Dictionnaire universel: Difference between revisions
I added a reference to Behnke on the Essais. She gives more editions than are currently in the article, and she disagrees about the place of publication. |
I've added some information and cut some information that belongs in the article on the Dictionnaire de Trevoux, not here. |
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The ''Dictionnaire universel, contenant generalement tous les mots françois'' (originally ''Dictionaire universel'') was |
The ''Dictionnaire universel, contenant generalement tous les mots françois'' (originally ''Dictionaire universel'') was a dictionary and encyclopedia compiled by [[Antoine Furetière]] and published posthumously in 1690. Unlike the rival dictionary of the [[Académie française]], finally published in 1694, Furetière's ''Dictionnaire'' included specialized technical and scientific vocabulary. It was also an encyclopedia of sorts in dealing with things as well as words. Despite having been banned in France, it was a commercial success and exerted an enormous influence on eighteenth-century French dictionaries and encyclopedias. |
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==Origins and Publication== |
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At the time of its founding, the [[Académie française]] had been entrusted with the task of producing a complete [[dictionary]] of the French language.<ref>John Considine, ''Academy Dictionaries, 1600-1800'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 30-31.</ref> At first, Furetière participated in the collaborative project with enthusiasm, but he eventually grew frustrated with his colleagues' approach and slow progress and began work on his own dictionary, probably around 1676-78.<ref>Alain Rey, "Antoine Furetière, imagier de la culture classique," vol. 1 of ''Le Dictionnaire universel d'Antoine Furetière'', facsimile edition (Paris: SNL - Le Robert, 1978), 54.</ref> In 1684 he published a sample of articles from his proposed dictionary under the title ''Essais d'un Dictionnaire universel''. The work was reprinted in 1685 and 1687.<ref>Dorothea Behnke. ''Furetière und Trévoux: Eine Untersuchung zum Verhältnis der beiden Wörterbuchserien'' (Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1996), 9-14.</ref> |
At the time of its founding, the [[Académie française]] had been entrusted with the task of producing a complete [[dictionary]] of the French language.<ref>John Considine, ''Academy Dictionaries, 1600-1800'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 30-31.</ref> At first, Furetière participated in the collaborative project with enthusiasm, but he eventually grew frustrated with his colleagues' approach and slow progress and began work on his own dictionary, probably around 1676-78.<ref>Alain Rey, "Antoine Furetière, imagier de la culture classique," vol. 1 of ''Le Dictionnaire universel d'Antoine Furetière'', facsimile edition (Paris: SNL - Le Robert, 1978), 54.</ref> In 1684 he published a sample of articles from his proposed dictionary under the title ''Essais d'un Dictionnaire universel''. The work was reprinted in 1685 and 1687.<ref>Dorothea Behnke. ''Furetière und Trévoux: Eine Untersuchung zum Verhältnis der beiden Wörterbuchserien'' (Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1996), 9-14.</ref> |
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When members of the academy heard that Furetière was about to publish his dictionary, they interfered, alleging that he had stolen their material and violated the monopoly they had held on French dictionaries since 1674.<ref>Considine, ''Academy Dictionaries'', 38.</ref> In 1685, after fierce recriminations on both sides, Furetière was expelled from the academy, and the French government revoked his permission to publish the dictionary. In 1690, the ''Dictionaire universel'' was published posthumously in the Netherlands with a preface by [[Pierre Bayle]], who had helped arrange for the work's publication.<ref>Walter W. Ross, "Antoine Furetière's Dictionnaire universel," in ''Notable Encyclopedias of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Nine Predecessors of the the Encyclopédie'' (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1981), 56-59.</ref> |
When members of the academy heard that Furetière was about to publish his dictionary, they interfered, alleging that he had stolen their material and violated the monopoly they had held on French dictionaries since 1674.<ref>Considine, ''Academy Dictionaries'', 38.</ref> In 1685, after fierce recriminations on both sides, Furetière was expelled from the academy, and the French government revoked his permission to publish the dictionary. In 1690, the ''Dictionaire universel'' was published posthumously in the Netherlands with a preface by [[Pierre Bayle]], who had helped arrange for the work's publication.<ref>Walter W. Ross, "Antoine Furetière's Dictionnaire universel," in ''Notable Encyclopedias of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Nine Predecessors of the the Encyclopédie'' (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1981), 56-59.</ref> |
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Unlike the academy's dictionary, finally published in 1694, Furetière's ''Dictionnaire'' included specialized technical and scientific vocabulary. It was also an encyclopedia of sorts in dealing with things as well as words. Despite having been banned in France, it was a commercial success and exerted an enormous influence on eighteenth-century French dictionaries and encyclopedias. |
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Furetière's ''Dictionnaire'' continued to be edited and republished through 1727. The second edition (1701) and the third edition (1708) were revised and improved by the [[Protestant]] jurist [[Henri Basnage de Beauval]] (1656–1710). A fourth edition, edited by [[Jean-Baptiste Brutel de la Rivière|Jean-Baptiste Brutel de la Rivière]], appeared in 1727. |
Furetière's ''Dictionnaire'' continued to be edited and republished through 1727. The second edition (1701) and the third edition (1708) were revised and improved by the [[Protestant]] jurist [[Henri Basnage de Beauval]] (1656–1710). A fourth edition, edited by [[Jean-Baptiste Brutel de la Rivière|Jean-Baptiste Brutel de la Rivière]], appeared in 1727. |
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* 1727 : ''Dictionnaire universel''. The Hague: Pierre Husson, Thomas Johnson, Jean Swart, and others. Fourth edition. 4 volumes. Edited by [[Jean-Baptiste Brutel de la Rivière]]. |
* 1727 : ''Dictionnaire universel''. The Hague: Pierre Husson, Thomas Johnson, Jean Swart, and others. Fourth edition. 4 volumes. Edited by [[Jean-Baptiste Brutel de la Rivière]]. |
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==The Reuse of Furetière's ''Dictionnaire'' by the Encyclopedists of Trévoux== |
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At the behest of [[Louis Auguste, Prince of Dombes]], the Jesuits of the Collège of Louis le Grand in Paris literally copied the 1701 edition of Furetière's ''Dictionnaire universel'' before editing the work to suppress deviant Protestant notions. The Jesuit version was printed in 1704 outside Lyon at [[Trévoux]], then the capital of [[Dombes]]; the same press at Trévoux also published the Jesuit periodical ''[[Journal de Trévoux]]'', which appeared monthly from 1701 until 1782. |
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The Jesuits even plagiarized the name of Furetière's work: the title given on the title page of the Jesuit editions was ''[[Dictionnaire de Trévoux|Dictionnaire universel françois & latin]]''; the words "françois & latin" were appended to the title because the Jesuits appended a brief Latin-French dictionary to the last volume of their editions. Although almost immediately known as the ''[[Dictionnaire de Trévoux]]'' to distinguish it from the dictionary of Furetière, these words did not appear on the title page until the last edition in 1771, which followed the [[Suppression of the Society of Jesus|suppression of the Jesuits in France]]. Further work on the ''[[Dictionnaire de Trévoux]]'' came to an end after the removal of the Jesuits from Paris.<ref>Robert Collison. ''Encyclopaedias: Their History throughout the Ages''. New York: Hafner Publishing Company, 1964.</ref> |
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In 1704, a three-volume encyclopedia was published outside Lyon at [[Trévoux]], then the capital of [[Dombes]], under the title of ''Dictionnaire universel françois et latin''. It was different from Furetière's ''Dictionnaire'' in two main respects. First, as its title indicated, it included a bilingual dictionary of French and Latin in the final volume. Second, the anonymous authors attempted to re-Catholicize the Dutch-published encyclopedia and cleanse it of Protestant notions. Otherwise, the ''[[[[Dictionnaire de Trévoux]]]]'', as it came to be known, was nearly identical to the 1701 edition of Furetière's ''Dictionnaire'', a source of outrage to Basnage, who thought that his and Furetière's work should have been acknowledged. |
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The ''Dictionnaire de Trévoux'' continued to be published through 1771. Despite repeated denials on the part of the Jesuits, it seems clear that they were largely responsible for production of the encyclopedias through at least the time of the [[Suppression of the Society of Jesus|suppression of the Jesuits in France]] in 1763. |
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The 1721 edition of the ''Dictionnaire de Trévoux'' significantly expanded [[Henri Basnage de Beauval|Basnage de Beauval]]'s edition of Furetière's work; however, quite remarkably, while material was added to articles, very little existing material was removed or even reworked: additional material was simply bolted on to the text of the 1704 edition of the Trévoux dictionary. The first most visible difference between the 1701 edition of Basnage de Beauval and the 1721 edition of Trévoux is a tweaking of the abbreviations of the names of the authors cited in the articles of the dictionary. |
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Subsequently, [[Jean-Baptiste Brutel de la Rivière|Brutel de la Rivière]] updated his 1727 edition of Furetière's dictionary largely by copying material added by the 1721 edition of the Trévoux dictionary. |
Subsequently, [[Jean-Baptiste Brutel de la Rivière|Brutel de la Rivière]] updated his 1727 edition of Furetière's dictionary largely by copying material added by the 1721 edition of the Trévoux dictionary. |
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Revision as of 12:07, 22 March 2017
The Dictionnaire universel, contenant generalement tous les mots françois (originally Dictionaire universel) was a dictionary and encyclopedia compiled by Antoine Furetière and published posthumously in 1690. Unlike the rival dictionary of the Académie française, finally published in 1694, Furetière's Dictionnaire included specialized technical and scientific vocabulary. It was also an encyclopedia of sorts in dealing with things as well as words. Despite having been banned in France, it was a commercial success and exerted an enormous influence on eighteenth-century French dictionaries and encyclopedias.
Origins and Publication
At the time of its founding, the Académie française had been entrusted with the task of producing a complete dictionary of the French language.[1] At first, Furetière participated in the collaborative project with enthusiasm, but he eventually grew frustrated with his colleagues' approach and slow progress and began work on his own dictionary, probably around 1676-78.[2] In 1684 he published a sample of articles from his proposed dictionary under the title Essais d'un Dictionnaire universel. The work was reprinted in 1685 and 1687.[3]
When members of the academy heard that Furetière was about to publish his dictionary, they interfered, alleging that he had stolen their material and violated the monopoly they had held on French dictionaries since 1674.[4] In 1685, after fierce recriminations on both sides, Furetière was expelled from the academy, and the French government revoked his permission to publish the dictionary. In 1690, the Dictionaire universel was published posthumously in the Netherlands with a preface by Pierre Bayle, who had helped arrange for the work's publication.[5]
Furetière's Dictionnaire continued to be edited and republished through 1727. The second edition (1701) and the third edition (1708) were revised and improved by the Protestant jurist Henri Basnage de Beauval (1656–1710). A fourth edition, edited by Jean-Baptiste Brutel de la Rivière, appeared in 1727.
- 1690 : Dictionaire universel. The Hague and Rotterdam: Arnoud et Reinier Leers. First edition. 3 volumes. Preface by Pierre Bayle. Posthumous publication.
- 1691 : Dictionaire universel. The Hague & Rotterdam: Arnoud et Reinier Leers. Reprint of first edition in 2 volumes.
- 1701 : Dictionnaire universel. The Hague & Rotterdam: Arnoud et Reinier Leers. Second edition. 3 volumes. Edited by Henri Basnage de Beauval.
- 1702 : Dictionnaire universel. The Hague & Rotterdam: Arnoud et Reinier Leers. Reprint of second edition in 2 volumes.
- 1708 : Dictionnaire universel. Rotterdam: Reinier Leers. Third edition. 3 volumes. Edited by Henri Basnage de Beauval.
- 1727 : Dictionnaire universel. The Hague: Pierre Husson, Thomas Johnson, Jean Swart, and others. Fourth edition. 4 volumes. Edited by Jean-Baptiste Brutel de la Rivière.
The Reuse of Furetière's Dictionnaire by the Encyclopedists of Trévoux
In 1704, a three-volume encyclopedia was published outside Lyon at Trévoux, then the capital of Dombes, under the title of Dictionnaire universel françois et latin. It was different from Furetière's Dictionnaire in two main respects. First, as its title indicated, it included a bilingual dictionary of French and Latin in the final volume. Second, the anonymous authors attempted to re-Catholicize the Dutch-published encyclopedia and cleanse it of Protestant notions. Otherwise, the [[Dictionnaire de Trévoux]], as it came to be known, was nearly identical to the 1701 edition of Furetière's Dictionnaire, a source of outrage to Basnage, who thought that his and Furetière's work should have been acknowledged.
The Dictionnaire de Trévoux continued to be published through 1771. Despite repeated denials on the part of the Jesuits, it seems clear that they were largely responsible for production of the encyclopedias through at least the time of the suppression of the Jesuits in France in 1763.
Subsequently, Brutel de la Rivière updated his 1727 edition of Furetière's dictionary largely by copying material added by the 1721 edition of the Trévoux dictionary.
References
- ^ John Considine, Academy Dictionaries, 1600-1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 30-31.
- ^ Alain Rey, "Antoine Furetière, imagier de la culture classique," vol. 1 of Le Dictionnaire universel d'Antoine Furetière, facsimile edition (Paris: SNL - Le Robert, 1978), 54.
- ^ Dorothea Behnke. Furetière und Trévoux: Eine Untersuchung zum Verhältnis der beiden Wörterbuchserien (Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1996), 9-14.
- ^ Considine, Academy Dictionaries, 38.
- ^ Walter W. Ross, "Antoine Furetière's Dictionnaire universel," in Notable Encyclopedias of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Nine Predecessors of the the Encyclopédie (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1981), 56-59.