Wakefulness-promoting agent: Difference between revisions
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A '''wakefulness-promoting agent''' (or '''wakefulness-promoting drug'''), also known as a '''eugeroic''' (originally "eugrégorique" or "eugregoric"),<ref name="MilgramCallahan2006">{{cite journal|last1=Milgram|first1=Norton W.|last2=Callahan|first2=Heather|last3=Siwak|first3=Christina|title=Adrafinil: A Novel Vigilance Promoting Agent|journal=CNS Drug Reviews|volume=5|issue=3|year=2006|pages=193–212|issn=1080-563X|doi=10.1111/j.1527-3458.1999.tb00100.x}}</ref> is a type of [[drug]] which specifically improves [[wakefulness]] and [[alertness]].<ref name="Modafinil" /><ref name="Armodafinil" /> They are used mainly in the [[therapy|treatment]] of [[sleeping disorder]]s, [[excessive daytime sleepiness]] and [[narcolepsy]].<ref name="Modafinil" /><ref name="Armodafinil" /> They are also used to counteract [[fatigue (medical)|fatigue]] and [[lethargy]] and to increase [[motivation]] and [[productivity]].{{medcn|date=April 2015}} Wakefulness-promoting agents are said to have a low or very low [[addictive potential]].<ref name="Modafinil" /><ref name="Armodafinil" /> |
A '''wakefulness-promoting agent''' (or '''wakefulness-promoting drug'''), also known as a '''eugeroic''' (originally "eugrégorique" or "eugregoric"),<ref name="MilgramCallahan2006">{{cite journal|last1=Milgram|first1=Norton W.|last2=Callahan|first2=Heather|last3=Siwak|first3=Christina|title=Adrafinil: A Novel Vigilance Promoting Agent|journal=CNS Drug Reviews|volume=5|issue=3|year=2006|pages=193–212|issn=1080-563X|doi=10.1111/j.1527-3458.1999.tb00100.x}}</ref> is a type of [[drug]] which specifically improves [[wakefulness]] and [[alertness]].<ref name="Modafinil" /><ref name="Armodafinil" /> They are used mainly in the [[therapy|treatment]] of [[sleeping disorder]]s, [[excessive daytime sleepiness]] and [[narcolepsy]].<ref name="Modafinil" /><ref name="Armodafinil" /> They are also used to counteract [[fatigue (medical)|fatigue]] and [[lethargy]] and to increase [[motivation]] and [[productivity]].{{medcn|date=April 2015}} Wakefulness-promoting agents are said to have a low or very low [[addictive potential]].<ref name="Modafinil" /><ref name="Armodafinil" /> |
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The main mechanism of action of wakefulness enhancers(eugeroics) come from activation of orexin receptors(orexin receptor agonist), which causes an increase in histamine levels. |
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The prototypical eugeroic is [[modafinil]], and other drugs include [[adrafinil]] and [[armodafinil]]. Modafinil and armodafinil have been found to act as selective, weak, atypical [[dopamine reuptake inhibitor]]s.<ref name="Modafinil">{{cite web|title=Provigil: Prescribing information|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/020717s037s038lbl.pdf|website=United States Food and Drug Administration|publisher=Cephalon, Inc|accessdate=16 August 2015|date=January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Armodafinil">{{cite web|title=Nuvigil: Prescribing information|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/021875s021lbledt.pdf|website=United States Food and Drug Administration|publisher=Cephalon, Inc|accessdate=16 August 2015|date=April 2015}}</ref> Adrafinil is a [[prodrug]] of modafinil, and hence also acts in this way. |
The prototypical eugeroic is [[modafinil]], and other drugs include [[adrafinil]] and [[armodafinil]]. Modafinil and armodafinil have been found to act as selective, weak, atypical [[dopamine reuptake inhibitor]]s.<ref name="Modafinil">{{cite web|title=Provigil: Prescribing information|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/020717s037s038lbl.pdf|website=United States Food and Drug Administration|publisher=Cephalon, Inc|accessdate=16 August 2015|date=January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Armodafinil">{{cite web|title=Nuvigil: Prescribing information|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/021875s021lbledt.pdf|website=United States Food and Drug Administration|publisher=Cephalon, Inc|accessdate=16 August 2015|date=April 2015}}</ref> Adrafinil is a [[prodrug]] of modafinil, and hence also acts in this way. |
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The functional opposites of wakefulness-promoting agents are [[hypnotic]]s, such as centrally-acting [[antihistamine]]s ([[H1 antagonist|H<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonist]]s) and [[suvorexant]], an [[orexin antagonist|orexin receptor antagonist]]. |
The functional opposites of wakefulness-promoting agents are [[hypnotic]]s, such as centrally-acting [[antihistamine]]s ([[H1 antagonist|H<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonist]]s) and [[suvorexant]], an [[orexin antagonist|orexin receptor antagonist]]. |
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Revision as of 10:54, 29 November 2016
A wakefulness-promoting agent (or wakefulness-promoting drug), also known as a eugeroic (originally "eugrégorique" or "eugregoric"),[1] is a type of drug which specifically improves wakefulness and alertness.[2][3] They are used mainly in the treatment of sleeping disorders, excessive daytime sleepiness and narcolepsy.[2][3] They are also used to counteract fatigue and lethargy and to increase motivation and productivity.[medical citation needed] Wakefulness-promoting agents are said to have a low or very low addictive potential.[2][3]
The main mechanism of action of wakefulness enhancers(eugeroics) come from activation of orexin receptors(orexin receptor agonist), which causes an increase in histamine levels.
The prototypical eugeroic is modafinil, and other drugs include adrafinil and armodafinil. Modafinil and armodafinil have been found to act as selective, weak, atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitors.[2][3] Adrafinil is a prodrug of modafinil, and hence also acts in this way.
The functional opposites of wakefulness-promoting agents are hypnotics, such as centrally-acting antihistamines (H1 receptor antagonists) and suvorexant, an orexin receptor antagonist.
Examples
Marketed
Discontinued
Never marketed
- CRL-40,940 (also called flumodafinil, bisfluoromodafinil, lauflumide)
- CRL-40,941
- Fluorenol
See also
Categories
References
- ^ Milgram, Norton W.; Callahan, Heather; Siwak, Christina (2006). "Adrafinil: A Novel Vigilance Promoting Agent". CNS Drug Reviews. 5 (3): 193–212. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.1999.tb00100.x. ISSN 1080-563X.
- ^ a b c d "Provigil: Prescribing information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Cephalon, Inc. January 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
- ^ a b c d "Nuvigil: Prescribing information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Cephalon, Inc. April 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.