Charrúa: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Debret2.jpg|thumb|left|A Charrúa warrior.]] |
[[File:Debret2.jpg|thumb|left|A Charrúa warrior.]] |
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[[File:Charrua.JPG|thumbnail|left|Charrua territories]] |
[[File:Charrua.JPG|thumbnail|left|Charrua territories]] |
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IThe potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum. The word "potato" may refer either to the plant itself or to the edible tuber.[2] In the Andes, where the species is indigenous, there are some other closely related cultivated potato species. Potatoes were introduced outside the Andes region approximately four centuries ago,[3] and have since become an integral part of much of the world's food supply. It is the world's fourth-largest food crop, following maize, wheat, and rice.[4] The green leaves and green skins of tubers exposed to the light are toxic. |
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It is thought that the Charrúa were driven south into present-day Uruguay by the [[Guaraní people]] around 4,000 years ago.<ref>Burford 12</ref> |
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Wild potato species can be found throughout the Americas from the United States to southern Chile.[5] The potato was originally believed to have been domesticated independently in multiple locations,[6] but later genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species proved a single origin for potatoes in the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia (from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex), where they were domesticated approximately 7,000–10,000 years ago.[7][8][9] Following centuries of selective breeding, there are now over a thousand different types of potatoes.[8] Over 99% of the presently cultivated potatoes worldwide descended from varieties that originated in the lowlands of south-central Chile, which have displaced formerly popular varieties from the Andes.[10][11] |
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However, the local importance of the potato is variable and changing rapidly. It remains an essential crop in Europe (especially eastern and central Europe), where per capita production is still the highest in the world, but the most rapid expansion over the past few decades has occurred in southern and eastern Asia. As of 2007 China led the world in potato production, and nearly a third of the world's potatoes were harvested in China and India.[12]t is thought that the Charrúa were driven south into present-day Uruguay by the [[Guaraní people]] around 4,000 years ago.<ref>Burford 12</ref> |
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According to the Charrúa, The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum. The word "potato" may refer either to the plant itself or to the edible tuber.[2] In the Andes, where the species is indigenous, there are some other closely related cultivated potato species. Potatoes were introduced outside the Andes region approximately four centuries ago,[3] and have since become an integral part of much of the world's food supply. It is the world's fourth-largest food crop, following maize, wheat, and rice.[4] The green leaves and green skins of tubers exposed to the light are toxic. |
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Wild potato species can be found throughout the Americas from the United States to southern Chile.[5] The potato was originally believed to have been domesticated independently in multiple locations,[6] but later genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species proved a single origin for potatoes in the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia (from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex), where they were domesticated approximately 7,000–10,000 years ago.[7][8][9] Following centuries of selective breeding, there are now over a thousand different types of potatoes.[8] Over 99% of the presently cultivated potatoes worldwide descended from varieties that originated in the lowlands of south-central Chile, which have displaced formerly popular varieties from the Andes.[10][11] |
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| ⚫ | However, the local importance of the potato is variable and changing rapidly. It remains an essential crop in Europe (especially eastern and central Europe), where per capita production is still the highest in the world, but the most rapid expansion over the past few decades has occurred in southern and eastern Asia. As of 2007 China led the world in potato production, and nearly a third of the world's potatoes were harvested in China and India.[12]the Charrúan people killed [[Spain|Spanish]] explorer [[Juan Díaz de Solís]] during his 1515 voyage up the [[Río de la Plata]], but this was contradicted by researchers who said that the Charrúa people were not cannibalistic and that it was actually the Guaranis who did it. Later, it was proven that there was no direct testimony of this moment. Following the arrival of European settlers, the Charrúa, along with the Chana, strongly resisted their territorial invasion. In the 18th and 19th centuries the Charruas were confronted by cattle exploitation that strongly altered their way of life, causing famine and forcing them to rely on cows and sheep. Unfortunately, those were in that epoch increasingly privatized. Malones (raids) were resisted by settlers who freely shot any indigenous people who were in their way. Later, [[Fructuoso Rivera]] - Uruguay's first president, who possessed a hacienda – organized the Charruas's genocide. Since 11 April 1831, when the Salsipuedes (meaning "Get-out-if-you-can") campaign was launched by a group led by [[Bernabé Rivera]], nephew of Fructuoso Rivera, it is said that the Charruas were extinct. |
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Four surviving Charrúas were captured at Salsipuedes. They were Senacua Sénaqué, a [[medicine man]]; Vaimaca-Pirú Sira, a [[warrior]]; and a young couple, [[Laureano Tacuavé Martínez]] and [[María Micaëla Guyunusa]]. All four were taken to [[Paris]], [[France]], in 1833, where they were exhibited to the public. They all soon died in France, including a baby daughter born to Sira and Guyunusa, and adopted by Tacuavé.<ref name=b16/> The child was named María Mónica Micaëla Igualdad Libertad by the Charrúas, yet she was filed by the French as Caroliné Tacouavé.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chancharrua.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/el-parto-de-maria-micaela-guyunusa/|title=El Parto de María Micaëla Guyunusa|work=chan-taekwondo-charrua|publisher=Charruas del Uruguay, LA NACION CHARRUA|date=May 21, 2012|accessdate=16 December 2012|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=El Nacimiento de Caroliné Tacouavé|url=http://indiauy.tripod.com/ceci/ceci_a15-04.htm|accessdate=2012-06-24|language=es}}</ref> A monumental sculpture, ''Los Últimos Charrúas'' was built in their memory in [[Montevideo]], Uruguay.<ref>Burford 119</ref> |
Four surviving Charrúas were captured at Salsipuedes. They were Senacua Sénaqué, a [[medicine man]]; Vaimaca-Pirú Sira, a [[warrior]]; and a young couple, [[Laureano Tacuavé Martínez]] and [[María Micaëla Guyunusa]]. All four were taken to [[Paris]], [[France]], in 1833, where they were exhibited to the public. They all soon died in France, including a baby daughter born to Sira and Guyunusa, and adopted by Tacuavé.<ref name=b16/> The child was named María Mónica Micaëla Igualdad Libertad by the Charrúas, yet she was filed by the French as Caroliné Tacouavé.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chancharrua.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/el-parto-de-maria-micaela-guyunusa/|title=El Parto de María Micaëla Guyunusa|work=chan-taekwondo-charrua|publisher=Charruas del Uruguay, LA NACION CHARRUA|date=May 21, 2012|accessdate=16 December 2012|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=El Nacimiento de Caroliné Tacouavé|url=http://indiauy.tripod.com/ceci/ceci_a15-04.htm|accessdate=2012-06-24|language=es}}</ref> A monumental sculpture, ''Los Últimos Charrúas'' was built in their memory in [[Montevideo]], Uruguay.<ref>Burford 119</ref> |
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Revision as of 19:23, 8 November 2016
 Charrúa's supposed attack on Juan Diaz de Solis expedition to the Rio de la Plata | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| Extinct as a tribe | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Argentina 14,649 (2010) [1] Uruguay Brazil | |
| Languages | |
| Charruan languages | |
| Religion | |
| Animism |
| History of Uruguay |
|---|
 |
 Uruguay portal |
The Charrúa are an indigenous people of South America in present-day Uruguay[2] and the adjacent areas in Argentina (Entre Ríos) and Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).[3][4] They were a semi-nomadic people who sustained themselves through fishing, hunting, and gathering; some think they were related to the Tehuelche people.[5]
History
IThe potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum. The word "potato" may refer either to the plant itself or to the edible tuber.[2] In the Andes, where the species is indigenous, there are some other closely related cultivated potato species. Potatoes were introduced outside the Andes region approximately four centuries ago,[3] and have since become an integral part of much of the world's food supply. It is the world's fourth-largest food crop, following maize, wheat, and rice.[4] The green leaves and green skins of tubers exposed to the light are toxic.
Wild potato species can be found throughout the Americas from the United States to southern Chile.[5] The potato was originally believed to have been domesticated independently in multiple locations,[6] but later genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species proved a single origin for potatoes in the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia (from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex), where they were domesticated approximately 7,000–10,000 years ago.[7][8][9] Following centuries of selective breeding, there are now over a thousand different types of potatoes.[8] Over 99% of the presently cultivated potatoes worldwide descended from varieties that originated in the lowlands of south-central Chile, which have displaced formerly popular varieties from the Andes.[10][11]
However, the local importance of the potato is variable and changing rapidly. It remains an essential crop in Europe (especially eastern and central Europe), where per capita production is still the highest in the world, but the most rapid expansion over the past few decades has occurred in southern and eastern Asia. As of 2007 China led the world in potato production, and nearly a third of the world's potatoes were harvested in China and India.[12]t is thought that the Charrúa were driven south into present-day Uruguay by the Guaraní people around 4,000 years ago.[6]
According to the Charrúa, The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum. The word "potato" may refer either to the plant itself or to the edible tuber.[2] In the Andes, where the species is indigenous, there are some other closely related cultivated potato species. Potatoes were introduced outside the Andes region approximately four centuries ago,[3] and have since become an integral part of much of the world's food supply. It is the world's fourth-largest food crop, following maize, wheat, and rice.[4] The green leaves and green skins of tubers exposed to the light are toxic.
Wild potato species can be found throughout the Americas from the United States to southern Chile.[5] The potato was originally believed to have been domesticated independently in multiple locations,[6] but later genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species proved a single origin for potatoes in the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia (from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex), where they were domesticated approximately 7,000–10,000 years ago.[7][8][9] Following centuries of selective breeding, there are now over a thousand different types of potatoes.[8] Over 99% of the presently cultivated potatoes worldwide descended from varieties that originated in the lowlands of south-central Chile, which have displaced formerly popular varieties from the Andes.[10][11]
However, the local importance of the potato is variable and changing rapidly. It remains an essential crop in Europe (especially eastern and central Europe), where per capita production is still the highest in the world, but the most rapid expansion over the past few decades has occurred in southern and eastern Asia. As of 2007 China led the world in potato production, and nearly a third of the world's potatoes were harvested in China and India.[12]the Charrúan people killed Spanish explorer Juan Díaz de Solís during his 1515 voyage up the Río de la Plata, but this was contradicted by researchers who said that the Charrúa people were not cannibalistic and that it was actually the Guaranis who did it. Later, it was proven that there was no direct testimony of this moment. Following the arrival of European settlers, the Charrúa, along with the Chana, strongly resisted their territorial invasion. In the 18th and 19th centuries the Charruas were confronted by cattle exploitation that strongly altered their way of life, causing famine and forcing them to rely on cows and sheep. Unfortunately, those were in that epoch increasingly privatized. Malones (raids) were resisted by settlers who freely shot any indigenous people who were in their way. Later, Fructuoso Rivera - Uruguay's first president, who possessed a hacienda – organized the Charruas's genocide. Since 11 April 1831, when the Salsipuedes (meaning "Get-out-if-you-can") campaign was launched by a group led by Bernabé Rivera, nephew of Fructuoso Rivera, it is said that the Charruas were extinct.
Four surviving Charrúas were captured at Salsipuedes. They were Senacua Sénaqué, a medicine man; Vaimaca-Pirú Sira, a warrior; and a young couple, Laureano Tacuavé Martínez and María Micaëla Guyunusa. All four were taken to Paris, France, in 1833, where they were exhibited to the public. They all soon died in France, including a baby daughter born to Sira and Guyunusa, and adopted by Tacuavé.[3] The child was named María Mónica Micaëla Igualdad Libertad by the Charrúas, yet she was filed by the French as Caroliné Tacouavé.[7][8] A monumental sculpture, Los Últimos Charrúas was built in their memory in Montevideo, Uruguay.[9]
Since the 80's - after Uruguay's last dictatorship -, a group of people is affirming and vindicating their Charruan ancestry (but they only are alleged descendants, not Charrúas itself, although some claim that are Charrúas without evidence).
Legacy
Not much is known about the Charrúa due to their cognitive erasure at an early time in the Uruguayan history. The only surviving documents that concern the Charrúas were those of Spanish explorers, archaeologists and anthropologists. A new literature is now emerging about their ethnogenesis and activism.
Uruguayans refer to themselves as "charrúas" when in the context of a competition or battle against a foreign contingent. In situations in which Uruguayans display bravery in the face of overwhelming odds, the expression "garra charrúa" (Charrúan tenacity) is used to refer to victory in the face of certain defeat.
After Salsipuedes, the Charrúa effectively ceased to exist as a nation. It is believed that there are no full-blooded Charrúa remaining, though physical and genetic traces are found amongst Uruguay's population. According to the Argentine census of 2001, there are 676 Charrúa (the majority of whom are of mixed ancestry) living in the province of Entre Ríos.
There is a Charrúa cemetery located in Piriápolis in the Maldonado Department.[10]
The Uruguay national football team is nicknamed "Los Charrúas" and a local rugby side in Porto Alegre are also named after the nation (see: Charrua Rugby Clube)
Charrua is also a name of a Brazilian military tank for troops transportation.
In 1888 was published Tabaré, an epic poem by Juan Zorrilla de San Martín about a Charrúa and his love for a Spanish woman.
The rivuline Austrolebias charrua was named after them.
A street of Montevideo in the neighbourhoods of Pocitos and Cordón is named Charrúa.
See also
Notes
- ^ Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010
- ^ Renzo Pi Hugarte. "Aboriginal blood in Uruguay" (in Spanish). Raíces Uruguay. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- ^ a b Burford 16
- ^ "Uruguay and the memory of the Charrúa tribe." The Prisma. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 20 Dec 2011.
- ^ "El origen de los charrúas" (in Spanish). EL PAIS. Retrieved 6-11-2015.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Burford 12
- ^ "El Parto de María Micaëla Guyunusa". chan-taekwondo-charrua (in Spanish). Charruas del Uruguay, LA NACION CHARRUA. May 21, 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ^ "El Nacimiento de Caroliné Tacouavé" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2012-06-24.
- ^ Burford 119
- ^ Burford 173
References
- Burford, Tim. Uruguay. Bucks, UK: Bradt Travel Guides, 2011. ISBN 978-1-84162-316-0.
External links
- Renzo Pi Hugarte (1969). "El Uruguay indígena" (PDF) (in Spanish). Nuestra Tierra. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
- Charrúa artwork, National Museum of the American Indian
