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==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The city gets its name from the [[Malayalam]] language word ''thiru-anantha-puram'' {{IPA-ml|t̪iruʋənən̪t̪əpurəm|IPA|Thiruvananthapuram-pronunciation.ogg}}, meaning "The City of Lord Ananta",<ref name="Meaning of name">{{cite web|title=About Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11|publisher=Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation|access-date=29 October 2010}}</ref> referring to the deity of the [[Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] located in the city. Thiruvananthapuram is also known in literature and popular reference as ''Ananthapuri'' derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''Syanandurapuri'', meaning "The City of Bliss" in Carnatic kirtanas composed by [[Swathi Thirunal]], erstwhile Maharaja of [[Travancore]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/swati-manuscripts-found/article1836941.ece|title=Swati manuscripts found|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=3 August 2016}}</ref> The city was officially referred to as ''Trivandrum'' until 1991, when the government decided to reinstate the city's original name Thiruvananthapuram.
The city gets its name from the [[hindi]] language word ''malapuram'' {{IPA-ml|t̪iruʋənən̪t̪əpurəm|IPA|Thiruvananthapuram-pronunciation.ogg}}, meaning "The City of Lord Ananta",<ref name="Meaning of name">{{cite web|title=About Thiruvananthapuram |url=http://www.corporationoftrivandrum.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=11|publisher=Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation|access-date=29 October 2010}}</ref> referring to the deity of the [[Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] located in the city. Thiruvananthapuram is also known in literature and popular reference as ''Ananthapuri'' derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''Syanandurapuri'', meaning "The City of Bliss" in Carnatic kirtanas composed by [[Swathi Thirunal]], erstwhile Maharaja of [[Travancore]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/swati-manuscripts-found/article1836941.ece|title=Swati manuscripts found|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=3 August 2016}}</ref> The city was officially referred to as ''Trivandrum'' until 1991, when the government decided to reinstate the city's original name Malapuram.


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 06:02, 24 January 2017

This article is about the city. For the district, see Thiruvananthapuram district. For the urban agglomeration area of Thiruvananthapuram, see Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area.

Thiruvananthapuram
തിരുവനന്തപുരം, അനന്തപുരി
Trivandrum, Ananthapuri
Metropolis
Clockwise from top right: Kovalam Beach, Infosys Kazhakoottam, Technopark, Niyamasabha Mandiram, Trivandrum East skyline facing the Western Ghats, Kallar
Official seal of Thiruvananthapuram
Seal
Nickname: 
The Evergreen City of India
Country India
StateKerala
DistrictThiruvananthapuram
Founded byMarthanda Varma
Government
 • BodyThiruvananthapuram Corporation
 • MayorV K Prasanth
 • Deputy MayorRakhi Ravikumar
 • Police CommissionerG Sparjan Kumar IPS[1]
 • Member of ParliamentShashi Tharoor
Area
 • Metropolis
214.86 km2 (82.96 sq mi)
 • Rank57
Elevation
10 m (30 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • Metropolis
957,730[2]
 • Rank14
 • Density4,454/km2 (11,540/sq mi)
 • Metro
1,647,121
Languages
 • Official LanguageMalayalam, English
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
Postal Index Number
695 XXX
Telephone Code0471
Vehicle registrationKL-01, KL-16, KL-19, KL-20, KL-21, KL- 22
ClimateAm/Aw (Köppen)
Websitewww.corporationoftrivandrum.in

Thiruvananthapuram (Tiruvaṉantapuram, IPA: [t̪iruʋənən̪t̪əpurəm] ⓘ), formerly known as Trivandrum, is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Kerala. It is located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland. Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the "Evergreen city of India",[3][4] it is classified as a Tier-II city by the Government of India.

Thiruvananthapuram was a trading post for spices, sandalwood and ivory. The city was ruled by the Ays and was captured by the rulers of Venad in tenth century A.D. In 1729, Marthanda Varma founded the princely state of Thiruvithamkoor and made Thiruvananthapuram the capital in 1745. It remained as a princely state ruled by Travancore under the loose governance of the British before joining the Indian Union in 1948.

With nearly 80% of the state's software exports, Thiruvananthapuram is a major IT hub with the Technopark and the Technocity. It is an academic and research focal point in the country with an array of institutions like Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, National Institute For Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Centre for Development Studies, Kerala Technical University, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Regional Cancer Centre and the National Centre for Earth Science Studies.

Being India's largest city in the deep south, it is strategically prominent and has the Southern Air Command headquarters of the Indian Air Force, the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station and the upcoming Vizhinjam International Deepwater Motherport

Thiruvananthapuram is a major tourist centre, known for the Padmanabhaswamy Temple, the famous beaches of Kovalam and Varkala, the backwaters of Poovar and Anchuthengu and its Western Ghats tracts of Ponmudi and the Agastyamala.

It is consistently ranked among the best cities to live in Kerala as well as India.[5][6][7]

Etymology

The city gets its name from the hindi language word malapuram IPA: [t̪iruʋənən̪t̪əpurəm] ⓘ, meaning "The City of Lord Ananta",[8] referring to the deity of the Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple located in the city. Thiruvananthapuram is also known in literature and popular reference as Ananthapuri derived from the Sanskrit word Syanandurapuri, meaning "The City of Bliss" in Carnatic kirtanas composed by Swathi Thirunal, erstwhile Maharaja of Travancore.[9] The city was officially referred to as Trivandrum until 1991, when the government decided to reinstate the city's original name Malapuram.

History

Main article: History of Thiruvananthapuram
See also: Travancore
Painting by Raja Ravi Varma depicting Richard Grenville being greeted by Visakham Thirunal, with Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore at Thiruvananthapuram in early 1880s

Thiruvananthapuram is an ancient region with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BCE.[10] The city was a trading post for spices, sandalwood and ivory.[11] The early rulers of the city were the Ays and after their fall in the 10th century, the city was captured by the rulers of Venad.[12]

In 1729, Marthanda Varma founded the princely state of Thiruvithamkoor and Thiruvananthapuram was made the capital in 1745 after shifting the capital from Padmanabhapuram in Tamil Nadu.[13] In the mid-19th century, the city was under the reign of Swathi Thirunal and Ayilyam Thirunal. An observatory was established in 1837 with the Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library and the University College established in 1873. Several colleges were established by Moolam Thirunal (1885–1924).[12] Sree Moolam Assembly, established in 1904, was the first democratically elected legislative council in any Indian state.[14] Though the city was never under direct control of the British Empire, it featured in the Indian independence movement with a meeting of the Indian National Congress presided by Pattabhi Sitaramaiah held here in 1938.

After Indian Independence in 1947, Travancore chose to join the Indian union and the first ministry headed by Pattom Thanu Pillai was installed in office on 24 March 1948. In 1949, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of Travancore-Cochin, the state formed by the integration of Travancore with the Kingdom of Cochin.[15] The king of Travancore, Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma, became the Rajpramukh of the Travancore-Cochin Union from 1 July 1949 until 31 October 1956. When the state of Kerala was formed on 1 November 1956, Thiruvananthapuram became its capital.[16]

Demographics

Religion in Thiruvananthapuram
Religion Percentage
Hindu
 
 68.5%
Christians
 
 16.7%
Muslims
 
 13.7%
Others
 
 1.1%

The city has a population of 752,490 according to the 2011 census,[17] and 1,687,406 in the Urban Agglomeration.[18] The sex ratio is 1,032 females for every 1,000 males.[17] In October 2010, the number of wards was increased from 86 to 100 post expansion of city limits by adding Sreekaryam, Vattiyoorkavu, Kudappanakunnu, Vizhinjam and Kazhakuttam panchayats.[19][20]

Hindus comprise 68.5% of the population, Christians about 16.7% and Muslims form 13.7%.[21] The major languages spoken are Malayalam and English. The city is home to a prominent minority of Tamil speakers, owing to their migration from the adjoining district of Kanyakumari. The city also has a few Tulu, Konkani, Dhivehi, Hindi, Telugu, and Urdu speakers. As per 2001 census, the population below the poverty line in the city was 11,667 with majority living in slums and coastal fishing areas.[22]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Thiruvananthapuram
Trivandrum is a major IT Hub in India

The economy of the city is mainly based on the tertiary sector. Thiruvananthapuram was listed as one of the top 10 cites in India on Vibrancy and Consumption Index by a study conducted by global financial services firm Morgan Stanley.[23] The city is a major exporter of software with over 250 companies employing more than 40,000 professionals.[24][25]

It contributes nearly 80% of the state's software exports.[26][27][28] Tourism also contributes to the economy of Thiruvananthapuram.[29][30][31] There are around 20 government owned and 60 privately owned medium and large-scale industrial units in Thiruvananthapuram. There are also about 30,000 small scale industrial units employing around 115,000 people. Traditional industries include handloom and coir.[32]

Administration

Main article: Administration of Trivandrum district

The state legislative assembly and Secretariat are located in Thiruvananthapuram. The city also serves as the headquarters of the Thiruvananthapuram district. The Thiruvananthapuram municipality was established in 1920 and was declared as a Corporation on 30 October 1940, during the rule of Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma.[33] The city is administered by the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation which headed by a mayor and is responsible for the overall supervision and control of the administrative functions. The city elects its member of Parliament for the Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency. It contributes five members to the legislative assembly from Kazhakuttam, Vattiyoorkavu, Thiruvananthapuram Kovalam and Nemom.[34]

Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
6km
4miles
none
Central Railway Station
Government Medical College
Medical College
Kerala Raj Bhavan
Raj Bhavan
Kowdiar Palace
Kowdiar Palace
Vizhinjam
Vizhinjam International Seaport
Kovalam Beach
Kovalam Beach
Trivandrum International Airport
Airport
Technopark Thiruvananthapuram
Technopark
Niyamasabha Mandiram (Legislative Assemby)
Niyamasabha Mandiram
Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple
Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple

Geography and climate

Main article: Geography of Thiruvananthapuram

Thiruvananthapuram is built on seven hills and is located at 8°30′N 76°54′E / 8.5°N 76.9°E / 8.5; 76.9 on the west coast, near the southern tip of mainland India.[35] The city is bounded by Laccadive Sea to its west and the Western Ghats to its east. The city covers an area of 214.86 km2 (82.96 sq mi) and the average elevation is 16 ft (4.9 m) above sea level.[36][37] The Geological Survey of India has classified Thiruvananthapuram as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorised it in the Seismic III Zone.[38] Karamana and Killi rivers, Vellayani and Akkulam lakes are the main water bodies in the city.[39]

The city has a climate that borders between a tropical savanna climate and a tropical monsoon climate. The humidity is high and is the highest during the monsoon season.[40] Thiruvananthapuram gets majority of the rain from the south-west monsoons and gets its first showers in early June. It also gets rain from the receding north-east monsoons in October. The lowest temperature in the city core recorded during winter was 16.4 °C on, and the highest temperature recorded in summer is 38.0 °C.[41]

Climate data for Thiruvananthapuram City (1971–2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.5
(95.9) 		36.3
(97.3) 		37.7
(99.9) 		38.0
(100.4) 		35.8
(96.4) 		35.8
(96.4) 		33.7
(92.7) 		34.0
(93.2) 		35.4
(95.7) 		35.0
(95.0) 		34.3
(93.7) 		35.5
(95.9) 		38.0
(100.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 32.0
(89.6) 		32.3
(90.1) 		33.2
(91.8) 		33.1
(91.6) 		32.3
(90.1) 		30.1
(86.2) 		29.8
(85.6) 		29.8
(85.6) 		30.6
(87.1) 		30.4
(86.7) 		30.6
(87.1) 		31.6
(88.9) 		31.3
(88.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.1
(71.8) 		22.8
(73.0) 		24.1
(75.4) 		25.1
(77.2) 		25.0
(77.0) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.2
(73.8) 		23.2
(73.8) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.2
(73.8) 		22.7
(72.9) 		23.5
(74.3)
Record low °C (°F) 16.4
(61.5) 		18.1
(64.6) 		20.2
(68.4) 		20.3
(68.5) 		20.1
(68.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.2
(68.4) 		18.2
(64.8) 		20.8
(69.4) 		20.1
(68.2) 		18.9
(66.0) 		18.2
(64.8) 		16.4
(61.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 15.9
(0.63) 		22.7
(0.89) 		27.8
(1.09) 		118.8
(4.68) 		198.6
(7.82) 		330.4
(13.01) 		188.1
(7.41) 		152.3
(6.00) 		169.1
(6.66) 		254.5
(10.02) 		211.9
(8.34) 		64.0
(2.52) 		1,754.2
(69.06)
Average precipitation days 1.0 1.7 2.3 6.5 9.7 16.6 13.4 10.3 8.7 11.7 9.2 4.2 95.4
Average relative humidity (%) 69 70 72 77 79 85 84 83 82 83 82 74 78
Mean monthly sunshine hours 262.8 242.3 250.7 214.0 197.3 133.5 149.7 166.6 173.4 170.8 166.3 216.6 2,344
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010)[41][42]
Source 2: NOAA (sun and humidity, 1971–1990)[43]

Infrastructure

Aruvikkara Dam

Electricity services are provided by Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB).[44] Peppara and Aruvikkara dams are the main sources of water for the city and a new project plan for improving the water supply with Japanese aid was launched in 2011.[44] The sewage is disposed at the Muttathara Sewage Treatment Plant, which handles 32 million liters per day. The city area is divided into seven blocks for the execution of the sewage system, two commissioned in the 1990s and two after 2000. The sewerage was pumped to a stilling chamber at the Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP) at Valiyathura and is disposed through sewage farms.[45]

File:Kovalam Lighthouse.jpg
Kovalam Beach with Kovalam lighthouse in the background

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram

Thiruvananthapuram is a popular destination for tourists. Kovalam is a popular beach town located 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from the city. The Padmanabhaswamy Temple circled by the East Fort is amongst the richest temples in India.[46] Other places of interest include Sanghumukham Beach, Napier museum and Zoo, Agasthyarkoodam peak, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary and Neyyar Dam, Kuthira Malika palace, Ponmudi, Poovar, Varkala Cliffs and Edava lake.Poovar BackWaters, Veli Tourist Village Akkulam, Shanghumugham Beach

Transport

Main article: Transport in Thiruvananthapuram

The NH 544 connects the city with Salem and Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu. The Main Central Road is an arterial road in the city and is designated as State Highway 1.

There are five railway stations in the city namely, the Thiruvananthapuram Central , Thiruvananthapuram Pettah, Kochuveli, Veli and Nemom.[47] Thiruvananthapuram Central is the major railway station serving the city. It falls under the Southern Railway zone of the Indian Railways and is the headquarter of the Thiruvananthapuram Railway Division.

Thiruvananthapuram International Airport

Thiruvananthapuram is served by the Thiruvananthapuram International Airport. Being one of the gateways to the state, it has direct connectivity to the all the major cities in India as well as Middle East, Malaysia, Singapore, Maldives and Sri Lanka. The airport is just 6.7 kilometres (4.2 mi) from the city centre.[48] It also has the headquarters of the Southern Air Command (SAC) of the Indian Air Force.[49]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Thiruvananthapuram

The city has historically been a cultural hub in South India due to the active interest of the rulers of erstwhile Travancore in the development of arts, architecture and liberal customs. As a testimony to this, renowned artists like Maharaja Swathi Thirunal, Irayimman Thampi and Raja Ravi Varma hail from the city.

Napier Museum

Apart from the famous Padmanabhaswamy Temple, the city's architecture is championed by the Thiruvananthapuram Museum and Thiruvananthapuram Zoo, one of the oldest zoo's in India. Other architecture landmarks include Attukal temple, Beemapally Mosque, Connemara Market, Kowdiar Palace and the Palayam CSI Church. Thiruvananthapuram was the main centre of Laurie Baker's architecture.

The city hosts the Guinness Record holding Attukal Pongala drawing 5+ million women devotees across India and abroad. Beemapally Uroos, Vettukaad Church Festival, Padmanabhaswamy Temple Aaraattu are the other prominent religious festivals in the city attracting huge number of followers across the country.

IFFK 2011

The International Film Festival of Kerala (IFFK), which is held every year on December is one of the most anticipated events for movie buffs in India and is also Asia’s largest film festival in terms of viewer participation.[50] Another big draw to the culturally rich city is the 75-day annual Soorya Festival,one of the longest running cultural festival in the world and reflects the sound of music, dance and traditional arts forms of India. Other major cultural extravaganzas in Trivandrum include the Swathi Sangeethotsavam, Nishagandhi Festival and the Kovalam Literary festival.


Trivandrum offers the best scope for international multicultural activity mix with Germany's Goethe Zentrum, France's Alliance Francaise and Russia's Gorky Bhavan centres in the city hosting a wide range of programmes and events throughout the year.

India's first and only magic academy, Magic Academy Research Centre run by Merlin award winning magician Gopinath Muthukad is situated in Thiruvananthapuram. The city is home to animation companies like Toonz India Ltd and Tata Elxsi Ltd. The Kinfra Film and Video Park is one of the most advanced film and animation production facilities in India. Trivandrum is also home to the legendary Chitranjali Film Studio, one of the first film studios in Malayalam Cinema

The general cuisine of the people is Keralite cuisine, which is generally characterised by an abundance of coconut and spices. Other South Indian cuisines, as well as Chinese and North Indian cuisines are popular. Arabian, Thai and branded fast food joints are also patronised.

Education

Kerala University Administrative Building
See also: Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram and Schools in Thiruvananthapuram

Thiruvananthapuram is a major educational hub. There are about 15 engineering colleges, three medical colleges, three Ayurveda colleges, two homoeopathy colleges, six other medicine related colleges, 1 agricultural college, two of the management institutions and two law colleges in the city and its suburbs.[51] Major institutions include the University of Kerala, Trivandrum Medical College, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University, Indira Gandhi National Open University, College of Engineering, Government Engineering College, Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Centre for Development Studies and Centre for Development of Imaging Technology are research institutions located in the city.

Media

Main article: Media in Thiruvananthapuram

Daily newspapers are available in Malayalam, English and Tamil. The major Malayalam newspapers available are Mathrubhumi, Malayala Manorama, Kerala Kaumudi, Deshabhimani, Madhyamam, Janmabhumi, Chandrika, Thejas, Siraj, Deepika and Rashtra Deepika. The English newspapers with editions from Thiruvananthapuram are The New Indian Express, The Hindu, The Deccan Chronicle and The Times of India.

Most of the media houses in Kerala are based out of Thiruvananthapuram. The government-owned Doordarshan began broadcasting in 1981. Asianet, the first private channel in Malayalam, began its telecasts in 1993. The other channels based in the city include Amrita TV, Kairali TV, Kairali We, Mathrubhumi News, Kaumudy TV, JaiHind TV, Asianet News, Asianet Movies, Asianet Plus and People TV.

Sports

Trivandrum International Stadium

Trivandrum was the main venue of the National Games 2015. The city caters to a variety of sports with facilities as listed below:[52]

Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium
Badminton at TOSS Academy
File:Varkala Beach Paragliding.jpg
Paragliding at Varkala
Centre Sports
Agricultural College Indoor Stadium Taekwondo, Netball
TOSS Academy[53] Shuttle Badminton
Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium Athletics
Trivandrum Greenfield Stadium Sports Hub
Jimmy George Indoor Stadium Handball, Gymnastics
Kerala Police Academy Shooting
LNCPE Velodrome and Indoor Stadium Cycling, Wushu
Ramanathan Krishnan Tennis Complex Tennis
Pirappancode Aquatics Complex Aquatics
Shankumugham Beach Beach Handball
Vattiyoorkavu Shooting Range Shooting
CSN Squash Court Squash
Sreepadam Stadium Kho Kho, Kabadi
St.Xaviers Cricket Ground, Thumba Cricket
University Stadium Athletics


Trivandrum also has a 9 hole golf course named the Trivandrum Golf Club. The Kerala Cricket Association is headquartered in the city.

For Adventure sports,

  • Varkala is known for paragliding and surfing.
  • Kovalam hosts one of India's oldest surfing enclaves and also one of the first exclusive surf shops in India. It also has a scuba diving enclave.

Several companies offer hiking, trekking, and camping in the Western Ghats region of the city.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Thiruvananthapuram

Trivandrum is and was always associated with a long list of luminaries from the annals of art, culture, entreprenurship, education, reform and sports. Some of them (in no particular order) are:

Sri Narayana Guru
Sri Narayana Guru
One of Raja Ravi Varma's Paintings
One of Raja Ravi Varma's Paintings
Laurie Baker
Laurie Baker

Sister cities

Trivandrum has Galveston as it's sister city, as designated by Sister Cities International:[54]

Diplomatic Missions

Trivandrum at present has consulates of the following countries [55]

References

  1. ^ "Sparjan Kumar is new commissioner". Times of India. 24 January 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
  2. ^ "General Information". Thiruvananthapuram Corporation. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
  3. ^ "Thiruvananthapuram India". Destination 360. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  4. ^ "Evergreencity of India".
  5. ^ "Thiruvananthapuram best Kerala city to live in: Times survey". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
  6. ^ "India's Best Cities: Winners and Why they made it". India Today. 22 February 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
  7. ^ "Chennai bags top honour at India Today best city awards". Daily Mail. 22 February 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
  8. ^ "About Thiruvananthapuram". Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  9. ^ "Swati manuscripts found". The Hindu. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  10. ^ Henry, James (1977). The Jews in India and the Far East. Greenwood Press Reprint. ISBN 978-0837-126-15-9.
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  12. ^ a b "History of Thiruvananthapuram". Government of Kerala. Retrieved 23 May 2006.
  13. ^ "District Profile". About Thiruvananthapuram. National Informatics Centre District Centre, and Content Management Team Collectorate Thiruvananthapuram. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  14. ^ "History of legislative bodies in Keralan". History of legislative bodies in Kerala - Sri Mulam Popular Assembly. Kerala Assembly. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  15. ^ Menon, Madhava (2005). Criminal Justice India Series: Kerala. Allied Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-8177-643-91-6.
  16. ^ "Kerala at a glance". Govt of Kerala. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  17. ^ a b Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 2 lakh and above (PDF) (Report). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
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  19. ^ "LDF, BJP hit the poll trail early in State capital". The Hindu. 4 October 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
  20. ^ "Kerala: Addition of wards". The Hindu. 16 June 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
  21. ^ Religious census 2011. Government of India (Report). Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  22. ^ Study of urban poor in TMC area (PDF). JNNURM (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
  23. ^ AlphaWise City Vibrancy Index: A Guide to India’s Urbanization (PDF). Morgan Stanley (Report). p. 7. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  24. ^ "IT companies in Technopark". Technopark. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
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  26. ^ Exports from companies in Technopark: Chapter 21, page:502, section:21.8 (PDF) (Report). Planning Board, Government of Kerala. 1 December 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
  27. ^ "India's hottest IT destinations". Rediff. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
  28. ^ Exports from companies in Technopark: Chapter 21, page:220, section:21.66 (PDF) (Report). Planning Board, Government of Kerala. 1 December 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
  29. ^ Tourism statistics 2007 (PDF). Tourism Department, Kerala (Report). Retrieved 8 May 2008.
  30. ^ "=Tourism statistics 2005" (PDF). Tourism Department, Kerala. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2006. Retrieved 2 October 2006.
  31. ^ Destination wise foreign tourist visits (PDF). Kerala Tourism (Report). Retrieved 4 August 2016.
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  33. ^ "Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation". Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation Introduction. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
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  45. ^ "Thiruvananthapuram Sewage Scheme". Government of Kerala. Retrieved 16 October 2006.
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  48. ^ "Thiruvananthapuram Airport General Information". Airports Authority of India. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
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  50. ^ http://entecity.com/news/festivals-in-trivandrum/
  51. ^ "Technical Education in Kerala – Department of Technical education". Government of Kerala. Retrieved 25 August 2006.
  52. ^ http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/check-out-worldclass-sporting-facilities-in-thiruvananthapuram/article8537094.ece
  53. ^ http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/State-gets-a-world-class-academy/article14429293.ece
  54. ^ http://www.asiamattersforamerica.org/india/data/sistercities. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  55. ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/City-needs-special-zone-for-diplomatic-missions/article16771608.ece. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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