Chol (Bible): Difference between revisions
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'''Chol''' ({{lang-he|ח֗וֹל}}), in most passages of the Hebrew Bible, is a word for sand.<ref>{{cite book|author=R. Van den Broek|title=The Myth of the Phoenix: According to Classical and Early Christian Traditions... Door Roelof Van Den Broek. [Translated from the Dutsch by I. Seeger].|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwIVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA58|year=1971|publisher=Brill Archive|page=58|id=GGKEY:X2ZCYSU2Q6Q}}</ref> It is used, for example, in the idiom "like sand" in which something (such as a population) is compared to sand in multitude. However, in one verse of the Bible, Job 29:18, the word ''chol'' is used with a disputed meaning. |
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'''Chol''' ({{lang-he|ח֗וֹל}}) in the [[Hebrew Bible]] is translated in different ways: as 'palm tree' ({{lang-grc|στέλεχος φοίνικος|stélechos phoínikos|stem / trunk of a palm tree}}; {{lang-la|palma}}; {{lang-fr|palmier}}),<ref>[http://www.bibelwissenschaft.de/bibelstelle/Job29,18/LXX/ LXX] (see also the dictionary definition of [[:wiktionary:στέλεχος|στέλεχος]], [[:wiktionary:φοῖνιξ|φοῖνιξ]] and [[:wiktionary:Φοῖνιξ|Φοῖνιξ]] at Wiktionary), {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|VULGATE|VULGATE}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|DRA|DRA}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|WYC|WYC}}, [http://www.newadvent.org/bible/job029.htm#verse18 Knox Bible], [http://www.magnificat.ca/textes/bible/job.htm La Bible Fillion].</ref> occasionally as '[[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]]',<ref>{{bibleref2|Job|29:18|CJB|CJB}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|LEB|LEB}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|NABRE|NABRE}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|NRSV|NRSV}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|NRSVA|NRSVA}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|NRSVACE|NRSVACE}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|NRSVCE|NRSVCE}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|WYC|WYC}}.</ref> and usually as 'sand' ({{lang-de|Sand}}).<ref>{{br-separated entries |{{bibleref2|Job|29:18|LUTH1545|LUTH1545}}: Ich gedachte: „Ich will in meinem Nest ersterben und meiner Tage viel machen wie Sand.“ |{{bibleref2|Job|29:18|KJV|KJV}}: Then I said, I shall die in my nest, and I shall multiply my days as the sand.}}</ref> The [[leningrad Codex|Westminster Leningrad Codex]] reads: |
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In [[Jewish folklore]], ''chol'' refers to a supernatural bird, often glossed as, or identified with, the Greek 'phoenix'. |
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In one English translation, this reads:{{Quote |text=Then I thought, ‘I shall die in my nest, |
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Alternately, ''chol'' may have simply been a noun meaning 'sand', which [[Condensation (psychology)|condensates]] idiomatic expressions like ″so many as the stars of the sky in multitude, and as the [very, very many grains of] sand which is by the sea shore innumerable″{{Bibleref2c|Hebrews|11:12}}. Subsequently, due to the context of its employment, the word 'sand' was [[Displacement (psychology)|displaced]] by the long-lived 'palm tree' and the very, very long-lived regenerative bird.<ref>See also: [[Metaphor and metonymy]].</ref> |
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and I shall multiply my days like the phoenix; |
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-- ''New Revised Standard Version}} |
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In the Greek [[Septuagint]] (circa 200 BCE), the translators used the [[Ancient Greek]] expression στέλεχος φοίνικος (stélechos phoínikos, "stem/trunk of a palm tree") when they reached the Hebrew ''chol'' in Job 29.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academic-bible.com/en/online-bibles/septuagint-lxx/read-the-bible-text/bibel/text/lesen/?tx_buhbibelmodul_bibletext%5Bscripture%5D=Job+29%3A18|title=Job 29:18|last=|first=|date=8 March 2017|website=Academic Bible|publisher=German Bible Society|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} (see also the dictionary definition of [[:wiktionary:στέλεχος|στέλεχος]], [[:wiktionary:φοῖνιξ|φοῖνιξ]] and [[:wiktionary:Φοῖνιξ|Φοῖνιξ]] at Wiktionary)</ref> Similarly, the Latin Vulgate (circa 400 CE), uses ''palma'' (Latin for "palm tree").<ref>See the [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job+29%3A18&version=VULGATE Vulgate], and its translation into English in the [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job+29%3A18&version=DRA Douai-Rheims Bible].</ref> |
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A number of English translations use the term "phoenix"<ref>{{bibleref2|Job|29:18|CJB|CJB}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|LEB|LEB}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|NABRE|NABRE}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|NRSV|NRSV}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|NRSVA|NRSVA}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|NRSVACE|NRSVACE}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|NRSVCE|NRSVCE}}, {{bibleref2|Job|29:18|WYC|WYC}}.</ref> in this verse, while the [[King James Version]] and the [[Luther Bible]] use "sand" (German "Sand").<ref>{{br-separated entries |{{bibleref2|Job|29:18|LUTH1545|LUTH1545}}: Ich gedachte: „Ich will in meinem Nest ersterben und meiner Tage viel machen wie Sand.“ |{{bibleref2|Job|29:18|KJV|KJV}}: Then I said, I shall die in my nest, and I shall multiply my days as the sand.}}</ref> In [[Jewish folklore]], ''chol'' refers to a supernatural bird, often glossed as, or identified with, the Greek [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]]. |
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Modern scholars have differed in their understanding of Job 29:18. Roelof Van den Broek (1971) believed that "sand" was the most appropriate interpretation in this verse, following the usage in other verses. On his interpretation, "multiply my days like the sand" would be a metaphor for a long life.<ref>{{cite book|author=R. Van den Broek|title=The Myth of the Phoenix: According to Classical and Early Christian Traditions... Door Roelof Van Den Broek. [Translated from the Dutsch by I. Seeger].|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwIVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA58|year=1971|publisher=Brill Archive|page=58-60|id=GGKEY:X2ZCYSU2Q6Q}}</ref> On the other hand, Mitchell Dahood (1974) argued in favor of the interpretation "phoenix" on the basis of parallels between Job and Ugaritic texts.<ref>Dahood, Mitchell. “ḤÔL ‘PHOENIX’ IN JOB 29:18 AND IN UGARITIC.” The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, vol. 36, no. 1, 1974, pp. 85–88., www.jstor.org/stable/43713645.</ref> |
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The understanding of ''chol'' as a phoenix-like bird has resulted in an amount of discourse on the topic.<ref>Slifkin (2007:235-238).</ref> |
The understanding of ''chol'' as a phoenix-like bird has resulted in an amount of discourse on the topic.<ref>Slifkin (2007:235-238).</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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*Dahood, Mitchell. “[[http://www.jstor.org/stable/43713645 ḤÔL ‘PHOENIX’ IN JOB 29:18 AND IN UGARITIC].” ''The Catholic Biblical Quarterly'', vol. 36, no. 1, 1974, pp. 85–88. |
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* Slifkin, Natan (2007). ''Sacred Monsters: Mysterious and Mythical Creatures of Scripture, Talmud and Midrash''. [[Zoo Torah]]. ISBN 9781933143187 |
* Slifkin, Natan (2007). ''Sacred Monsters: Mysterious and Mythical Creatures of Scripture, Talmud and Midrash''. [[Zoo Torah]]. ISBN 9781933143187 |
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*Lecocq, Françoise (2014). « Y a-t-il un phénix dans la Bible ? À propos de Job 29:18, de Tertullien, ''De resurrectione carnis'' 13, et d’Ambroise, ''De excessu fratris'' 2, 59 », ''Kentron'' 30, 2014, p. 55-81. |
*Lecocq, Françoise (2014). « Y a-t-il un phénix dans la Bible ? À propos de Job 29:18, de Tertullien, ''De resurrectione carnis'' 13, et d’Ambroise, ''De excessu fratris'' 2, 59 », ''Kentron'' 30, 2014, p. 55-81. |
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*Van den Broak, R (1971). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jwIVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA58 The Myth of the Phoenix: According to Classical and Early Christian Traditions . . . Door Roelof Van Den Broeak. Translated from the Dutsch by I. Seeger]'' Brill Archive. p. 58-60. |
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Revision as of 04:05, 9 March 2017
Chol (Template:Lang-he), in most passages of the Hebrew Bible, is a word for sand.[1] It is used, for example, in the idiom "like sand" in which something (such as a population) is compared to sand in multitude. However, in one verse of the Bible, Job 29:18, the word chol is used with a disputed meaning.
The Westminster Leningrad Codex reads:
אֹמַר עִם־קִנִּ֣י אֶגְוָ֑ע וְ֝כַח֗וֹל אַרְבֶּ֥ה יָמִֽים׃
In one English translation, this reads:
Then I thought, ‘I shall die in my nest,
and I shall multiply my days like the phoenix;
-- New Revised Standard Version
In the Greek Septuagint (circa 200 BCE), the translators used the Ancient Greek expression στέλεχος φοίνικος (stélechos phoínikos, "stem/trunk of a palm tree") when they reached the Hebrew chol in Job 29.[2] Similarly, the Latin Vulgate (circa 400 CE), uses palma (Latin for "palm tree").[3]
A number of English translations use the term "phoenix"[4] in this verse, while the King James Version and the Luther Bible use "sand" (German "Sand").[5] In Jewish folklore, chol refers to a supernatural bird, often glossed as, or identified with, the Greek phoenix.
Modern scholars have differed in their understanding of Job 29:18. Roelof Van den Broek (1971) believed that "sand" was the most appropriate interpretation in this verse, following the usage in other verses. On his interpretation, "multiply my days like the sand" would be a metaphor for a long life.[6] On the other hand, Mitchell Dahood (1974) argued in favor of the interpretation "phoenix" on the basis of parallels between Job and Ugaritic texts.[7]
The understanding of chol as a phoenix-like bird has resulted in an amount of discourse on the topic.[8]
Notes
- ^ R. Van den Broek (1971). The Myth of the Phoenix: According to Classical and Early Christian Traditions... Door Roelof Van Den Broek. [Translated from the Dutsch by I. Seeger]. Brill Archive. p. 58. GGKEY:X2ZCYSU2Q6Q.
- ^ "Job 29:18". Academic Bible. German Bible Society. 8 March 2017.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) (see also the dictionary definition of στέλεχος, φοῖνιξ and Φοῖνιξ at Wiktionary) - ^ See the Vulgate, and its translation into English in the Douai-Rheims Bible.
- ^ CJB, LEB, NABRE, NRSV, NRSVA, NRSVACE, NRSVCE, WYC.
- ^ LUTH1545: Ich gedachte: „Ich will in meinem Nest ersterben und meiner Tage viel machen wie Sand.“
KJV: Then I said, I shall die in my nest, and I shall multiply my days as the sand. - ^ R. Van den Broek (1971). The Myth of the Phoenix: According to Classical and Early Christian Traditions... Door Roelof Van Den Broek. [Translated from the Dutsch by I. Seeger]. Brill Archive. p. 58-60. GGKEY:X2ZCYSU2Q6Q.
- ^ Dahood, Mitchell. “ḤÔL ‘PHOENIX’ IN JOB 29:18 AND IN UGARITIC.” The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, vol. 36, no. 1, 1974, pp. 85–88., www.jstor.org/stable/43713645.
- ^ Slifkin (2007:235-238).
References
- Dahood, Mitchell. “[ḤÔL ‘PHOENIX’ IN JOB 29:18 AND IN UGARITIC.” The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, vol. 36, no. 1, 1974, pp. 85–88.
- Slifkin, Natan (2007). Sacred Monsters: Mysterious and Mythical Creatures of Scripture, Talmud and Midrash. Zoo Torah. ISBN 9781933143187
- Lecocq, Françoise (2014). « Y a-t-il un phénix dans la Bible ? À propos de Job 29:18, de Tertullien, De resurrectione carnis 13, et d’Ambroise, De excessu fratris 2, 59 », Kentron 30, 2014, p. 55-81.
- Van den Broak, R (1971). The Myth of the Phoenix: According to Classical and Early Christian Traditions . . . Door Roelof Van Den Broeak. Translated from the Dutsch by I. Seeger Brill Archive. p. 58-60.