Borama: Difference between revisions
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|subdivision_name ={{flag|Somalia}} |
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|subdivision_type2 =[[Regions of Somalia|Region]] |
|subdivision_type2 =[[Regions of Somalia|Region]] |
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|subdivision_type3 =[[Regions of |
|subdivision_type3 =[[Regions of Somalia|District]] |
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|subdivision_name1 ={{flag| |
|subdivision_name1 ={{flag|Somalia}} |
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|subdivision_name2 =[[Awdal]] |
|subdivision_name2 =[[Awdal]] |
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|subdivision_name3 =[[Borama District|Borama]] |
|subdivision_name3 =[[Borama District|Borama]] |
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|blank_info = [[Semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|BSh]] |
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'''Borama''' ({{lang-so|''Boorama''}}, {{lang-ar|بوراما}}), also known as '''Boorama''', is the capital and the largest city of the northwestern [[Awdal]] region of [[Somaliland |
'''Borama''' ({{lang-so|''Boorama''}}, {{lang-ar|بوراما}}), also known as '''Boorama''', is the capital and the largest city of the northwestern [[Awdal]] region of [[Somaliland|Somalia]]. It is situated in the [[Woqooyi Galbeed]] province. |
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During the Middle Ages, Borama was ruled by the [[Adal Sultanate]]. It later formed a part of the [[British Somaliland]] [[protectorate]] in the first half of the 20th century. |
During the Middle Ages, Borama was ruled by the [[Adal Sultanate]]. It later formed a part of the [[British Somaliland]] [[protectorate]] in the first half of the 20th century. |
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| Line 156: | Line 157: | ||
The establishment of [[Amoud University]] in 1998 stimulated expansion of schools and increase of student enrollments in both public |
The establishment of [[Amoud University]] in 1998 stimulated expansion of schools and increase of student enrollments in both public |
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and private s primary and secondary schools in the city. Multiplication of primary and secondary schools has increased not only in |
and private s primary and secondary schools in the city. Multiplication of primary and secondary schools has increased not only in |
||
the city but also in other [[Somaliland]] [[regions]] as many universities were opened in other regions as well. |
the city but also in other [[Somaliland|Somalia]] [[regions]] as many universities were opened in other regions as well. |
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Before establishment of the university, almost all schools existing in the region were religious schools sponsored by Islamic charity |
Before establishment of the university, almost all schools existing in the region were religious schools sponsored by Islamic charity |
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organizations. These schools were owned and run by local religious scholars. Some of these religious schools were teaching |
organizations. These schools were owned and run by local religious scholars. Some of these religious schools were teaching |
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Revision as of 01:24, 18 January 2017
Borama
Boorama بوراما | |
|---|---|
City | |
| Nickname: The Center of Education | |
| Country |  Somalia |
| Region | Awdal |
| District | Borama |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Mohamed Hassan Maidane |
| Area | |
• Total | 58 km2 (22 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• Estimate (2005)[1] | 215,616 [1][dead link] |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |
| Climate | BSh |
Borama (Template:Lang-so, Template:Lang-ar), also known as Boorama, is the capital and the largest city of the northwestern Awdal region of Somalia. It is situated in the Woqooyi Galbeed province.
During the Middle Ages, Borama was ruled by the Adal Sultanate. It later formed a part of the British Somaliland protectorate in the first half of the 20th century.
According to the UNDP in 2005 the city had a population of around 215,616, making it one of the largest cities inside the borders of Somalia [1] It has been a leading example in community organizing, having been the first area in northwestern Somalia to adopt a self-help scheme in the wake of the civil war.[2]
History
As with several nearby towns such as Amud, numerous archaeological finds have been discovered in the Borama area that point to an eventful past. The latter include ancient remains of tombs, houses and mosques, in addition to sherds of Oriental wares, particularly Chinese porcelain. The artefacts and structures date from various historical periods, ranging from the 12th through to the 18th centuries. Most, however, are from the 15th and 16th centuries, a time of great commercial activity in the region that is associated with the medieval Adal Sultanate.[3]
Excavations in the late 1800s and early 1900s at over fourteen sites in the vicinity of Borama unearthed, among other things, coins identified as having been derived from Kait Bey, the eighteenth Burji Mamluk Sultan of Egypt. Most of these finds were sent to the British Museum for preservation shortly after their discovery.[4]
In the first half of the 20th century, Borama formed a part of the British Somaliland protectorate. It was later given district status in 1925.
In 1933, Sheikh Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur, a Qur'anic teacher and son of Borama's qadi (judge), devised a new orthography for transcribing the Afro-Asiatic Somali language. A quite accurate phonetic writing system, this Borama script was principally used by Nuur and his circle of associates in the city.[5][6] The alphabet is also generally known as the Gadabuursi script.[7]
During the onset of World War II, the town was captured by the Italians. It was re-captured by the British the following year, in 1940. In the post-independence period, Borama was administered as part of the official Awdal administrative region of Somalia. During the Ogaden War in the late 1970s, Borama was one of several northern cities that was aerially bombarded by Ethiopian forces.[8]
Geography
Location and habitat
Borama is situated in northwestern Somalia, in a mountainous and hilly area. It has green meadows and fields, and represents a key focal point for wildlife. The town's unusual fertility and greenery in the largely arid countryside has attracted many fauna, such as gazelles, birds and camels.
Climate
The prevailing climate in Borama is known as a local steppe climate. The warmest month of the year is June with an average temperature of 24.1 °C. In January, the average temperature is 17.1 °C. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year and the difference in precipitation between the driest month and the wettest month is 110 mm. The average temperatures vary during the year by 7 °C.[9]
| Climate data for Borama | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 24.6 (76.3) |
25.4 (77.7) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.8 (82.0) |
29.3 (84.7) |
30.0 (86.0) |
28.8 (83.8) |
28.8 (83.8) |
29.0 (84.2) |
27.4 (81.3) |
25.8 (78.4) |
24.4 (75.9) |
27.4 (81.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.7 (49.5) |
11.7 (53.1) |
13.8 (56.8) |
15.7 (60.3) |
17.0 (62.6) |
18.3 (64.9) |
17.8 (64.0) |
17.6 (63.7) |
17.3 (63.1) |
13.7 (56.7) |
11.3 (52.3) |
10.4 (50.7) |
14.5 (58.1) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 6 (0.2) |
21 (0.8) |
36 (1.4) |
86 (3.4) |
61 (2.4) |
32 (1.3) |
78 (3.1) |
112 (4.4) |
86 (3.4) |
18 (0.7) |
10 (0.4) |
2 (0.1) |
548 (21.6) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org,[9] altitude: 1454m[10] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
As of 2005, Borama had a population of around 215,616 inhabitants.[1] The Awdal region in which the city is situated is primarily inhabited by people from the Somali ethnic group, with the Gadabuursi well-represented.[11][12]
Education
Currently, there are 52 primary and secondary schools in Borama. These schools can be divided into three main categories: public primary and secondary schools, private primary and secondary schools and Religious schools. Somali is the medium of instruction in public primary schools and Arabic and English as second languages. English is used as medium of instruction both public and private secondary schools. The private schools use different types of curricula in both primary and secondary schools Religious schools; on the other hand, teach recitation of Koran and Arabic.
The establishment of Amoud University in 1998 stimulated expansion of schools and increase of student enrollments in both public
and private s primary and secondary schools in the city. Multiplication of primary and secondary schools has increased not only in
the city but also in other Somalia regions as many universities were opened in other regions as well.
Before establishment of the university, almost all schools existing in the region were religious schools sponsored by Islamic charity
organizations. These schools were owned and run by local religious scholars. Some of these religious schools were teaching
exclusively the recitation of the Holy Koran while others were teaching curricula borrowed from Arab countries and used Arabic as
medium of instruction. A very few of the most successful students were sent to Arab countries to further their religious studies. The
myth that only a government could have the capacity of creating universities had vanished and many other universities and Colleges were
established by private individuals. SAW Community College is first college of media were established in borama town. The town counts nine secondary schools, five of them newly made: Aayatiin Secondary School, Waaberi Secondary School, Al Qalam Secondary School, Al Nour Secondary School and Aadam Isaak Secondary School. The other four secondary schools in the town are the famous Sh. Ali Jowhar Secondary School, Hassan Ardale Secondary School, Al-aqsa Secondary School and Ubaya bin ka'ab Secondary School.
Additionally, Borama is home to the first school for deaf children in Somalia. Borama Deaf School trains and provides educational services for hearing impaired children that extends to high school. Using the Somali Sign Language, it has attracted deaf pupils from across the region and beyond.
Despite the increase of schools and total student population in the city, still many school age children are not attending schools at all and render petty services such shoe shining, car cleaning, and dish washing in urban areas so as to contribute to daily subsistence of their families. Most of these children come from impoverished families that could not afford to send their children to school.
Economy
The local economy of Borama is quite active. The existence of competitions in the areas of power supply, telephone and internet services, as well as trading and exchange are all good sings of healthy economic growth.People are engaged in the above-mentioned areas together with other commercial activities such as import and export activities. Imports are focused on trade in the following goods: most food stuff, cloth, auto spare parts, building materials, electronics, fuel, tires, and other goods.Import activities strengthens the economy of the district.
Livestock and its products such as animal skin comprise the majority of exports of the district. Livestock are the backbone of Borama economy. Sheep, goats and cows are the most dominant livestock. Livestock are either exported or used as a family property. In recent years, the number of livestock reduced due to water shortage and lack of grazing.
Agriculture is another important aspect of economy for the district and the total farms, whether it is irrigated farms or rain-fed farms are 9550 farms that produce vegetables and fruits including watermelon, guava, tomatoes and limonene, maize, sorghum, beans and other cereals. Remittance is another source of economy for the district. The revenue from remittance is mainly received from North America and Europe among others. The development of communication has positively affected the effectiveness of the money transfer agencies: Radio was used for communications but after 2001, the telephone services replaced the radio communications. Then in 2004, the use of internet and online services started. In 2009, the money transfer system which is using personal mobile phones was introduced. In the near future, remittance companies are planning to use E-cards. There are several different forms of businesses created by local people. These businesses produce good revenues for the people and the government : construction companies, light industry, bakery and small businesses
Transportation
For air transportation, Borama is served by the Borama International Airport.[13] It is the only airport in the Awdal region. The facility was named in honor of Aden Isaaq, Somalia's first Minister of Education. The airport is not in use; however, there are plans to rejuvenate it.[14]
Notable residents
- Yussur A.F. Abrar – former Governor of the Central Bank of Somalia
- Hassan Sheikh Mumin - Greatest Somali poet, playwright, broadcaster, actor and composer.
- Suleiman Ahmed Guleid- President Of Amoud University
- Sh.Abdillahi Sh.Ali Jawhar- Son of Sh.Ali jawhar and religious leader
Sister cities
| Country | City |
|---|---|
 United Kingdom
|
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|
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f "Somalia City & Town Population" (PDF). FAO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Borama Local Council, p.10.
- ^ Bernard Samuel Myers, ed., Encyclopedia of World Art, Volume 13, (McGraw-Hill: 1959), p.xcii.
- ^ Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain), The Geographical Journal, Volume 87, (Royal Geographical Society: 1936), p.301.
- ^ David D. Laitin, Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience, (University Of Chicago Press: 1977), pp.86-87.
- ^ I.M. Lewis (1958), The Gadabuursi Somali Script, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 21, pp. 134–156.
- ^ "Somali alphabets, pronunciation and language". Omniglot. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
- ^ Mohamoud, Abdulkadir. "The Night SNM Fighters came to Hargeisa". Warheernews. Archived from the original on 28 May 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Climate: Borama - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
- ^ "Land Resources Assessment of Somalia" (PDF). Somalia Water and Land Information Management Project. June 2009. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Samatar, Abdi I. (2001) "Somali Reconstruction and Local Initiative: Amoud University," Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies: Vol. 1, Article 9, p. 132.
- ^ Battera, Federico (2005). "Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia". Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean. Walter Dostal, Wolfgang Kraus (ed.). London: I.B. Taurus. p. 296. ISBN 1-85043-634-7. Retrieved 2010-03-18.
Awdal is mainly inhabited by the Gadabuursi confederation of clans. The Gadaabursi are concentrated in Awdal....
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ "Borama International Airport". Altius Directory. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-04-03. Retrieved 2015-01-05.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
References
- Borama Local Council. Economic and Project Management Committee (2003). The Statistical Abstract of Borama Municipality: Borama, Regional Capital of Awdal (PDF). Borama Local Council.