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The '''Phaeophyceae''' or '''brown algae''' (singular: alga), are a large group of mostly [[Ocean|marine]] multicellular [[algae]], including many [[Seaweed|seaweeds]] of colder [[Northern Hemisphere]] waters. They play an important role in marine environments, both as food and for the habitats they form. For instance, ''[[Macrocystis]]'', a [[kelp]] of the order [[Laminariales]], may reach 60 m (200 ft) in length and forms prominent underwater [[Kelp forest|forests]]. Forests like these contain a high level of biodiversity. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Cock|first=J. Mark|year=2011|title=Brown Algae|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982211005331|journal=Science Direct|volume=21|pages=|via=}}</ref>Another example is ''[[Sargassum]]'', which creates unique habitats in the tropical waters of the [[Sargasso Sea]]. Many brown algae, such as members of the order [[Fucales]], commonly grow along rocky seashores. Some members of the class, such as [[kelp]], are used as food for humans. |
The '''Phaeophyceae''' or '''brown algae''' (singular: alga), are a large group of mostly [[Ocean|marine]] multicellular [[algae]], including many [[Seaweed|seaweeds]] of colder [[Northern Hemisphere]] waters. They play an important role in marine environments, both as food and for the habitats they form. For instance, ''[[Macrocystis]]'', a [[kelp]] of the order [[Laminariales]], may reach 60 m (200 ft) in length and forms prominent underwater [[Kelp forest|forests]]. Forests like these contain a high level of biodiversity. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Cock|first=J. Mark|year=2011|title=Brown Algae|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982211005331|journal=Science Direct|volume=21|pages=|via=}}</ref>Another example is ''[[Sargassum]]'', which creates unique habitats in the tropical waters of the [[Sargasso Sea]]. Many brown algae, such as members of the order [[Fucales]], commonly grow along rocky seashores. Some members of the class, such as [[kelp]], are used as food for humans. |
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Worldwide, over 1500–2000 [[species]] of brown algae are known.<ref name="Hoek">{{cite book|title=Algae: An Introduction to Phycology|last=van den Hoek|first=C.|last2=Mann|first2=D. G.|last3=Jahns|first3=H. M.|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1995|isbn=0-521-31687-1|location=Cambridge|pages=165–218}}</ref> Some species, such as ''[[Ascophyllum nodosum]]'', are of sufficient commercial importance because they have become subjects of extensive research in their own right. They have environmental importance too through [[Carbon fixation]]. <ref name=":1" /> |
Worldwide, over 1500–2000 [[species]] of brown algae are known.<ref name="Hoek">{{cite book|title=Algae: An Introduction to Phycology|last=van den Hoek|first=C.|last2=Mann|first2=D. G.|last3=Jahns|first3=H. M.|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1995|isbn=0-521-31687-1|location=Cambridge|pages=165–218}}</ref> Some species, such as ''[[Ascophyllum nodosum]]'', are of sufficient commercial importance because they have become subjects of extensive research in their own right. They have environmental importance too through [[Carbon fixation]]. <ref name=":1" /> In the ecosystem, there is sometimes a [[Symbiosis|symbiostic]] relationship between coral and algae. Coral will host algae and use its carbon fixation for it own good. This relationship isn't always mutually beneficial, as the coral often loses its pigments and begins bleaching.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wooldridge|first=Scott A.|date=2010-07-01|title=Is the coral-algae symbiosis really ‘mutually beneficial’ for the partners?|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.200900182/abstract|journal=BioEssays|language=en|volume=32|issue=7|pages=615–625|doi=10.1002/bies.200900182|issn=1521-1878}}</ref> |
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Brown algae belong to a very large group, the [[Heterokont|Heterokontophyta]], a group of [[Eukaryote|eukaryotic]] organisms distinguished most prominently by having [[Chloroplast|chloroplasts]] surrounded by four membranes, suggesting an origin from a [[symbiotic relationship]] between a basal eukaryote and another eukaryotic organism. Most brown algae contain the pigment [[fucoxanthin]], which is responsible for the distinctive greenish-brown color that gives them their name. Brown algae are unique among heterokonts in developing into multicellular forms with [[Cellular differentiation|differentiated]] [[Tissue (biology)|tissues]], but they reproduce by means of [[Flagellum|flagellated]] [[Spore|spores]] and [[Gamete|gametes]] that closely resemble cells of other heterokonts. Genetic studies show their closest relatives to be the [[yellow-green algae]]. They're unique because they have evolutionary history that ties them back with not only plants but also fungi and animals. <ref name=":1" /> |
Brown algae belong to a very large group, the [[Heterokont|Heterokontophyta]], a group of [[Eukaryote|eukaryotic]] organisms distinguished most prominently by having [[Chloroplast|chloroplasts]] surrounded by four membranes, suggesting an origin from a [[symbiotic relationship]] between a basal eukaryote and another eukaryotic organism. Most brown algae contain the pigment [[fucoxanthin]], which is responsible for the distinctive greenish-brown color that gives them their name. Brown algae are unique among heterokonts in developing into multicellular forms with [[Cellular differentiation|differentiated]] [[Tissue (biology)|tissues]], but they reproduce by means of [[Flagellum|flagellated]] [[Spore|spores]] and [[Gamete|gametes]] that closely resemble cells of other heterokonts. Genetic studies show their closest relatives to be the [[yellow-green algae]]. They're unique because they have evolutionary history that ties them back with not only plants but also fungi and animals. <ref name=":1" /> |
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Revision as of 03:40, 11 April 2017
Peer Review: by mkuck23
I was going to say you should put more emphazise on the Imoportance and Uses section but it appears below that you haveYou also might want to inlude a diagram for the Life Cycle portion to help users summarize it. .I
ouldwalso suggest that you include more on the asexual reproduction to clarify the difference between the two. In the Life Cycle section for someone who hasn't learned about this before it is confusing as to which things refer to sexual vs asexual reproduction. You also could alwyas add more to the symbiotic relationship mentioned in the introduction.
Brown Algae
The Phaeophyceae or brown algae (singular: alga), are a large group of mostly marine multicellular algae, including many seaweeds of colder Northern Hemisphere waters. They play an important role in marine environments, both as food and for the habitats they form. For instance, Macrocystis, a kelp of the order Laminariales, may reach 60 m (200 ft) in length and forms prominent underwater forests. Forests like these contain a high level of biodiversity. [1]Another example is Sargassum, which creates unique habitats in the tropical waters of the Sargasso Sea. Many brown algae, such as members of the order Fucales, commonly grow along rocky seashores. Some members of the class, such as kelp, are used as food for humans.
Worldwide, over 1500–2000 species of brown algae are known.[2] Some species, such as Ascophyllum nodosum, are of sufficient commercial importance because they have become subjects of extensive research in their own right. They have environmental importance too through Carbon fixation. [1] In the ecosystem, there is sometimes a symbiostic relationship between coral and algae. Coral will host algae and use its carbon fixation for it own good. This relationship isn't always mutually beneficial, as the coral often loses its pigments and begins bleaching.[3]
Brown algae belong to a very large group, the Heterokontophyta, a group of eukaryotic organisms distinguished most prominently by having chloroplasts surrounded by four membranes, suggesting an origin from a symbiotic relationship between a basal eukaryote and another eukaryotic organism. Most brown algae contain the pigment fucoxanthin, which is responsible for the distinctive greenish-brown color that gives them their name. Brown algae are unique among heterokonts in developing into multicellular forms with differentiated tissues, but they reproduce by means of flagellated spores and gametes that closely resemble cells of other heterokonts. Genetic studies show their closest relatives to be the yellow-green algae. They're unique because they have evolutionary history that ties them back with not only plants but also fungi and animals. [1]
Life Cycle
Most brown algae, with the exception of the Fucales, perform sexual reproduction through sporic meiosis.[4] Between generations, the algae goes through separate diploid and haploid phases. Free floating brown algae do not undergo sexual reproduction until they attach themselves to substrate. The haploid generation is made of male and female gametophyte.[5] The fertilization of egg cells varies between species of brown algae, and may be isogamous, oogamous, or anisogamous. Union of gametes may take place in water between eggs and motile sperm, or within the oogonium itself. All species of brown algae can also perform asexual reproduction through the production of diploid zoospores.[4]
In a representative species Laminaria, there is a conspicuous diploid generation and smaller haploid generations. Meiosis takes place within several sporangium along the algae's blade, forming haploid male and female zoospores. The spores are then released from the sporangia and grow to form male and female gametophyes. The female gametophyte produces an egg in the oogonium, and the male gametophyte releases motile sperm that fertilize the egg. The fertilized zygote then grows into the mature diploid sporophyte.
In the order Fucales, sexual reproduction is oogamous, and the mature diploid is the only form for each generation. Gametes are formed in specialized conceptacles along the blades of the parent plant. Egg cells and motile sperm are released from separate sacs on the parent algae, combining in the water to complete the fertilization. The fertilized zygote then differentiates into a leafy thallus and a holdfast upon fixing itself to substrate,
Importance and Uses
Brown algae include a number of edible seaweeds, and a number of brown algae contains alginic acid that is extracted commercially and used in a large number of products. One of these products in a Lithium Ion battery. Alginic acid is extracted from the cell wall of brown algae and is a stable component of a battery anode. This Polysaccharide is not found in many land plants yet is a major component of brown algae. [6]
Alginic acid can also be used in Aquaculture. Rainbow trout have enhanced immune system when they are exposed to alginic acid. Younger fish are more likely to survive when given a diet with alginic acid. [7]
Brown algae including kelp beds also provide the planent with carbon dioxide fixation through photosynthesis. The conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen is not only performed by photosynthesizing land plant, but also by algae that perform photosynthesis. [8]
Sargachromanol G, found in brown algae, may be anti-inflammatory. Crossed with other polymers and amino acids, properties that indicate anti-swelling characteristics have been found. [9]
 | This is a user sandbox of Jmcain58. You can use it for testing or practicing edits. This is not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course. To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your Dashboard course page and follow the Sandbox Draft link for your assigned article in the My Articles section. |
- ^ a b c Cock, J. Mark (2011). "Brown Algae". Science Direct. 21.
- ^ van den Hoek, C.; Mann, D. G.; Jahns, H. M. (1995). Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 165–218. ISBN 0-521-31687-1.
- ^ Wooldridge, Scott A. (2010-07-01). "Is the coral-algae symbiosis really 'mutually beneficial' for the partners?". BioEssays. 32 (7): 615–625. doi:10.1002/bies.200900182. ISSN 1521-1878.
- ^ a b Bold, Harold Charles; Wynne, Michael James (1985-01-01). Introduction to the algae: structure and reproduction. Prentice-Hall.
- ^ Windsor, Jon and Lesley Lovett-Doust Professor of Biology the University of (1988-07-07). Plant Reproductive Ecology : Patterns and Strategies: Patterns and Strategies. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 9780198021926.
- ^ Kovalenko, Igor; Zdyrko, Bogdan; Magasinski, Alexandre; Hertzberg, Benjamin; Milicev, Zoran; Burtovyy, Ruslan; Luzinov, Igor; Yushin, Gleb (2011-01-01). "A Major Constituent of Brown Algae for Use in High-Capacity Li-Ion Batteries". Science. 334 (6052): 75–79.
- ^ Gioacchini, Giorgia; Lombardo, Francesco; Avella, Matteo Alessandro; Olivotto, Ike; Carnevali, Oliana (2010-04-01). "Welfare improvement using alginic acid in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles". Chemistry and Ecology. 26 (2): 111–121. doi:10.1080/02757541003627738. ISSN 0275-7540.
- ^ Vásquez, Julio A.; Zuñiga, Sergio; Tala, Fadia; Piaget, Nicole; Rodríguez, Deni C.; Vega, J. M. Alonso (2014-04-01). "Economic valuation of kelp forests in northern Chile: values of goods and services of the ecosystem". Journal of Applied Phycology. 26 (2): 1081–1088. doi:10.1007/s10811-013-0173-6. ISSN 0921-8971.
- ^ Martínez-Gómez, Fabián; Encinas, María V.; Matsuhiro, Betty; Pavez, Jorge (2015-08-20). "Preparation and swelling properties of homopolymeric alginic acid fractions/poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) graft copolymers". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 132 (32): n/a–n/a. doi:10.1002/app.42398. ISSN 1097-4628.