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LaMia Flight 2933: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 5°58′44″N 75°25′08″W / 5.978767°N 75.418850°W / 5.978767; -75.418850
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| caption = Avro RJ85 serial number E.2348 (the aircraft involved) in 2013, bearing its previous registration marks
| caption = Avro RJ85 serial number E.2348 (the aircraft involved) in 2013, bearing its previous registration marks
| date = {{start-date|df=yes|28 November 2016}}
| date = {{start-date|df=yes|28 November 2016}}
| summary = Fuel exhaustion due to deficient flight planning
| summary = Fuel exhaustion due to deficient flight planning and Pilot Error
| occurrence_type = Accident
| occurrence_type = Accident
| Site = Cerro Gordo, [[La Unión, Antioquia]]
| Site = Cerro Gordo, [[La Unión, Antioquia]]

Revision as of 00:41, 1 January 2017

LaMia Flight 2933
Avro RJ85 serial number E.2348 (the aircraft involved) in 2013, bearing its previous registration marks
Accident
Date28 November 2016 (2016-11-28)
SummaryFuel exhaustion due to deficient flight planning and Pilot Error
SiteCerro Gordo, La Unión, Antioquia
5°58′44″N 75°25′08″W / 5.978767°N 75.418850°W / 5.978767; -75.418850[1]
Total fatalities0
Total injuries0
Total missing0
Total survivors77
Aircraft typeAvro RJ85
OperatorLaMia
RegistrationCP-2933
Flight originViru Viru International Airport, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
DestinationJosé María Córdova International Airport, Rionegro, Colombia
Passengers73
Crew4
Fatalities71
Injuries6
Survivors6

LaMia Flight 2933 (LMI2933) was a charter flight of an Avro RJ85, operated by LaMia, that crashed in Colombia at 21:58 local time[1] on 28 November 2016, killing 71 of the 77 people on board.

The aircraft was transporting the Brazilian Chapecoense football squad, including 22 players, 23 coaching and other club staff, 2 guests and 21 journalists, from Viru Viru International Airport in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, to José María Córdova International Airport in Colombia. The team was en route to play the first leg of the 2016 Copa Sudamericana Finals in Medellín, against Colombian team Atlético Nacional.[2][3][4] One of the four crewmembers;[5] three of the players; and two other passengers survived.

According to the preliminary report, several decisions of the flight crew were incompatible with aviation regulations and rendered the flight unsafe. Insufficient flight planning (disregarding necessary fuel stops) and not declaring an emergency when the fuel neared exhaustion caused the crash.[6]

Aircraft and operator

The aircraft was an Avro RJ85, registration CP-2933,[7] serial number E.2348,[8] which first flew on 26 March 1999.[9] After service with other airlines and a period in storage between 2010 and 2013, it was acquired by LaMia, a Venezuelan-owned Bolivian airline.[8][10]

Flight and crash

Map depicting proposed and actual itineraries from São Paulo to Medellín. Blue line indicates the planned route with a refuelling stop at Cobija. Red line indicates the actual route. Minimum distance without refuelling increased from 1,102 nautical miles (2,041 km; 1,268 mi) to 1,598 nautical miles (2,959 km; 1,839 mi).[9][11]
Workers amidst the aircraft's wreckage on a Colombian mountainside
Recovery of bodies

The aircraft was carrying 73 passengers and 4 crew members[1] on a flight from Viru Viru International Airport, in the Bolivian city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, to José María Córdova International Airport, serving Medellín in Colombia and located in nearby Rionegro.[12] Among the passengers were members of the Brazilian Associação Chapecoense de Futebol who were travelling to play their away leg of the Final for the 2016 Copa Sudamericana in Medellín against Atlético Nacional.

Background and transit to Bolivia

Brazil's national aviation authority, the Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil (ANAC – National Civil Aviation Agency), had denied Chapecoense's request to use LaMia's aircraft for a direct flight from São Paulo to Medellín.[13] In line with the freedoms of the air and bilateral traffic rights governing international air traffic under the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, ANAC had required that the aircraft be operated by a Brazilian or Colombian company in order for a direct flight to take place.[14][15] Instead, the club opted to retain LaMia, and arranged to take a scheduled flight from São Paulo and transfer to the LaMia aircraft in Santa Cruz de la Sierra.[16][17] LaMia had already transported other football clubs,[10] including teams playing in the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL) competitions, and the Argentina national team (that had flown on the same aircraft 18 days prior).[18] An official from the Bolivian airline that transported the team and other members of the travelling party to Santa Cruz de la Sierra stated that its aircraft departed São Paulo's airport at 14:22 Bolivian time (UTC−04:00) and landed at Santa Cruz at 16:50 local time.[19]

Flight from Santa Cruz

LaMia Flight 2933 is located in Colombia
LaMia Flight 2933
class=notpageimage|
Accident site within Colombia.

The chartered RJ85, operating as LaMia Flight 2933, departed Santa Cruz at 18:18 local time.[20] A team member's request to have his video game retrieved from his luggage in the aircraft's cargo hold delayed the departure.[21] The original flight plan included a compulsory intermediate refueling stop at Cobija–Captain Aníbal Arab Airport, near Bolivia's border with Brazil;[11][17] however, the flight's late departure meant the aircraft would not arrive at Cobija prior to the airport's closing time.[9] An officer of Bolivia's Administracion de Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares a la Navegacion Aerea (AASANA — Airports and Air Navigation Services Administration) at Santa Cruz de la Sierra reportedly rejected the crew's flight plan for a direct flight to Medellín several times despite pressure from the aircraft's captain — one of LaMia's owners — to approve it, because of the aircraft's range being almost the same as the flight distance; the flight plan was reportedly altered to include a refueling stop in Bogotá instead and was approved by another AASANA officer.[17][22] The distance between Santa Cruz and Medellín airports is 1,598 nautical miles (2,959 km; 1,839 mi).[23] A fuel stop in Cobija would have broken the flight into two segments: an initial segment of 514 nautical miles (952 km; 952,000 m) to Cobija followed by a flight of 1,101 nautical miles (2,039 km; 1,267 mi) to Medellín, a total of 1,615 nautical miles (2,991 km; 1,859 mi).[23] Bogotá's airport is 1,486 nautical miles (2,752 km; 1,710 mi) from Santa Cruz's airport and 116 nautical miles (215 km; 133 mi) from Medellín's.

Under standard conditions, the RJ85 has a range of approximately 1,600 nautical miles (3,000 km; 1,800 mi) with a payload of 7,800 kilograms (17,196 lb).[24] Using the International Air Transport Association (IATA)-recommended estimate for weight of passengers and luggage of 100 kilograms (220 lb) per person[25] would place the aircraft's payload at 7,700 kilograms (16,976 lb), meaning a flight from Santa Cruz to Medellín would be at the limit of the aircraft's capability.

Shortly before 22:00 local time (UTC−05:00) on 28 November (03:00 UTC, 29 November), the pilot of the LaMia aircraft reported electrical failure and fuel exhaustion while flying in Colombian airspace between the municipalities of La Ceja and La Unión.[26][27] The RJ85 had begun its descent from its cruising altitude at about 21:30.[24] Another aircraft had been diverted to Medellín from its planned route (from Bogotá to San Andres) by its crew because of a suspected fuel leak.[9] Medellín's air traffic controllers gave the other aircraft priority to land there and at 21:43, the LaMia RJ85's crew was instructed to enter a racetrack-shaped holding pattern at the Rionegro VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) radio navigation beacon; and wait with three other aircraft for its turn to land.[24][28][29] The crew however requested and were given authorisation to hold at an area navigation (RNAV) waypoint named GEMLI, about 5.4 nautical miles (10 km; 6 mi) south of the Rionegro VOR.[29][30] While waiting for the other aircraft to land, during the last 15 minutes of its flight the RJ85 completed two laps of the holding pattern, adding about 54 nautical miles (100 km; 62 mi) to its flight length.[31] At 21:49, the crew requested priority for landing because of unspecified "problems with the fuel", and were told to expect an approach clearance in about seven minutes. At 21:52 they declared a fuel emergency and requested immediate descent clearance. At 21:53, with the aircraft nearing the end of its second lap of the holding pattern, engines 3 and 4 (the two engines on the right wing) flamed out due to fuel exhaustion; engines 1 and 2 flamed out two minutes later, at which point the flight data recorder (FDR) stopped operating.[9][32]

After the LaMia crew reported the RJ85's electrical and fuel problems, an air traffic controller radioed that the aircraft was 0.1 nautical miles (190 m; 200 yd) from the Rionegro VOR, but its altitude data were no longer being received.[9] The crew replied that the aircraft was at an altitude of 9,000 feet (2,700 m); the procedure for an aircraft approaching to land at José María Córdova International Airport states it must be at an altitude of at least 10,000 feet (3,000 m) when passing over the Rionegro VOR.[9] Air traffic control radar stopped detecting the aircraft at 21:55 local time as it descended among the mountains south of the airport.[9][24] At 21:59 the aircraft hit the crest of a ridge on a mountain known as Cerro Gordo at an altitude of about 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) while flying in a northwesterly direction, with the wreckage of the rear of the aircraft on the southern side of the crest and other wreckage coming to rest on the northern side of the crest adjacent to the Rionegro VOR transmitter facility, which is in line with runway 01 at José María Córdova International Airport and about 18 kilometres (9.7 nmi; 11 mi) away from its southern end.[9][24][33]

Profile of the flight's last 15 minutes
Aircraft's flight path in the last 15 minutes of the flight. Green line indicates the period during which the aircraft was in a holding pattern at Flight level 210 (approximately 21,000 feet altitude) (2:46:08–2:53:09 UTC). Orange star indicates the location where ADS-B signals were lost (2:55:48 UTC). The crash site is indicated in red.
Graphs of the aircraft's altitude and speed in the last 15 minutes before the FDR stopped recording

Rescue

Helicopters from the Colombian Air Force were initially unable to get to the site because of heavy fog in the area,[7] while first aid workers arrived two hours after the crash to find debris strewn across an area about 100 metres (330 ft) in diameter.[34] It was not until 02:00 on 29 November that the first survivor arrived at a hospital: Alan Ruschel, one of the members of the Chapecoense team.[34] Seven people were found alive in the wreckage although one of them, first choice goalkeeper Danilo, died shortly after arriving at a hospital. The last survivor to be found was footballer Neto, who was discovered at 05:40.[35] Chapecoense reserve goalkeeper Jakson Follmann, who was among survivors, later underwent a potentially life-saving leg amputation.[36] Including Danilo, 71 of the 77 occupants died as a result of the crash; the number of dead was initially thought to be 75 but it was later revealed that 4 people had not boarded the aircraft.[37] Colombian Air Force personnel extracted the bodies of 70 victims from the wreckage and took them to an air force base. They were then taken to the Instituto de Medicina Legal in Medellín for identification.[38]

Investigation

Colombian crash investigation

Graphs of flight altitude and airspeed from Santa Cruz until the engine flameouts and consequent loss of electrical power stopped the FDR recording

The Aircraft Accident Investigation Unit of Colombia's Unidad Administrativa Especial de Aeronáutica Civil (UAEAC – Special Administrative Unit of Civil Aeronautics) is investigating the accident and requested assistance from the aircraft's manufacturer BAE Systems and the British Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) as the investigative body of the state of the manufacturer. A team of three accident AAIB investigators was deployed.[39] They were joined by investigators from Bolivia's national aviation authority the Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil (DGAC — General Directorate of Civil Aviation).[40] In all twenty-three specialists were deployed on the investigation; in addition to ten Colombian investigators and those from Bolivia and the United Kingdom, Brazil and the United States contributed personnel to the investigation.[41] On the afternoon of 29 November the UAEAC reported that both flight recorders – the flight data recorder (FDR) and cockpit voice recorder (CVR) – had been recovered undamaged.[7]

Evidence very quickly emerged to suggest that the aircraft had run out of fuel: the flight attendant who survived the accident reported that the captain's final words were "there is no fuel",[42][43] and transmissions to that effect from the pilots to ATC were overheard by crews of other aircraft, and recorded in the control tower.[44][45] Shortly after the crash, the person leading the investigation stated that there was "no evidence of fuel in the aircraft" and the aircraft did not catch fire when it crashed.[7] Analysis of the FDR showed that all four engines had flamed out a few minutes before the crash.[46] Four weeks after the crash the investigation confirmed that the cause of the crash was fuel exhaustion due to the failure of the pilots to have the aircraft refuelled en route. Poor planning by the airline and poor oversight by aviation authorities in Bolivia were cited as contributory factors. It was also found that the aircraft had been flown at altitudes at which it was not certified to fly, due to restrictions imposed by it not being compliant with reduced vertical separation minima regulations[citation needed]. The aircraft was also overloaded by nearly 400 kilograms (880 lb).[47] The preliminary accident report also stated that the pilots had discussed their fuel state and possible fuel stops en route.[48] For unknown reasons, the CVR stopped recording an hour and forty minutes before the FDR, when the aircraft was still about 550 nautical miles (1,020 km; 630 mi) away from the crash site at the Rionegro VOR.[33]

The investigation continues and will consider organisational matters, supervision, fuel planning, decision making and survival aspects. The final report is expected to be released in April 2017.[41]

Other investigations and disciplinary measures

On 8 December, an investigative report by Spanish-language American media company Univision, using data from the Flightradar24 website, claimed that in eight of the twenty-three previous flights conducted by LaMia since 22 August the fuel and loading regulations of the International Civil Aviation Organization were contravened — including two flights from Medellín to Santa Cruz: one on 29 October transporting Atlético Nacional to the away leg of their Copa Sudamericana semi-final; and a flight without passengers on 4 November. The report claimed the eight flights would have used at least some of the aircraft's mandatory fuel reserves (a variable fuel quantity to allow for 45 minutes of flying time); an analyst consulted in preparing the report said this meant that the company was accustomed to operating flights at the limit of the RJ85's endurance.[49]

After the crash, the Bolivian government suspended the director of the DGAC and the chief executive of AASANA, as well as the director of the DGAC’s National Aeronautics Registry — the son of one of LaMia's owners.[22][50]

Bolivian criminal investigation

A week after the crash, Bolivian police detained two individuals on criminal charges related to the crash of Flight 2933. The general director of LaMia was detained on various charges, including involuntary manslaughter.[50] His son, who worked for the DGAC, was detained for allegedly using his influence to have the aircraft be given an operational clearance. A prosecutor involved with the case told reporters that "the prosecution has collected statements and evidence showing the participation of the accused in the crimes of misusing influence, conduct incompatible with public office and a breach of duties."[51] An arrest warrant was issued for the employee of AASANA in Santa Cruz who had initially refused to approve Flight 2933's flight plan before takeoff.[22][50][51] She fled the country and was seeking political asylum in Brazil, claiming that after the crash she had been pressured by her superiors to alter a report she had made before the aircraft took off; and fearing that Bolivia would not give her a fair trial.[51] A warrant was also issued for the arrest of another of LaMia's co-owners, but he still had not been located four weeks after the crash.[47]

Reactions

Governmental

Brazilian and Mercosur flags at half staff at the National Congress Building in Brasília

Following the crash, the DGAC of Bolivia suspended LaMia's air operator's certificate.[22][52] LaMia's remaining two RJ85s were impounded.[50] A few days after the crash, Bolivia's Defense Minister expressed concern over the possibility of aviation sanctions and downgrades by foreign national aviation authorities, for which ramifications may include bannings of Bolivian carriers from foreign airspace.[53]

Brazilian President Michel Temer declared three days of national mourning and requested that personnel from Brazil's embassy to Colombia in Bogotá be moved to Medellín to better assist the survivors and the families of the victims.[54]

Sports

A vigil attended by thousands was held in Chapecó, the hometown of Chapecoense
A minute of silence before a football match in San Cristóbal, Venezuela

Many South American football teams paid tribute to Chapecoense by changing their playing kits to include Chapecoense's badge; or to wear Chapecoense's playing kit or green colours. Matches also began with a minute of silence.[55][56][57][58]

CONMEBOL

All activities related to CONMEBOL (the South American Football Confederation) were suspended immediately, including both legs of the Copa Sudamericana final, scheduled for 30 November and 7 December,[59] and the second leg of the Copa do Brasil Final.[60] Atlético Nacional, Chapecoense's opponents-to-be in the final, asked CONMEBOL to honor Chapecoense by awarding them with the Copa Sudamericana title, stating that "for our part, and forever, Chapecoense are champions of the 2016 Copa Sudamericana".[61] CONMEBOL officially named Chapecoense the 2016 Copa Sudamericana champions on 5 December.[62] The Brazilian team received the winner's prize money (2 million dollars); was awarded qualification to the 2017 Copa Libertadores; and will play the 2017 Suruga Bank Championship and 2017 Recopa Sudamericana against Atlético Nacional.[63] Atlético Nacional has been also awarded with a Centenary's fair play title by CONMEBOL to recognise its sportsmanship in suggesting that Chapecoense be awarded the title.[64]

FIFA

FIFA president Gianni Infantino gave a speech at Arena Condá, Chapecoense's stadium, at a public memorial. A committee representing FIFA at the service was composed of former football legends Clarence Seedorf and Carles Puyol; and Real Madrid player Lucas Silva. Infantino gave his speech at the end of the service by saying: "Today we are all Brazilians, we are all Chapecoenses".[65]

UEFA

UEFA officially asked for a minute's silence at all upcoming Champions League and Europa League matches as a mark of respect.[66][67][68] President Aleksander Ceferin said in a statement: "European football is united in expressing its deepest sympathy to Chapecoense, the Brazilian football confederation, CONMEBOL and the families of all the victims following this week's air disaster".[69]

National football associations

The Argentine Football Association sent a support letter to Chapecoense offering free loans of players from Argentine clubs.[70]

The Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) encouraged Chapecoense to play its next scheduled Campeonato Brasileiro Série A game against Clube Atlético Mineiro, part of the final round of the tournament, as a tribute to the players.[71] Both Chapecoense and Atlético Mineiro refused to play the match and were sanctioned with a fine of a hundred thousand Brazilian reals (about 30,000 US dollars).[72]

Besides changing their profile pictures on social media to a black version of Chapecoense's badge and issuing messages of solidarity,[73] other Brazilian teams offered to loan the club players for the next year[59] and asked the CBF to exempt Chapecoense from relegation for the next three years.[74]

In Colombia a four-hour tribute took place at Atlético Nacional's stadium at the time the match Chapecoense had been scheduled to play would have kicked off. This was attended by 40,000 spectators with Fox Sports live coverage and followed via streaming from YouTube.[75][76]

The Uruguayan Football Association declared two days of mourning.[77] The association's referees wore a Chapecoense badge on their shirts for the 14th matchday of the Uruguayan Primera División.[78]

Other

Avianca, Colombia's flag carrier and largest airline, provided 44 psychologists to help in the counseling of the families of the victims. The airline, by request of the Colombian and Brazilian governments, also provided logistical support and transportation to Brazilian medical personnel which are involved in the identification of the deceased.[79] On Twitter, Avianca expressed its regrets over the incident and stated that "our prayers are with the families of the victims".[80]

A fortnight after the crash on 15 December, LaMia's lawyer announced that the airline had agreed with the International Civil Aviation Organization to a compensation scheme that will pay US$165,000 to each deceased passenger's family. LaMia's liability coverage insures up to a maximum of $25 million for passengers and $1.5 million for crew members.[81]

During an interview, Roberto Canessa, a member of a Uruguayan rugby team that was travelling to a match in 1972 when their aircraft crashed in what became known as the Andes flight disaster, said that he wanted to help the crash survivors.[82]

Survivors

The surviving players were Alan Ruschel,[83] Jakson Follmann[84] and Neto.[35] The other survivors were a member of the flight crew and two passengers.[5] One of the surviving passengers, an employee of a Bolivian company contracted by LaMia to provide maintenance technicians to accompany the aircraft on its flights, said that there was no announcement by the pilots that there was an emergency and that he had thought the aircraft was simply descending.[85] Team goalkeeper Danilo initially survived the crash; he was able to telephone his wife, but later died after he was taken to a hospital.[86][87]

Notable fatalities

Chapecoense players

Chapecoense staff

Media

Guests

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Preliminary report, p. 3
  2. ^ Lafuente, Javier; Marcos, Ana (29 November 2016). "Un avión que transportaba al equipo de fútbol brasileño del Chapecoense sufre un accidente en Colombia" [An aircraft transporting Brazilian football team Chapecoense suffers an accident in Colombia]. El País (in Spanish).
  3. ^ "Plane Carrying Football Players From Brazil Crashes In Colombia". NDTV. 29 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  4. ^ "Plane carrying Brazilian football team Chapecoense crashes in Colombia". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  5. ^ a b Preliminary report, p. 12
  6. ^ "Colombia probe finds jetliner ran out of fuel before crash". NBC-2.com. WBBH TV. Associated Press. 27 December 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d Hradecky, Simon. "Crash: LAMIA Bolivia RJ85 near Medellin on Nov 28th 2016, electrical problems, impact with terrain". Aviation Herald. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  8. ^ a b "CP-2933 LAMIA British Aerospace Avro RJ85 – cn E2348". Planespotters. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i "CP-2933 accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Flight Safety Foundation. Retrieved 29 November 2016. The airline's general director reported in local media that the initial plans were for LaMia to fly the football team from São Paulo, Brazil to Medellín with a refueling stop at Cobija in northern Bolivia
  10. ^ a b Torres, Fabián (29 November 2016). "Accidente avión Chapecoense: El piloto del avión siniestrado también era el dueño de la aerolínea LaMia" [Chapecoense aircraft accident: The pilot of the LaMia aircraft was also the owner of the airline]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  11. ^ a b "Why the Chapecoense football team's plane ran out of fuel". The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016. An earlier commercial flight had brought them from São Paulo in Brazil to Bolivia. The private jet was scheduled to stop for refuelling in Cobija, in Bolivia's north.
  12. ^ "Colombia plane crash: 71 dead on Brazil soccer team's charter flight". CNN. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  13. ^ "Al Chapecoense lo hicieron cambiar de avión" [Chapecoense was made to change aircraft]. El Tiempo (in Spanish). 29 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  14. ^ Phillips, Dom; Schmidt, Samantha; Murphy, Brian (29 November 2016). "Tragedy of huge proportions: Plane with a championship-bound Brazilian soccer team crashes into mountainside". Washington Post. The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  15. ^ "The Impact of International Air Service Liberalisation on Brazil". InterVISTAS-EU Consulting Inc. July 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  16. ^ Schaefer Muñoz, Sara; Jelmayer, Rogerio; Johnson, Reed (29 November 2016). "Plane Carrying Brazilian Soccer Team Crashes in Colombia". Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  17. ^ a b c Domonoske, Camila (1 December 2016). "Before Deadly Crash In Colombia, Pilot Said He was out of Fuel". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved 2 December 2016. there was a planned refueling stop in Cobija, [Bolivia], but that the delay meant they'd have to refuel in Bogotá, Colombia, instead.
  18. ^ "Messi y la Selección argentina viajaron en el mismo avión del accidente hace 18 días" [Messi and the Argentine team travelled in the accident aircraft 18 days ago]. Infobae (in Spanish). 29 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  19. ^ "BoA transportó a Chapecoense sólo de San Pablo a Santa Cruz y Lamia hacia Medellin" [BoA only transported Chapecoense from São Paulo to Santa Cruz and LaMia [took them] to Medellin] (in Spanish). Bolivian Consulate in Rosario, Argentina. 29 November 2016. Archived from the original on 15 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  20. ^ "LMI2933 Crash near Medellin". Flightradar24. Flightradar24 AB. 29 November 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  21. ^ Steinbuch, Yaron (2 December 2016). "Search for video game may be why Colombia plane didn't refuel". New York Post. NYP Holdings, Inc. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  22. ^ a b c d Uphoff, Rainer (2 December 2016). "Bolivia suspends LAMIA Bolivia's AOC". FlightGlobal. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  23. ^ a b "Great Circle Mapper". www.gcmap.com. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  24. ^ a b c d e Richter, Jan. "LAMIA Avro RJ-85 crashed near Medellin with 81 on board". JACDEC. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  25. ^ "Tenth Session of the Statistics Division, Available Capacity and Average Passenger Mass" (PDF). International Civil Aviation Organization. 13 October 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  26. ^ Ostrower, John. "Colombia plane crash: Jet ran out of fuel, pilot said". CNN. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  27. ^ "Accidente de Chapecoense: los rescatistas tienen que subir media hora por la montaña a pie" [Chapecoense accident: rescuers have to climb half an hour up the mountain on foot]. La Nación (in Spanish). 29 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  28. ^ Preliminary report, p. 4
  29. ^ a b Preliminary report, p. 5
  30. ^ Preliminary report, p. 7
  31. ^ "Not Enough Fuel: The Disgusting Truth About LaMia Flight 2933". Fear of Landing. Sylvia Wrigley. 2 December 2016. Archived from the original on 15 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016.[self-published source]
  32. ^ Preliminary report, pp. 7-9
  33. ^ a b Preliminary report, p. 15
  34. ^ a b "Son seis los sobrevivientes del accidente aéreo en Antioquia" [Six survivors of the aircraft crash in Antioquia]. El Tiempo (in Spanish). 29 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  35. ^ a b "Accidente de avión en el que viajaba Chapecoense deja 75 personas muertas" [Aircraft crash involving Chapecoense leaves 75 people dead]. Caracol.tv (in Spanish). 29 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  36. ^ "Goalie Follmann's leg amputated, Neto suffering from head trauma". Fox News Latino. 29 November 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  37. ^ Lawlor, David (29 November 2016). "Colombia plane crash: 71 dead and six survivors on flight carrying Chapecoense football team". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  38. ^ "Corpos de vítimas de queda do voo da Chapecoense já estão todos no IML de Medellin" [Bodies of victims of the Chapecoense air crash are already at the IML in Medellín]. G1 (in Portuguese). 29 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  39. ^ "The AAIB is sending a team of inspectors to Colombia" (Press release). Air Accidents Investigation Branch. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  40. ^ Cuiza, Paulo (29 November 2016). "DGAC envía comisión de investigadores a Colombia y asegura que nave de Lamia partió de Bolivia en perfectas condiciones" [DGAC sends panel of investigators to Colombia and states that the LaMia aircraft left Bolivia in perfect condition]. La Razón (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  41. ^ a b "Aerocivil presenta informe preliminar del accidente de LAMIA en Antioquia" [Aerocivil presents preliminary report on the LAMIA accident in Antioquia] (Press release) (in Spanish). Aerocivil Colombia. 26 December 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  42. ^ Hartley-Parkinson, Richard. "Final panicked words of pilot in Colombian plane crash as he 'ran out of fuel'". Metro. Associated Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  43. ^ "Brazilian football team's plane crashes in Colombia killing 76". Sky News. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  44. ^ "Soccer crash survivors treated in Colombia as investigation begins". Reuters UK. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  45. ^ Preliminary report, p. 10
  46. ^ Preliminary report, p. 9
  47. ^ a b "Plane carrying Chapecoense team ran out of fuel before crashing". Sky News. Sky UK. 26 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  48. ^ "Aerocivil presenta informe preliminar del accidente de LAMIA en Antioquia" [Aerocivil presents preliminary report on the LAMIA accident in Antioquia]. Youtube (in Spanish). Aerocivil Colombia. 26 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  49. ^ Zafra, Mariano (8 December 2016). "Antes de estrellarse, el avión de LaMia forzó la reserva de combustible en otros ocho vuelos" [Before the crash, the LaMia aircraft breached fuel reserves on eight other flights]. Univision (in Spanish). Univision Communications Inc. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  50. ^ a b c d "Lamia Chief Appears in Court after Being Charged with Manslaughter". Latin American Herald. 8 December 2016. Archived from the original on 10 December 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  51. ^ a b c "Colombia plane crash: Second Bolivian suspect charged". BBC News. 10 December 2016. Archived from the original on 10 December 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  52. ^ "Chapecoense air crash: Bolivia suspends LaMia airline". BBC News. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  53. ^ Flores, Paola; Goodman, Joshua (3 December 2016). "Bolivia minister: country could face US aviation downgrade". Washington Post. The Washington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
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  55. ^ "Más solidariadad" [More solidarity]. Olé (in Spanish). 29 November 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
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  57. ^ "La buena cara del fútbol uruguayo: el homenaje a Chapecoense" [The good face of Uruguayan football: the homage to Chapecoense]. Ovación (in Spanish). Montevideo: El Pais S.A. 5 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  58. ^ Sierra, Jeimmy Paola (30 November 2016). "Chapecoense Homenaje: Minuto de silencio en lugar de pitazo inicial" [Chapecoense Tribute: Minute of silence before the opening whistle]. Colombia.as.com (in Spanish). AS Colombia S.P.A. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
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  60. ^ "Final da Copa do Brasil é adiada após tragédia com voo da Chapecoense" [Copa do Brasil final postponed after Chapecoense flight tragedy] (in Portuguese). Globo. 29 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  61. ^ "Gesto de grandeza" [Grand Gesture] (in Spanish). Ole. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
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  63. ^ "CONMEBOL outorga o título Copa Sul-Americana 2016 à Chapecoense e reconhece o Atlético Nacional como Campeão Fair Play do Centenário" [CONMEBOL awards the 2016 South American Cup title to Chapecoense and recognizes Atletico Nacional as the Centennial Fair Play Champion] (in Portuguese). CONMEBOL. 5 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.[dead link‍]
  64. ^ "Fair Play del Atlético Nacional será premiado con 1 mdd" [Fair Play of Atlético Nacional will be rewarded with one million dollars]. Eluniversal.com.mx (in Spanish). El Universal. 5 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  65. ^ "Tragedia de Chapecoense: Gianni Infantino estuvo en el funeral y puso a la FIFA a disposición del club" [Chapecoense Tragedy: Gianni Infantino was at the funeral and made FIFA available to the club]. Clarin.com (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Clarín Digital. 3 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  66. ^ Labellarte, Giuseppe (1 December 2016). "UEFA confirms minute's silence for Chapecoense". Sports Mole. Sports Mole Ltd. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
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  68. ^ "UEFA Champions League – Barcelona-Mönchengladbach – Mero trámite entre el Barcelona y el Gladbach" [UEFA Champions League – Barcelona-Mönchengladbach – Mere formality between Barcelona and Gladbach]. Es.uefa.com (in Spanish). UEFA. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  69. ^ "Minuta molka za Chapecoense" [Minute of silence for Chapecoense]. zurnal24.si (in Slovenian). Zurnal24. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  70. ^ "La AFA dispone la cesión de jugadores a Chapecoense" [The AFA offers the transfer of players to Chapecoense]. tycsports.com (in Spanish). Tele Red Imagen S.A. 29 November 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  71. ^ "CBF insiste que Chape cumpra último jogo: 'Tem de ser uma grande festa'" [CBF urges Chape to play last game: 'It has to be a big party']. lance.com.br (in Portuguese). Grupo LANCE!. 20 November 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  72. ^ "Multa y quita de puntos a Chapecoense por no presentarse" [Chapecoense fined and deducted points for not showing up]. Ovación (in Spanish). Montevideo: El Pais S.A. 11 December 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  73. ^ Lang, Jack (29 November 2016). "Chapecoense fans gather in grief at football club's stadium in Brazil". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  74. ^ "Clubes se unem para ajudar Chape com empréstimos de jogadores" [Clubs unite to help Chape by loans of players]. Globo Esporte (in Portuguese). Globo Comunicação e Participações S.A. 29 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  75. ^ Dowd, Alex. "Watch Atletico Nacional's touching live tribute to Chapecoense from site of Copa final". foxsports.com. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  76. ^ Hidalgo, Walter Arias (1 December 2016). "Todos con Chapecoense: sentido tributo a las víctimas de la tragedia" [All with Chapecoense: touching tribute to the victims of the tragedy]. elespectador.com (in Spanish). Bogotá: Comunican S.A. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
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  79. ^ "La aerolínea tuvo que acudir hasta a féretros prestados" [The airline even had to resort to borrowed coffins]. ElTiempo.com (in Spanish). El Tiempo. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
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  84. ^ "Avião que transportava equipe da Chapecoense cai na Colômbia" [Chapecoense team aircraft crashes in Colombia and kills 76 people]. Diário de Pernambuco (in Brazilian Portuguese). Jornal Diario de Pernambuco. 29 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
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  86. ^ "Trágico accidente cerca de Medellín del avión que transportaba al equipo brasileño Chapecoense deja 76 muertos" [Tragic crash of aircraft transporting Brazilian team Chapecoense near Medellín leaves 76 dead]. BBC World (in Spanish). British Broadcasting Corporation. 29 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
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  91. ^ "Voo da Chapecoense tinha 22 profissionais de imprensa, incluindo Mario Sergio" [Chapecoense flight had 22 media professionals, including Mario Sergio]. Estadão (in Portuguese). Grupo Estado. 29 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  92. ^ "Além da delegação da Chapecoense, 20 profissionais de imprensa morreram" [In addition to the Chapecoense team, 20 media professionals died]. jb.com (in Portuguese). Jornal do Brasil. 29 November 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
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