ref> Under King Julian (Julianus) of Apsilia<ref name="Henderson1927">{{cite book|author=Bernard William Henderson|title=Five Roman Emperors: Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Nerva, Trajan, A.D. 69-117|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ScA8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA318|year=1927|publisher=CUP Archive|page=318|id=GGKEY:W8KJWW8LD4P}}</ref> rules and customs were first codified. The territory became an official division of the Roman Empire under [[Trajan]] (98-117).<ref name="Bennett2003">{{cite book|author=Julian Bennett|title=Trajan: Optimus Princeps|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vXuFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT345|date=2 September 2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-134-70913-7|page=345}}</ref> It was absorbed by the surrounding, more powerful principality of the [[Abasgoi]], in approximately 730 AD, and the Apsilae are no longer recorded after the second half of the 8th century.<ref name="Mikaberidze2015" /> Later, and after the inclusion of other territories and people including [[Misiminia]], it became the [[Kingdom of Abkhazia]].
The first known record of the Apsilae occurs in the writings of [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] of the 1st century AD,<ref name="А1" /> as well as of [[Arrian|Flavius Arrianus]] in the 2nd century ({{lang-gr|Αψιλαι}}).<ref name="ArrianFalconer1805">{{cite book|author1=Arrian|author2=Thomas Falconer|title=Arrian's Voyage Round the Euxine Sea: Translated and Accompanied with a Geographical Dissertation and Maps : to which are Added Three Discourses, I. On the Trade to the East Indies by Means of the Euxine Sea, II. On the Distance which the Ships of Antiquity Usually Sailed in Twenty-four Hours, III. On the Measure of the Olympic Stadium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4xeAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA9|year=1805|publisher=J. Cooke|page=9}}</ref> Under King Julian (Julianus) of Apsilia<ref name="Henderson1927">{{cite book|author=Bernard William Henderson|title=Five Roman Emperors: Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Nerva, Trajan, A.D. 69-117|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScA8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA318|year=1927|publisher=CUP Archive|page=318|id=GGKEY:W8KJWW8LD4P}}</ref> rules and customs were first codified. The territory became an official division of the Roman Empire under [[Trajan]] (98-117).<ref name="Bennett2003">{{cite book|author=Julian Bennett|title=Trajan: Optimus Princeps|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vXuFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT345|date=2 September 2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-134-70913-7|page=345}}</ref> It was absorbed by the surrounding, more powerful principality of the [[Abasgoi]], in approximately 730 AD, and the Apsilae are no longer recorded after the second half of the 8th century.<ref name="Mikaberidze2015" /> Later, and after the inclusion of other territories and people including [[Misiminia]], it became the [[Kingdom of Abkhazia]].


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 05:08, 14 October 2016

The Apsilae (Abkhaz Аҧстәыла; also known as Tsebelda) were an ancient tribe inhabiting the territory of Apsilia, in modern Abkhazia.[1][2]

Location

The tribal territory was located on the Black Sea coast of the northwest Caucasus, between the rivers Psirzcha (Псырцха) (near the present New Athos) and Aaldzga, known also under the historical name "Tsebelda". It consisted of two historical regions - Gumae and Abzhywa. The most important cities were: Tusuml (Тусумэ), Tsibilae (Цибила), Pustae (Пуста), Zkibin (Цкыбын), Skotar (Скотор), Mokva (Моква). The capital was Sebastopolis.[3]

Identity

The Apsilae descended from the coastal part of the ancient Zygii tribes,[4] most notably the Trakhea, Tsibil and Tsakhar.[5] They may have been a Colchian tribe or an Abkhaz group. It is debated whether they were ancestors of the present-day Abkhaz (Apswa, Abkhaz Аҧсуаа) or of the Georgians.[6][7]

Their culture is known as the Tsebelda culture, marked by well-developed local manufacturing of metal products and tools.

History

The first known record of the Apsilae occurs in the writings of Pliny of the 1st century AD,[1] as well as of Flavius Arrianus in the 2nd century (Template:Lang-gr).[8] Under King Julian (Julianus) of Apsilia[9] rules and customs were first codified. The territory became an official division of the Roman Empire under Trajan (98-117).[10] It was absorbed by the surrounding, more powerful principality of the Abasgoi, in approximately 730 AD, and the Apsilae are no longer recorded after the second half of the 8th century.[2] Later, and after the inclusion of other territories and people including Misiminia, it became the Kingdom of Abkhazia.

References

  1. ^ a b "Апсилы". Bse.sci-lib.com. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
  2. ^ a b Alexander Mikaberidze (6 February 2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 130–1. ISBN 978-1-4422-4146-6.
  3. ^ Greek geography (1854). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography: Abacaenum-Hytanis. Walton & Maberly. p. 163.
  4. ^ "Зихи". Bse.sci-lib.com. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
  5. ^ George Hewitt, "The Abkhazians: Handbook", p. 1
  6. ^ Graham Smith (10 September 1998). Nation-building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands: The Politics of National Identities. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-521-59968-9.
  7. ^ Barbara A. West (19 May 2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7.
  8. ^ Arrian; Thomas Falconer (1805). Arrian's Voyage Round the Euxine Sea: Translated and Accompanied with a Geographical Dissertation and Maps : to which are Added Three Discourses, I. On the Trade to the East Indies by Means of the Euxine Sea, II. On the Distance which the Ships of Antiquity Usually Sailed in Twenty-four Hours, III. On the Measure of the Olympic Stadium. J. Cooke. p. 9.
  9. ^ Bernard William Henderson (1927). Five Roman Emperors: Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Nerva, Trajan, A.D. 69-117. CUP Archive. p. 318. GGKEY:W8KJWW8LD4P.
  10. ^ Julian Bennett (2 September 2003). Trajan: Optimus Princeps. Routledge. p. 345. ISBN 1-134-70913-7.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Apsilae&oldid=744267874"