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Recipe 'Tayyip Erdoğan'
{{redirect2|Erdoğan|Erdogan|other people called Erdoğan|Erdoğan (name)}}
{{Very long|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
|name = Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
|image = Recep Tayyip Erdogan 2017.jpg
|office = [[List of Presidents of Turkey|12th]] [[President of Turkey]]
|primeminister = {{plainlist|
*[[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] {{small|(2014–16)}}
*[[Binali Yıldırım]] {{small|(2016–present)}}}}
|term_start = 28 August 2014
|term_end =
|predecessor = [[Abdullah Gül]]
|successor =
|office1 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Turkey|25th]] [[Prime Minister of Turkey]]
|president1 = {{plainlist|
*[[Ahmet Necdet Sezer]]
*[[Abdullah Gül]]}}
|deputy1 = {{List collapsed|title=''[[Cabinet Erdoğan I|Cabinet I]]'' {{small|(2003–07)}}|[[Abdullah Gül]]|[[Mehmet Ali Şahin]]|[[Abdüllatif Şener]]}}
{{List collapsed|title=''[[Cabinet Erdoğan II|Cabinet II]]'' {{small|(2007–11)}}|[[Cemil Çiçek]]|[[Hayati Yazıcı]] {{small|(2007–09)}}|[[Nazım Ekren]] {{small|(2007–09)}}|[[Bülent Arınç]] {{small|(2009–11)}}|[[Ali Babacan]] {{small|(2009–11)}}}}
{{List collapsed|title=''[[Cabinet Erdoğan III|Cabinet III]]'' {{small|(2011–14)}}|[[Bülent Arınç]]|[[Ali Babacan]]|[[Beşir Atalay]]|[[Bekir Bozdağ]] {{small|(2011–13)}}|[[Emrullah İşler]] {{small|(2013–14)}}}}
|term_start1 = 14 March 2003
|term_end1 = 28 August 2014
|predecessor1 = [[Abdullah Gül]]
|successor1 = [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]]
|office2 = [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)#Party leaders|Leader of the Justice and Development Party]]
|term_start2 = 14 August 2001
|term_end2 = 27 August 2014
|predecessor2 = Position established
|successor2 = [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]]
|office3 = [[List of mayors of Istanbul|Mayor of Istanbul]]
|term_start3 = 27 March 1994
|term_end3 = 6 November 1998
|predecessor3 = [[Nurettin Sözen]]
|successor3 = [[Ali Müfit Gürtuna]]
|office4 = {{GNAT MP}}
|term_start4 = 9 March 2003
|term_end4 = 28 August 2014
|constituency4 = {{plainlist|
*[[Siirt (electoral district)|Siirt]] ([[Siirt Province by-election, 2003|2003 by-election]])
*[[Istanbul (electoral districts)|Istanbul]] [[İstanbul (1st electoral district)|(I)]] ([[Turkish general election, 2007|2007]], [[Turkish general election, 2011|2011]])}}
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1954|2|26}}
|birth_place = [[Kasımpaşa (quarter)|Istanbul]], Turkey
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = {{plainlist|
*[[National Salvation Party]] {{small|(before 1981)}}
*[[Welfare Party]] {{small|(1983–1998)}}
*[[Virtue Party]] {{small|(1998–2001)}}
*[[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]] {{small|(2001–present)}}}}
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Emine Erdoğan|Emine Gülbaran]]|4 July 1978}}
|children = {{plainlist|
*[[Ahmet Burak Erdoğan|Ahmet Burak]]
*[[Bilal Erdoğan|Necmettin Bilal]]
*Esra
*Sümeyye}}
|alma_mater = [[Marmara University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences|Marmara University]]<ref name="bbcerdogan"/><ref name="oda TV">{{cite web |url=http://www.odatv.com/n.php?n=erdoganin-diplomasi-aslinda-hangi-okuldan-2504141200|title=Erdoğan'ın diploması aslında hangi okuldan |date=25 April 2014 |accessdate=3 December 2014 |work=oda TV |language=Turkish |trans-title=Which school is Erdoğan's diploma from}}</ref><ref name="sozcu.com.tr">{{cite web |url=http://sozcu.com.tr/2014/gunun-icinden/erdoganin-diplomasi-mecliste-497279/ |title=Erdoğan'ın diploması Meclis'te |language=Turkish |date=28 April 2014 |accessdate=3 December 2014 |publisher=''Sözcü'' |author=Cengiz Aldemir |trans-title=Erdoğan's diploma in parliament}}</ref><ref name="Zaman">{{cite web |url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/gundem_rektorluk-diplomasini-yayinladi-halacoglu-yeni-belge-gosterdi_2213158.html |title=Rektörlük, diplomasını yayınladı; Halaçoğlu yeni belge gösterdi|date=25 April 2014 |accessdate=3 December 2014 |publisher=''Zaman'' |language=Turkish |trans-title=Rectorate issues diploma: Halaçoğlu shown the new document}}</ref>
|signature = Recep Tayyip Erdoğan signature.png
|website = {{url|tccb.gov.tr|Government website}}<br>{{url|rte.com.tr|Personal website}}
}}
{{Recep Tayyip Erdogan sidebar}}
'''Recep Tayyip Erdoğan''' ({{IPA-tr|ɾeˈd͡ʒep tɑjˈjip ˈæɾdo(ɰ)ɑn|tr|Recep_Tayyip_Erdogan,_Turkish_pronunciation.ogg}}; Born 26 February 1954) is a Turkish politician who has been the [[President of Turkey]] since 2014. He previously served as the [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] from 2003 to 2014 and as the [[List of mayors of Istanbul|Mayor of Istanbul]] from 1994 to 1998. He founded the [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]] (AKP) in 2001 and led it to three general election victories in [[Turkish general election, 2002|2002]], [[Turkish general election, 2007|2007]] and [[Turkish general election, 2011|2011]] before standing down as leader upon his [[Turkish presidential election, 2014|election as President]] in 2014. Originating from an [[Islamism|Islamist]] political background and as a self-described [[Conservative democracy|conservative democrat]], his administration has overseen [[Social conservatism|social conservative]] and [[Economic liberalism|liberal economic]] policies.<ref name="foxnews.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/08/21/turkey-davutoglu-expected-to-be-docile-prime-minister-with-erdogan-calling/|title=Turkey's Davutoglu expected to be a docile Prime Minister with Erdogan calling the shots|agency=Associated Press|publisher=''Fox News''|date=21 August 2014|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref> His political agenda and ideals are often referred to as [[Erdoğanism]].<ref>https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/06/21/erdoganism-noun-erdogan-turkey-islam-akp/</ref>


Erdoğan was a semi-professional [[Association football|footballer]] playing for [[Kasımpaşa S.K.|Kasımpaşa]] before being [[Turkish local elections, 1994|elected]] as the Mayor of [[Istanbul]] from the Islamist [[Welfare Party]] in 1994. He was stripped and banned from office and imprisoned for 4 months for the recitation of a poem in a political speech in 1998<ref>However, weaknesses of qualitative research is linked to the small sample size, this can create a strong element of selection bias such as in the case of MSSD or MDSD studies in comparative politics if the author selects two countries which are similar say Brazil and Argentina they may infer about causes of corruption but it could be that this is just caused by a common shared history and so this may be an omitted variable bias. Likewise, selection bias may emerge so that an independent variable such as political actors may not have been controlled for. [insert evidence, explain details here]. (beginning of evaluation and linking of cases) Qualitative research can still be useful, but the extent to which it is useful depends on the level of justification given by academics in their selection cases and explanation of how they have tried to reduce the impact of omitted variable or selection biases in their qualitative methods.</ref> after which he abandoned openly Islamist politics and established the moderate conservative AKP in 2001. The AKP won a landslide victory in the [[Turkish general election, 2002|2002 general election]], with the party's co-founder [[Abdullah Gül]] becoming Prime Minister until [[Cabinet Gül|his government]] annulled Erdoğan's ban from political office. Erdoğan subsequently became Prime Minister in March 2003 after winning a seat in a [[Siirt Province by-election, 2003|by-election]] held in [[Siirt (electoral district)|Siirt]].<ref name="Kumbaracibasi2009">{{cite book|author=Arda Can Kumbaracibasi|title=Turkish Politics and the Rise of the AKP: Dilemmas of Institutionalization and Leadership Strategy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZLL9cg--u0C&pg=PA2|date=24 July 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-87629-9|pages=1–2}}</ref>


1 Block of hardened autism 1/2 spoon full of salt 80 ml of Mountain Dew 1 Tumor
As part of his '[[2023 vision]]' for the centenary of the [[History of Turkey|Turkish Republic]], Erdoğan's government oversaw [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|accession negotiations for Turkey's membership]] of the [[European Union]], an economic recovery following a [[2001 Turkish economic crisis|financial crash in 2001]], two successful constitutional referendums in [[Turkish constitutional referendum, 2007|2007]] and [[Turkish constitutional referendum, 2010|2010]], a [[Solution process]] with [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|Kurdish militants]], an allegedly [[Neo-Ottomanism|Neo-Ottoman]] foreign policy and investments in infrastructure that included new [[List of highways in Turkey|roads]], [[List of airports in Turkey|airports]], and a [[High-speed rail in Turkey|high-speed train network]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/18/us-turkey-constitution-idUSBRE91H0C220130218|title=Erdogan's ambition weighs on hopes for new Turkish constitution|author=Nick Tattersall|date=28 February 2013|publisher=Stratejik Boyut|accessdate=9 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metrogroup.de/internet/site/ts_turkey/print/234842/Len/index.html |title=Growing consumption|date=24 November 2011 |work=Metro Group|accessdate=28 July 2012}}</ref> With the help of [[Fethullah Gülen]]'s [[Gülen movement|Cemaat Movement]], Erdoğan was able to [[Civil–military relations during the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan government|curb the political power]] of the [[Turkish Armed Forces|military]] through the controversial ''[[Sledgehammer (coup plan)|Sledgehammer]]'' and ''[[Ergenekon trials|Ergenekon]]'' court cases. In late 2012, his government began [[Solution process|peace negotiations]] with the [[Kurdistan Workers Party]] (PKK) to end the [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)|ongoing PKK insurgency]] that began in 1978. The ceasefire broke down in 2015, leading to a [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)|renewed escalation in conflict]]. In 2016, a [[2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt|coup d'état was unsuccessfully attempted]] against Erdoğan and Turkish state institutions. This was followed by [[2016 Turkish purges|purges]] and an ongoing state of emergency.


Nationwide protests against the perceived authoritarianism of Erdoğan's government began in May 2013, with the internationally criticised police crackdown resulting in 22 deaths and the stalling of EU membership negotiations. Following a split with long-time ally Fethullah Gülen, Erdoğan brought about large-scale judicial reforms that were criticised for threatening judicial independence, but which Erdoğan insisted were necessary to purge sympathisers of the preacher Fethullah Gulen. A US$100&nbsp;billion [[2013 corruption scandal in Turkey|government corruption scandal]] in 2013 led to the arrests of Erdoğan's close allies, with Erdoğan himself incriminated after a recording was released on social media.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/gundem_yeni-yolsuzluk-dosyasinin-ekonomik-boyutu-100-milyar-dolar_2189530.html|title=Yeni yolsuzluk dosyasının ekonomik boyutu 100 milyar dolar|trans-title=New economic corruption files valued at $100&nbsp;billion|language=Turkish|date=27 December 2013|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=Zaman|last1=Genç|first1=Göksel|last2=Esit|first2=Elif}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://sozcu.com.tr/2013/gundem/100-milyar-dolarlik-yolsuzluk-430737/|title=100 milyar dolarlık yolsuzluk|language=Turkish|trans-title=$100&nbsp;billion dollar corruption|work=Sözcü|date=26 December 2013|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/yolsuzluk-operasyonunun-maliyeti-10/gundem/detay/1809059/default.htm|title=Yolsuzluk operasyonunun maliyeti 100 milyar Euro|language=Turkish|trans-title=Corruption operation costs 100&nbsp;billion euros|work=Milliyet|date=17 December 2013|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref> Erdoğan's government has since come under fire for alleged [[Human rights in Turkey|human rights violations]] and [[Censorship in Turkey|crackdown on press and social media]], having blocked access to Twitter, Facebook and YouTube on numerous occasions.<ref name="Turkey Blocks Twitter">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/turkey-blocks-access-to-twitter/2014/03/20/7bad19d2-b08c-11e3-b8b3-44b1d1cd4c1f_story.html|title= Turkey Blocks Twitter|publisher=''The Washington Post''|date=21 March 2014|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref> Erdoğan's government lifted the bans upon court orders.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26873603|title=Official in Turkey 'lift Twitter ban'|date=3 April 2014|accessdate=27 November 2014|publisher=''BBC News''}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/03/turkey-lifts-twitter-ban-court-ruling|title=Turkey lifts Twitter ban after court ruling|publisher=''The Guardian''|agency=Reuters|date=3 April 2014|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-27691892|title=YouTube access restored in Turkey|date=4 June 2014|accessdate=27 November 2014|publisher=''BBC News''}}</ref> Opposition journalists and politicians have criticised authoritarian tendencies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/15/turkish-opposition-leader-dictator-erdogan|title=Turkish Opposition Leader Condemns 'dictator' Erdogan|publisher=''The Guardian''|author=Simon Tisdall|date=15 February 2013|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="Board">{{cite news|url=http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-06-03/opinions/39715196_1_protesters-akp-protect-journalists |title=Prime Minister Erdogan's strongman tactics in Turkey|newspaper=Washington Post |date=3 June 2013 |deadurl=no |accessdate=22 June 2013 |first=Editorial |last=Board}}</ref> Analysts suggest that Turkey is a majoritarian democracy.<ref>http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ok-turkey-is-a-majoritarian-democracy-not-a-dictatorship.aspx?pageID=449&nID=94065&NewsCatID=398</ref><ref>http://whogoverns.eu/majoritarian-or-pluralist-democracy-for-turkey/</ref> Erdoğan's proponents suggest that since the attempted coup, press restrictions are changing, Erdoğan's government dropped charges against the secular Dogan Group, including Hurriyet paper after it was alleged that the $4.5 billion tax fraud charge was initially perpetrated by Gulenist officers.<ref>http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/inspectors-involved-in-tax-fines-on-dogan-group-dismissed-for-gulen-links.aspx?utm_source=facebook.com&utm_medium=post&utm_campaign=inspectors-involved-in-tax-fines-on-dogan-group-dismissed-for-gulen-links.aspx&utm_term=post&pageID=238&nID=106968&NewsCatID=345</ref> In the aftermath of the coup attempt, Erdoğan issued a Presidential pardon against those who 'insulted' him.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/29/turkey-drops-cases-of-insult-against-president-in-coup-aftermath</ref> Erdoğan aims to bring the idea of [[executive presidency]] to a referendum in 2017, with a bill likely to pass parliament due to agreement between Erdoğan's conservative AKP and the nationalist MHP.<ref>http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/11/turkey-erdogan-new-grand-national-front.html</ref>


Bake the block of hardened autism in the oven at 220 degrees Celcius for 8 minutes, untill it is a soft syrup. Add 1/2 spoon of salt and 80 ml of salt to the autistic syrup. Grind the tumor into a fine pulp. Add 100 ml of water to the pulp, then add the syrup into the pulp. Put the final mixture into a sealed bag, and throw it somewhere in Turkey. (takes about 3 months to grow)
==Personal life and education==
{{Main article|Early life and career of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan}}
[[File:Gül-Erdoğan cumhurbaşkanlığı devir teslim.jpg|thumb|Erdoğan and [[Abdullah Gül]] with their respective spouses]]
Erdoğan was born in the [[Kasımpaşa (quarter)|Kasımpaşa]] neighborhood of [[Istanbul]] to which his family had moved from [[Rize Province]]. Erdoğan allegedly said in 2003, "I'm a [[Georgian people|Georgian]], my family is a [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] family which migrated from [[Batumi]] to [[Rize Province|Rize]]."<ref>{{cite news| title=Erdogan plays to base by slighting Armenians | newspaper=[[Al Monitor]] | url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/08/candar-erdogan-ethnic-slur-armenians-insult-anti-semitism.html}}</ref><ref>(Turkish text: ''Ben de Gürcü'yüm, ailemiz Batum'dan Rize'ye göç etmiş bir Gürcü ailesidir.'') Bülent Sarıoğlu,{{cite web|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2005/12/13/siyaset/axsiy02.html |title="Kimlik değişimi!" |accessdate=2007-05-05 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051215122006/http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2005/12/13/siyaset/axsiy02.html |archivedate=15 December 2005 |df=dmy }} ''[[Milliyet]]'', 13 December 2005.</ref> However, in a 2014 televised interview on the [[NTV (Turkey)|NTV]] news network, he said, "You wouldn't believe the things they have said about me. They have said I am Georgian ... even with much uglier things, they have called me Armenian, but I am Turkish."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Altintas|first1=Baris|title=PM uses offensive, racist language targeting Armenians|url=https://www.todayszaman.com/son-dakika_erdogan-even-worse-i-apologize-i-was-called-an-armenian_354746.html|publisher=''Zaman''|date=6 August 2014|accessdate=19 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022943/http://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_pm-uses-offensive-racist-language-targeting-armenians_354746.html|archivedate=5 March 2016|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Adam|title=Is 'Armenian' an insult? Turkey's prime minister seems to think so.|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/08/06/is-armenian-an-insult-turkeys-prime-minister-seems-to-think-so/|publisher=''The Washington Post''|date=6 August 2014|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref>


Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem. Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, venenatis vitae, justo. Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis pretium. Integer tincidunt. Cras dapibus. Vivamus elementum semper nisi. Aenean vulputate eleifend tellus. Aenean leo ligula, porttitor eu, consequat vitae, eleifend ac, enim. Aliquam lorem ante, dapibus in, viverra quis, feugiat a, tellus. Phasellus viverra nulla ut metus varius laoreet. Quisque rutrum. Aenean imperdiet. Etiam ultricies nisi vel augue. Curabitur ullamcorper ultricies nisi. Nam eget dui.
Erdoğan spent his early childhood in [[Rize]], where his father was a member of the [[Turkish Coast Guard]].<ref name="charismatic">{{cite news|title=Turkey's charismatic pro-Islamic leader|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2270642.stm |newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=4 November 2002|accessdate=23 July 2006}}</ref> His summer holidays were mostly spent in [[Güneysu]], [[Rize]], where his family originates from. Throughout his life he often returned to this spiritual home, and in 2015 he opened a vast mosque on a mountaintop near this village.<ref>[http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kible-dagi-caminin-insaati-bitti-acilisi-erdogan-yapacak-29732329 Kıble Dağı Cami'nin inşaatı bitti, açılışı Erdoğan yapacak] Hürriyet, 5 August 2015</ref> The family returned to Istanbul when Erdoğan was 13 years old.<ref name="charismatic"/>


Etiam rhoncus. Maecenas tempus, tellus eget condimentum rhoncus, sem quam semper libero, sit amet adipiscing sem neque sed ipsum. Nam quam nunc, blandit vel, luctus pulvinar, hendrerit id, lorem. Maecenas nec odio et ante tincidunt tempus. Donec vitae sapien ut libero venenatis faucibus. Nullam quis ante. Etiam sit amet orci eget eros faucibus tincidunt. Duis leo. Sed fringilla mauris sit amet nibh. Donec sodales sagittis magna. Sed consequat, leo eget bibendum sodales, augue velit cursus nunc, quis gravida magna mi a libero. Fusce vulputate eleifend sapien. Vestibulum purus quam, scelerisque ut, mollis sed, nonummy id, metus. Nullam accumsan lorem in dui. Cras ultricies mi eu turpis hendrerit fringilla. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; In ac dui quis mi consectetuer lacinia.
As a teenager, he sold lemonade and sesame buns ([[simit]]) on the streets of the city's rougher districts to earn extra money.<ref name="charismatic"/> Brought up in an observant Muslim family, Erdoğan graduated from Kasımpaşa Piyale primary school in 1965, and [[İmam Hatip school]], a religious vocational high school, in 1973. He received his high school diploma from Eyüp High School. He subsequently studied [[Business Administration]] at the Aksaray School of Economics and Commercial Sciences, now known as [[Marmara University]]'s Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences<ref name="bbcerdogan">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6900616.stm|title=Profile: Recep Tayyip Erdogan|work=BBC News|accessdate=29 August 2008|date=18 July 2007}}</ref>—although several Turkish sources dispute that he graduated.<ref name="oda TV"/><ref name="sozcu.com.tr"/><ref name="Zaman"/>


Nam pretium turpis et arcu. Duis arcu tortor, suscipit eget, imperdiet nec, imperdiet iaculis, ipsum. Sed aliquam ultrices mauris. Integer ante arcu, accumsan a, consectetuer eget, posuere ut, mauris. Praesent adipiscing. Phasellus ullamcorper ipsum rutrum nunc. Nunc nonummy metus. Vestibulum volutpat pretium libero. Cras id dui. Aenean ut eros et nisl sagittis vestibulum. Nullam nulla eros, ultricies sit amet, nonummy id, imperdiet feugiat, pede. Sed lectus. Donec mollis hendrerit risus. Phasellus nec sem in justo pellentesque facilisis. Etiam imperdiet imperdiet orci. Nunc nec neque. Phasellus leo dolor, tempus non, auctor et, hendrerit quis, nisi.
In his youth, Erdoğan played semi-professional [[association football|football]] at a local club.<ref name="bbcerdogan"/><ref name="akperdogan">{{cite web|url=http://www.akparti.org.tr/english/yonetim/genel-baskan|title=Life story|work=AK Parti Official Web Site|accessdate=29 August 2008}}</ref><ref name="britannicaerdogan">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/913988/Recep-Tayyip-Erdogan|title=Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|encyclopedia=[[Britannica Online Encyclopedia]]|accessdate=29 August 2008}}</ref> [[Fenerbahçe]] wanted him to transfer to the club but his father prevented it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siyaset.milliyet.com.tr/fenerbahce-erdogan-i-transfer-etmek-istemis/siyaset/siyasetdetay/01.04.2013/1687933/default.htm|title=Fenerbahçe Erdoğan'ı transfer etmek istemiş|work=Milliyet|date=1 April 2013|accessdate=9 July 2013|language=Turkish|trans-title= Fenerbahçe wanted to transfer Erdoğan}}</ref> The stadium of the local football club in the district where he grew up, [[Kasımpaşa S.K.]] is named after him.


Curabitur ligula sapien, tincidunt non, euismod vitae, posuere imperdiet, leo. Maecenas malesuada. Praesent congue erat at massa. Sed cursus turpis vitae tortor. Donec posuere vulputate arcu. Phasellus accumsan cursus velit. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Sed aliquam, nisi quis porttitor congue, elit erat euismod orci, ac placerat dolor lectus quis orci. Phasellus consectetuer vestibulum elit. Aenean tellus metus, bibendum sed, posuere ac, mattis non, nunc. Vestibulum fringilla pede sit amet augue. In turpis. Pellentesque posuere. Praesent turpis.
Erdoğan married Emine Gülbaran (born 1955, [[Siirt]]) on 4 July 1978.<ref name="milliyeterdoganbio">{{cite news|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2007/08/29/son/sonsiy47.asp|title=Bakanlar Kurulu'nun özgeçmişi|publisher=''Milliyet''|date=29 August 2007|accessdate=22 April 2011|language=Turkish|trans-title=Ministers of the Board's CV}}</ref> They have two sons; [[Ahmet Burak Erdoğan|Ahmet Burak]] and [[Bilal Erdoğan|Necmettin Bilal]], and two daughters, Esra and Sümeyye.<ref name="milliyeterdoganbio"/> His father, Ahmet Erdoğan, died in 1988 and his 88-year-old mother, Tenzile Erdoğan, died in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Erdogan's Mother Tenzile Erdogan Dies of Acute Cholecystitis|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/124664/erdogan-39-s-mother-tenzile-erdogan-dies-of-acute-cholecystitis.html|accessdate=21 March 2014|newspaper=''Turkish Weekly''|date=7 October 2011}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Community of İskenderpaşa]], a Turkish sufistic community of [[Naqshbandi]] [[tariqah]].<ref>[http://www.eurasiareview.com/05092015-the-naqshbandi-khalidi-order-and-political-islam-in-turkey-analysis/ Eurasia Review: "The Naqshbandi-Khalidi Order And Political Islam In Turkey – Analysis" By Hudson Institue] 5 September 2015</ref><ref>[http://file.insightturkey.com/Files/Pdf/15_2_2013_heper.pdf Insight Turkey: "Islam, Conservatism, and Democracy in Turkey: Comparing Turgut Özal and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan" by METİN HEPER] 15 February 2013</ref>


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==Early political career==
While studying business administration and playing semi-professional football, Erdoğan engaged in politics by joining the National Turkish Student Union, an [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] action group. In 1974, he wrote, directed and played the lead role in the play ''Maskomya'', which presented [[Freemasonry]], [[Communism]] and [[Judaism]] as evil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Antisemitism in the Turkish Media (Part III): Targeting Turkey's Jewish Citizens|url=http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/1388.htm|publisher=''[[Middle East Media Research Institute]]''|accessdate=5 September 2011|date=6 June 2005}}</ref> In 1976, he became the head of the [[Beyoğlu]] youth branch of the Islamist [[National Salvation Party]] (MSP),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=the-making-of-tayyip-erdogan-2010-10-31|title=The making of Turkey's prime minister|work=Hürriyet Daily News|author=Mustafa Akyoldate=31 October 2010|accessdate=31 October 2010}}</ref> and was later promoted to chair of the Istanbul youth branch of the party.


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After the [[1980 Turkish coup d'etat|1980 military coup]], Erdoğan followed most of [[Necmettin Erbakan]]'s followers into the [[Islamic revival|Islamist]] [[Welfare Party]]. He became the party's Beyoğlu district chair in 1984, and in 1985 he became the chair of the Istanbul city branch. He was elected to parliament in 1991, but barred from taking his seat.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}


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===Mayor of Istanbul (1994–98)===
In the [[Turkish local elections, 1994|local elections of 27 March 1994]], Erdoğan was elected [[Mayor of Istanbul]], with a plurality (25.19%) of the popular vote. Many feared that he would impose Islamic law; however, he was pragmatic in office, tackling chronic problems in Istanbul including [[water shortage]], pollution and [[traffic|traffic chaos]]. The water shortage problem was solved with the laying of hundreds of kilometers of new pipelines. The garbage problem was solved with the establishment of state-of-the-art recycling facilities. While Erdoğan was in office, air pollution was reduced through a plan developed to switch to natural gas. He changed the [[Transit bus|public buses]] to environmentally friendly ones. The city's traffic and transportation jams were reduced with more than fifty bridges, viaducts, and highways built. He took precautions to prevent corruption, using measures to ensure that municipal funds were used prudently. He paid back a major portion of Istanbul [[Metropolitan Municipality]]'s two billion dollar debt and invested four billion dollars in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldleaders.columbia.edu/participants/recep-tayyip-erdo%C4%9F|title=Recep Tayyip Erdoğan participated in the World Leaders Forum event, Turkey's Role in Shaping the Future, in November 2008|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|date=12 November 2008|accessdate=12 November 2008}}</ref>


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Erdoğan initiated the first roundtable of mayors during the [[Habitat II|Istanbul conference]], which led to a global, organized movement of mayors. A seven-member international jury from the United Nations unanimously awarded Erdoğan the [[United Nations Human Settlements Programme|UN-HABITAT]] award.<ref name="unhabitat3" />{{dead link|date=December 2014}}


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==Imprisonment==
In 1998, the [[Islamic fundamentalism|fundamentalist]] [[Welfare Party]] was declared unconstitutional on the grounds of threatening the [[Secularism in Turkey|secularism of Turkey]] and was shut down by the [[Constitutional Court of Turkey|Turkish constitutional court]]. Erdoğan became a prominent speaker at demonstrations held by his party colleagues.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book|editor1-last=Rubin|editor1-first=Barry M.|editor2-last=Heper|editor2-first=Meten|title=Political Parties in Turkey|date=3 April 2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B71dAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP5&lpg=PP5&dq=Barry+M.+Rubin.+Political+Parties+in+Turkey&source=bl&ots=h6FA76QDIH&sig=hbknxmqdd648uMKovLAQLtGysxA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HzSAVJrSNYqd8QWO7YCwBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Barry%20M.%20Rubin.%20Political%20Parties%20in%20Turkey&f=false|publisher=Routledge|last=Yesilada|first=Birol A.|chapter=The Virtue Party|page=68|isbn=978-0714682471|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref>


Sed augue ipsum, egestas nec, vestibulum et, malesuada adipiscing, dui. Vestibulum facilisis, purus nec pulvinar iaculis, ligula mi congue nunc, vitae euismod ligula urna in dolor. Mauris sollicitudin fermentum libero. Praesent nonummy mi in odio. Nunc interdum lacus sit amet orci. Vestibulum rutrum, mi nec elementum vehicula, eros quam gravida nisl, id fringilla neque ante vel mi. Morbi mollis tellus ac sapien. Phasellus volutpat, metus eget egestas mollis, lacus lacus blandit dui, id egestas quam mauris ut lacus. Fusce vel dui. Sed in libero ut nibh placerat accumsan. Proin faucibus arcu quis ante. In consectetuer turpis ut velit. Nulla sit amet est. Praesent metus tellus, elementum eu, semper a, adipiscing nec, purus. Cras risus ipsum, faucibus ut, ullamcorper id, varius ac, leo. Suspendisse feugiat. Suspendisse enim turpis, dictum sed, iaculis a, condimentum nec, nisi. Praesent nec nisl a purus blandit viverra. Praesent ac massa at ligula laoreet iaculis. Nulla neque dolor, sagittis eget, iaculis quis, molestie non, velit.
In December 1997 in [[Siirt]], Erdoğan recited a poem from a work written by [[Ziya Gökalp]], a pan-Turkish activist of the early 20th century.<ref name="Turkey's Most Eluded Prime Minister">{{cite news|title=Turkey's Powerful Prime Minister: Who Can Challenge Erdogan?|author=Walter Mayr|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,495683,00.html|work=Der Spiegel|date=16 July 2007|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref> His recitation included verses translated as "The mosques are our barracks, the domes our helmets, the minarets our bayonets and the faithful our soldiers...."<ref name="charismatic" /> which are not in the original version of the poem. Erdoğan said the poem had been approved by the education ministry to be published in textbooks.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/11/magazine/the-erdogan-experiment.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|work=The New York Times|first=Deborah|last=Sontag|title=The Erdogan Experiment|date=11 May 2003|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref> Under [[Article 312 (Turkish Penal Code)|article 312/2 of the Turkish penal code]] his recitation was regarded as an incitement to violence and religious or racial hatred.<ref name="court">{{cite news |title=Erdoğan'a ceza şoku |author= |url=http://arsiv.zaman.com.tr/1998/04/22/guncel/all.html |newspaper=''Zaman''|language=Turkish |date=22 April 1998 |accessdate=3 February 2007|trans-title=Erdoğan's punishment shock}}</ref> He was given a ten-month prison sentence of which he served four months, from 24 March 1999 to 27 July 1999.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A Tale of Two Mayors: Courts and Politics in Iran and Turkey |first=Hootan|last=Shambayati|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S0020743804362057|date=May 2004|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=36|issue=2|pages=253–275|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref> Due to his conviction, Erdoğan was forced to give up his mayoral position. The conviction also stipulated a political ban, which prevented him from participating in parliamentary elections.


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==Prime Minister (2003–14)==
[[File:Erdoğan, 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Erdoğan making a [[press release]] at the Prime Minister's Office in [[Ankara]]]]
In 2001, Erdoğan established the Justice and Development Party (AKP).<ref>{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}</ref> The AKP won a landslide victory in the [[Turkish general election, 2002|2002 election]], taking nearly two-thirds of the seats. Erdoğan could not become Prime Minister as he was still banned from politics by the judiciary for his speech in Siirt. Gül became the Prime Minister instead. In December 2002, the Supreme Election Board canceled the general election results from Siirt due to voting irregularities and [[Siirt Province by-election, 2003|scheduled a new election for 9 February 2003]]. By this time, party leader Erdoğan was able to run for parliament due to a legal change made possible by the opposition Republican People's Party. The AKP duly listed Erdoğan as a candidate for the rescheduled election, which he won, becoming Prime Minister after Gül handed over the post.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/03/11/turkey.elections/|title=Turkish PM quits for Erdogan|date=11 March 2003|publisher=''CNN''|accessdate=28 July 2012}}</ref>


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===Kurdish issue===
{{See also|Solution process}}
In 2009, Prime Minister Erdoğan's government announced a plan to help end the quarter-century-long [[Turkey–Kurdistan Workers' Party conflict]] that had cost more than 40,000 lives. The government's plan, supported by the [[European Union]], allowed the [[Kurdish language]] to be used in all broadcast media and political campaigns, and restored Kurdish names to cities and towns that had been [[Geographical name changes in Turkey|given Turkish ones]].<ref name="Arsu">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/14/world/europe/14kurds.html|title=Turkey Plans to Ease Restrictions on Kurds and Help End Decades of Conflict|work=New York Times|date=13 November 2009|accessdate=17 November 2009|first=Sebnem|last=Arsu}}</ref> Erdoğan said, "We took a courageous step to resolve chronic issues that constitute an obstacle along Turkey's development, progression and empowerment".<ref name="Arsu"/> Erdoğan passed a partial amnesty to reduce penalties faced by many members of the Kurdish guerrilla movement [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]] who had surrendered to the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108054.html?pageno=4|title=Attempts to Improve the Government|publisher=infoplease.com|accessdate=28 July 2012}}</ref> On 23 November 2011, during a televised meeting of his party in Ankara, he apologised on behalf of the state for the [[Dersim massacre]], where many [[Alevi]]s and [[Zaza people|Zazas]] were killed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey apologises for 1930s killing of thousands of Kurds|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/8910369/Turkey-apologises-for-1930s-killing-of-thousands-of-Kurds.html|accessdate=24 November 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=24 November 2011|location=London}}</ref>


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===Armenian Genocide===
Prime Minister Erdoğan expressed multiple times that Turkey would acknowledge the [[Armenian Genocide|mass killings of up to 1.5&nbsp;million Armenians during World War I]] as genocide only after a thorough investigation by a joint Turkish-Armenian commission consisting of historians, [[archaeologists]], [[political scientists]] and other experts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/14395/conversation_with_recep_tayyip_erdogan_rush_transcript_federal_news_service.htm|title=A Conversation with Recep Tayyip Erdogan|date=27 September 2007|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Erdoganspeech">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IqcjaPsJHXI|title=Turkish Prime Minister talks about Armenian genocide|date=9 February 2008|publisher=YouTube}}</ref>{{better source|date=August 2013}} In 2005, Erdoğan and the [[Republican People's Party (Turkey)|main opposition]] party leader [[Deniz Baykal]] wrote a letter to [[Armenian President]] [[Robert Kocharian]], proposing the creation of a joint Turkish-Armenian commission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/ErdogantoKocaryan.htm|title=Letter sent by H.E. Recep Tayyip Erdogan|author=Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|date=10 April 2005|publisher=Turkish Embassy|accessdate=29 July 2013}}</ref> Armenian Foreign Minister [[Vartan Oskanian]] rejected the offer because he asserted that the proposal itself was "insincere and not serious." He added: "This issue cannot be considered at historical level with Turks, who themselves politicized the problem."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/8050/|title=Yerevan Rejects Turkish PM Erdogan's Dialogue Letter|date=14 April 2005|work=The Journal of Turkish Weekly|accessdate=29 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Peaceful Co-Existence of Armenia and Turkey Possible|url=http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/19638/|agency=PanArmenian|date=16 October 2006}}</ref>


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In December 2008, Erdoğan criticised the [[I Apologize campaign]] by Turkish intellectuals to recognize the Armenian Genocide, saying, "I neither accept nor support this campaign. We did not commit a crime, therefore we do not need to apologise&nbsp;... It will not have any benefit other than stirring up trouble, disturbing our peace and undoing the steps which have been taken."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/18/armenian-genocide-apology-turkish-rebuttal|title=Turkish PM dismisses apology for alleged Armenian genocide|newspaper=''The Guardian''|date=18 November 2008|accessdate=1 July 2011|last=Tait|first=Robert}}</ref> In November 2009, he said, "it's not possible for a Muslim to commit genocide."<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudanese President Bashir's visit to Turkey in limbo|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=a-muslim-can-never-commit-genocide-erdogan-defends-bashir-2009-11-08|accessdate=25 August 2013|newspaper=''[[Hürriyet Daily News]]''|date=11 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Freedman|first=Seth|title=Erdogan's blind faith in Muslims|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/nov/11/erdogan-muslims-turkish-sudan-gaza|accessdate=25 August 2013|newspaper=''[[The Guardian]]''|date=11 November 2009}}</ref>
[[File:Monument to Humanity by Mehmet Aksoy in Kars,Turkey.jpg|thumbnail|250px|In 2011, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ordered the Monument to Humanity, a statue dedicated to fostering Armenian and Turkish relations, to be destroyed.]]
In 2011, Erdoğan ordered the tearing-down of the [[Statue of Humanity]], a Turkish-Armenian friendship monument in [[Kars]], which was commissioned in 2006 and represented a metaphor of the rapprochement of the two countries after many years of dispute over the events of 1915. Erdoğan justified the removal by stating that the monument was offensively close to the tomb of an 11th-century Islamic scholar, and that its shadow ruined the view of that site, while Kars municipality officials said it was illegally erected in a protected area. However, the former mayor of Kars who approved the original construction of the monument said the municipality was destroying not just a "monument to humanity" but "humanity itself". The demolition was not unopposed; among its detractors were several Turkish artists. Two of them, the painter Bedri Baykam and his associate, Pyramid Art Gallery general coordinator Tugba Kurtulmus, were stabbed after a meeting with other artists at the Istanbul Akatlar cultural center.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=turkish-painter-stabbed-at-meeting-for-8216humanity-movement8217-2011-04-18|title=Turkish painter stabbed in Istanbul after 'humanity monument' meeting|date=18 April 2011|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=Hürriyet Daily News}}</ref>


Vivamus laoreet. Nullam tincidunt adipiscing enim. Phasellus tempus. Proin viverra, ligula sit amet ultrices semper, ligula arcu tristique sapien, a accumsan nisi mauris ac eros. Fusce neque. Suspendisse faucibus, nunc et pellentesque egestas, lacus ante convallis tellus, vitae iaculis lacus elit id tortor. Vivamus aliquet elit ac nisl. Fusce fermentum odio nec arcu. Vivamus euismod mauris. In ut quam vitae odio lacinia tincidunt. Praesent ut ligula non mi varius sagittis. Cras sagittis. Praesent ac sem eget est egestas volutpat. Vivamus consectetuer hendrerit lacus. Cras non dolor. Vivamus in erat ut urna cursus vestibulum. Fusce commodo aliquam arcu. Nam commodo suscipit quam. Quisque id odio. Praesent venenatis metus at tortor pulvinar varius.
On 23 April 2014, Erdoğan's office issued a statement in nine languages (including two dialects of Armenian), offering condolences for the mass killings of Armenians and stating that the events of 1915 had inhumane consequences. The statement described the mass killings as the two nations' shared pain and said: "Having experienced events which had inhumane consequences – such as relocation – during the First World War, (it) should not prevent Turks and Armenians from establishing compassion and mutually humane attitudes among one another".<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey offers condolences to Armenia over WWI killings|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27131543|date=23 April 2014|accessdate=3 June 2014|publisher=''BBC''}}</ref>
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Etiam rhoncus. Maecenas tempus, tellus eget condimentum rhoncus, sem quam semper libero, sit amet adipiscing sem neque sed ipsum. Nam quam nunc, blandit vel, luctus pulvinar, hendrerit id, lorem. Maecenas nec odio et ante tincidunt tempus. Donec vitae sapien ut libero venenatis faucibus. Nullam quis ante. Etiam sit amet orci eget eros faucibus tincidunt. Duis leo. Sed fringilla mauris sit amet nibh. Donec sodales sagittis magna. Sed consequat, leo eget bibendum sodales, augue velit cursus nunc, quis gravida magna mi a libero. Fusce vulputate eleifend sapien. Vestibulum purus quam, scelerisque ut, mollis sed, nonummy id, metus. Nullam accumsan lorem in dui. Cras ultricies mi eu turpis hendrerit fringilla. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; In ac dui quis mi consectetuer lacinia.
===Human rights===
During Erdoğan's time as Prime Minister, the far-reaching powers of the [[Anti-terrorism legislation#Turkey|1991 Anti-Terror Law]] were reduced and the [[Democratic initiative|Democratic initiative process]] was initiated, with the goal to improve democratic standards in general and the rights of ethnic and religious minorities in particular. However, after Turkey's bid to join the [[European Union]] stalled, European officials noted a return to more authoritarian ways,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/inching-away-from-democracy-/73249.aspx|title=Inching away from democracy?|date=19 January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2012|publisher=''European Voice''|last=Vogel|first=Toby}}</ref> notably on freedom of speech,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bianet.org/english/freedom-of-expression/126641-students-stay-5-more-months-in-prison-for-posting-banner|title=Students Stay 5 more Months in Prison for Posting Banner|work=Bianet|date=16 December 2010|accessdate=26 January 2012|last=Tapan|first=Berivan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bianet.org/english/freedom-of-expression/135565-hopa-demonstrations-stones-considered-as-weapons|title=Hopa Demonstrations: Stones Considered as Weapons|work=Bianet|date=19 January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bianet.org/english/freedom-of-expression/126642-two-year-prison-threat-for-egg-throwing|title=Two-Year Prison Threat for Egg Throwing|work=Bianet|date=16 December 2010|accessdate=26 January 2012|last=Belge|first=Berçin}}</ref> [[Censorship in Turkey|freedom of the press]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/05/world/europe/turkeys-glow-dims-as-government-limits-free-speech.html?_r=1|title=Charges Against Journalists Dim the Democratic Glow in Turkey|work=The New York Times|date=4 January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2012|first1=Dan|last1=Bilefsky|first2=Sebnem|last2=Arsu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bianet.org/english/freedom-of-expression/135635-journalists-are-in-prison-because-of-their-writings|title=Journalists are in Prison Because of their Writings|work=Bianet|date=23 January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2012|last=Söylemez|first=Ayça}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bianet.org/english/freedom-of-expression/135464-first-hearing-of-journalists-after-13-months-of-pre-trial-detention|title=First Hearing of Journalists after 13 Months of Pre-Trial Detention|work=Bianet|date=16 January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2012|last=Söylemez|first=Ayça}}</ref> and [[Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey|Kurdish minority rights]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indexoncensorship.org/2011/12/turkish-crackdown-on-kurdish-journalists/|title=Turkish crackdown on Kurdish Journalists|work=Xindex|date=22 January 2011|accessdate=26 January 2012|last=Genc|first=Kaya}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bianet.org/english/minorities/122151-kurdish-artist-faces-15-years-in-jail|title=Kurdish Artist Faces 15 Years in Jail|work=Bianet|date=21 May 2010|accessdate=26 January 2012|first=Erol|last=Önderoğlu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bianet.org/english/minorities/135496-31-people-arrested|title=31 People Arrested|work=Bianet|date=17 January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bianet.org/english/minorities/135456-crackdowns-on-kesk-and-bdp|title=Crackdowns on KESK and BDP|work=Bianet|date=12 January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2012}}</ref> Demands by activists for the recognition of [[LGBT rights in Turkey|LGBT rights]] were publicly rejected by government members,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2008/01/28/siyaset/asiy.html|title=Eşcinseller de eşitlik istiyor, verecek miyiz?|language=Turkish|trans-title=Homosexuals can keep demanding rights as they never going to get any|work=Milliyet|date=29 January 2008|accessdate=26 January 2012|last1=Çolak|first1=Saliha|last2=Karakus|first2=Abdullah}}</ref> and members of the Turkish LGBT community were insulted by cabinet members.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=8216homosexuality-is-a-disease8217-says-minister-2010-03-07|title='Homosexulaty is a disease' says Turkish minister|work=Hürriyet|date=7 March 2010|accessdate=26 January 2012}}</ref>
[[Image:President George W. Bush meets with Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan of Turkey Monday, Nov. 5, 2007, in the Oval Office..jpg|thumb|right|President [[George W. Bush]] meets with Erdoğan in the [[Oval Office]] on 5 November 2007]]


Nam pretium turpis et arcu. Duis arcu tortor, suscipit eget, imperdiet nec, imperdiet iaculis, ipsum. Sed aliquam ultrices mauris. Integer ante arcu, accumsan a, consectetuer eget, posuere ut, mauris. Praesent adipiscing. Phasellus ullamcorper ipsum rutrum nunc. Nunc nonummy metus. Vestibulum volutpat pretium libero. Cras id dui. Aenean ut eros et nisl sagittis vestibulum. Nullam nulla eros, ultricies sit amet, nonummy id, imperdiet feugiat, pede. Sed lectus. Donec mollis hendrerit risus. Phasellus nec sem in justo pellentesque facilisis. Etiam imperdiet imperdiet orci. Nunc nec neque. Phasellus leo dolor, tempus non, auctor et, hendrerit quis, nisi.
[[Reporters Without Borders]] observed a continuous decrease in Freedom of the Press during Erdoğan's later terms, with a rank of around 100 on the [[Press Freedom Index]] during his first term and a rank of 154 out of a total of 179 countries in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2013,1054.html |title=Press Freedom Index 2013 |accessdate=15 June 2013 |publisher=[[Reporters without Borders]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215183842/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2013,1054.html |archivedate=15 February 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Freedom House]] saw a slight recovery in later years and awarded Turkey a Press Freedom Score of 55/100 in 2012 after a low point of 48/100 in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2012/turkey|title=Freedom of the Press 2012|publisher=[[Freedom House]]|accessdate=15 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bianet.org/english/freedom-of-expression/128639-freedom-house-critic-of-press-freedom-in-turkey|title=Freedom House Critic of Press Freedom in Turkey|work=Bianet|date=17 March 2011|accessdate=26 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bianet.org/english/world/135713-turkey-loses-ground-again-in-world-press-freedom-index|title=Turkey Loses Ground again in World Press Freedom Index|work=Bianet|date=26 January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/130376/press-freedom-39-terrible-39-in-turkey-watch-group.html|title=Press Freedom 'Terrible' in Turkey: Watch Group|work=Journal of Turkish Weekly|date=23 January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2012}}</ref>


Curabitur ligula sapien, tincidunt non, euismod vitae, posuere imperdiet, leo. Maecenas malesuada. Praesent congue erat at massa. Sed cursus turpis vitae tortor. Donec posuere vulputate arcu. Phasellus accumsan cursus velit. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Sed aliquam, nisi quis porttitor congue, elit erat euismod orci, ac placerat dolor lectus quis orci. Phasellus consectetuer vestibulum elit. Aenean tellus metus, bibendum sed, posuere ac, mattis non, nunc. Vestibulum fringilla pede sit amet augue. In turpis. Pellentesque posuere. Praesent turpis.
In 2011, Erdoğan's government made legal reforms to return properties of Christian and Jewish minorities which were seized by the Turkish government in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish Government to Return Seized Property to Religious Minorities|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/29/world/europe/29turkey.html?_r=0|date=28 August 2011|publisher=''The New York Times''|last=Arsu|first=Sebnem|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref> The total value of the properties returned reached $2&nbsp;billion (USD).<ref>{{cite news|first=Egemen|last=Bağış|title=Azınlıklara 2 milyar dolarlık mülk verdik|language=Turkish|trans-title=Minorities have $2&nbsp;billion in property|url=http://www.hristiyangazete.com/2013/05/egemen-bagis-azinliklara-2-milyar-dolarlik-mulk-verdik/|publisher=Hristiyan Gazete|date=31 May 2013|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref>


Aenean posuere, tortor sed cursus feugiat, nunc augue blandit nunc, eu sollicitudin urna dolor sagittis lacus. Donec elit libero, sodales nec, volutpat a, suscipit non, turpis. Nullam sagittis. Suspendisse pulvinar, augue ac venenatis condimentum, sem libero volutpat nibh, nec pellentesque velit pede quis nunc. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Fusce id purus. Ut varius tincidunt libero. Phasellus dolor. Maecenas vestibulum mollis diam. Pellentesque ut neque. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas.
Under Erdoğan, the Turkish government tightened the [[Alcohol laws of Turkey|laws on the sale and consumption of alcohol]], banning all advertising and increasing the tax on alcoholic beverages.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/24/us-turkey-alcohol-idUSBRE94N0IA20130524|title=Turkey bans alcohol advertising and curbs sales|publisher=Reuters|date=24 May 2013|accessdate=27 May 2013|last=Ozbilgin|first=Ozbe}}</ref> A law raising the [[legal drinking age]] from 18 to 24 was in place from 2011 until it was abolished in 2013.{{Citation needed|date = January 2016}}


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Erdoğan argues that the crackdown against Gulenists is a necessary measure, his supporters insist he is maintaining the rule of law, 6000 teachers were re-instated after it was shown they didn't have Gulenist links.<ref>http://nation.com.pk/international/26-Nov-2016/turkey-reinstates-over-6-000-teachers</ref>


In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Curabitur at lacus ac velit ornare lobortis. Curabitur a felis in nunc fringilla tristique. Morbi mattis ullamcorper velit. Phasellus gravida semper nisi. Nullam vel sem. Pellentesque libero tortor, tincidunt et, tincidunt eget, semper nec, quam. Sed hendrerit. Morbi ac felis. Nunc egestas, augue at pellentesque laoreet, felis eros vehicula leo, at malesuada velit leo quis pede. Donec interdum, metus et hendrerit aliquet, dolor diam sagittis ligula, eget egestas libero turpis vel mi. Nunc nulla. Fusce risus nisl, viverra et, tempor et, pretium in, sapien. Donec venenatis vulputate lorem.
===Economy===
[[File:Turkey Unemployment.png|thumb|Unemployment rate of Turkey between 2000 and 2014]]


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In 2002, Erdoğan inherited a [[Turkish economy]] that was beginning to recover from a recession as a result of reforms implemented by [[Kemal Derviş]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cjpme.org/DisplayDocument.aspx?DocumentID=2163&SaveMode=0|title=The Turkish Model of Government|date=March 2012|publisher=Canadians for Justice and Peace in the Middle East|accessdate=28 July 2012}}</ref> Erdoğan supported Finance Minister [[Ali Babacan]] in enforcing macro-economic policies. Erdoğan tried to attract more foreign investors to Turkey and lifted many government regulations. The cash-flow into the Turkish economy between 2002 and 2012 caused a growth of 64% in real GDP and a 43% increase in GDP per capita; considerably higher numbers were commonly advertised but these did not account for the inflation of the US dollar between 2002 and 2012.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rodrik|first=Dani|url=http://rodrik.typepad.com/dani_rodriks_weblog/2013/06/how-well-did-the-turkish-economy-do-over-the-last-decade.html|title=How well did the Turkish economy do over the last decade|accessdate=11 July 2013|date=20 June 2013}}{{Self-published inline|date=December 2014}}</ref> The average annual growth in GDP per capita was 3.6%. The growth in real GDP between 2002 and 2012 was higher than the values from developed countries, but was close to average when developing countries are also taken into account. The ranking of the Turkish economy in terms of GDP moved slightly from 17 to 16 during this decade. A major consequence of the policies between 2002 and 2012 was the widening of the current account deficit from 600 million USD to 58 billion USD (2013 est.)<ref>Central Intelligence Agency. "The CIA World Factbook 2015", Skyhorse Publishing, p. 753.</ref>


Fusce convallis metus id felis luctus adipiscing. Pellentesque egestas, neque sit amet convallis pulvinar, justo nulla eleifend augue, ac auctor orci leo non est. Quisque id mi. Ut tincidunt tincidunt erat. Etiam feugiat lorem non metus. Vestibulum dapibus nunc ac augue. Curabitur vestibulum aliquam leo. Praesent egestas neque eu enim. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Fusce a quam. Etiam ut purus mattis mauris sodales aliquam. Curabitur nisi. Quisque malesuada placerat nisl. Nam ipsum risus, rutrum vitae, vestibulum eu, molestie vel, lacus.
[[File:Putin Erdogan Berlusconi.JPG|thumb|left|Erdoğan, [[Vladimir Putin]] and [[Silvio Berlusconi]] at the opening of the [[Blue Stream]] gas pipeline in November 2005]]
Since 1961, Turkey has signed 19 IMF loan accords. Erdoğan's government satisfied the budgetary and market requirements of the two during his administration and received every loan installment, the only time any Turkish government has done so.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a.Xr1ajJU15A | title=Erdogan's IMF Aversion, Budget Raise Business Qualms | work=Bloomberg|date=10 November 2008|accessdate=1 February 2009 | last1=Holland | first1=Ben | last2=Bryant | first2=Steve}}</ref> Erdoğan inherited a debt of $23.5&nbsp;billion to the IMF, which was reduced to $0.9&nbsp;billion in 2012. He decided not to sign a new deal. Turkey's debt to the IMF was thus declared to be completely paid and he announced that the IMF could borrow from Turkey.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=flirting-with-imf-comes-to-an-end-2010-03-10|title=Turkey's flirting with IMF comes to an end|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=10 March 2010|accessdate=10 March 2010}}</ref> In 2010, five-year [[credit default swap]]s for Turkey's sovereign debt were trading at a record low of 1.17%, below those of nine EU member countries and Russia.


Sed augue ipsum, egestas nec, vestibulum et, malesuada adipiscing, dui. Vestibulum facilisis, purus nec pulvinar iaculis, ligula mi congue nunc, vitae euismod ligula urna in dolor. Mauris sollicitudin fermentum libero. Praesent nonummy mi in odio. Nunc interdum lacus sit amet orci. Vestibulum rutrum, mi nec elementum vehicula, eros quam gravida nisl, id fringilla neque ante vel mi. Morbi mollis tellus ac sapien. Phasellus volutpat, metus eget egestas mollis, lacus lacus blandit dui, id egestas quam mauris ut lacus. Fusce vel dui. Sed in libero ut nibh placerat accumsan. Proin faucibus arcu quis ante. In consectetuer turpis ut velit. Nulla sit amet est. Praesent metus tellus, elementum eu, semper a, adipiscing nec, purus. Cras risus ipsum, faucibus ut, ullamcorper id, varius ac, leo. Suspendisse feugiat. Suspendisse enim turpis, dictum sed, iaculis a, condimentum nec, nisi. Praesent nec nisl a purus blandit viverra. Praesent ac massa at ligula laoreet iaculis. Nulla neque dolor, sagittis eget, iaculis quis, molestie non, velit.
In 2002, the Turkish Central Bank had $26.5&nbsp;billion in reserves. This amount reached $92.2&nbsp;billion in 2011. During Erdoğan's leadership, inflation fell from 32% to 9.0% in 2004. Since then, Turkish inflation has continued to fluctuate around 9% and is still one of the highest inflation rates in the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/13381334.asp|title=Enflasyon 2009'u 39 yılın 'dibinde' bitirdi|language=Turkish|trans-title=2009 inflation finished at 39-year low|work=Hürriyet|first=Nilgün|last=Karatas|date=5 January 2010|accessdate=5 January 2010}}</ref>


Mauris turpis nunc, blandit et, volutpat molestie, porta ut, ligula. Fusce pharetra convallis urna. Quisque ut nisi. Donec mi odio, faucibus at, scelerisque quis, convallis in, nisi. Suspendisse non nisl sit amet velit hendrerit rutrum. Ut leo. Ut a nisl id ante tempus hendrerit. Proin pretium, leo ac pellentesque mollis, felis nunc ultrices eros, sed gravida augue augue mollis justo. Suspendisse eu ligula. Nulla facilisi. Donec id justo. Praesent porttitor, nulla vitae posuere iaculis, arcu nisl dignissim dolor, a pretium mi sem ut ipsum. Curabitur suscipit suscipit tellus.
The Turkish public debt as a percentage of annual GDP declined from 74% in 2002 to 39% in 2009. In 2012, Turkey had a lower ratio of public debt to GDP than 21 of 27 members of the European Union and a lower budget deficit to GDP ratio than 23 of them.<ref>{{cite news |title=Erdogan Proving Right as Debt Ratings Go Unheeded: Turkey Credit |author=Benjamin Harvey |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-06-27/erdogan-proving-right-as-debt-ratings-go-unheeded-turkey-credit#p2 |newspaper=Bloomberg |date=27 June 2012 |accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref>


Praesent vestibulum dapibus nibh. Etiam iaculis nunc ac metus. Ut id nisl quis enim dignissim sagittis. Etiam sollicitudin, ipsum eu pulvinar rutrum, tellus ipsum laoreet sapien, quis venenatis ante odio sit amet eros. Proin magna. Duis vel nibh at velit scelerisque suscipit. Curabitur turpis. Vestibulum suscipit nulla quis orci. Fusce ac felis sit amet ligula pharetra condimentum. Maecenas egestas arcu quis ligula mattis placerat. Duis lobortis massa imperdiet quam. Suspendisse potenti.
The unemployment rate increased from 10.3% in 2002 to 11.0% in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/istihdam-1-6-milyon-kisi-artti/ekonomi/haberdetay/17.08.2010/1277380/default.htm|title=İstihdam 1.6 Milyon Kişi Arttı|language=Turkish|trans-title=Employment increased by 1.6&nbsp;million|work=Milliyet|date=17 August 2010|accessdate=17 August 2010}}</ref>


Pellentesque commodo eros a enim. Vestibulum turpis sem, aliquet eget, lobortis pellentesque, rutrum eu, nisl. Sed libero. Aliquam erat volutpat. Etiam vitae tortor. Morbi vestibulum volutpat enim. Aliquam eu nunc. Nunc sed turpis. Sed mollis, eros et ultrices tempus, mauris ipsum aliquam libero, non adipiscing dolor urna a orci. Nulla porta dolor. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos.
===Labor rights===
In 2003, Erdoğan's government pushed through the Labor Act, a comprehensive reform of Turkey's labor laws. The law greatly expanded the rights of employees, establishing a 45-hour workweek and limiting overtime work to 270 hours a year, provided legal protection against discrimination due to sex, religion, or political affiliation, prohibited discrimination between permanent and temporary workers, entitled employees terminated without "valid cause" to compensation, and mandated written contracts for employment arrangements lasting a year or more.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crossborderemployer.com/post/2012/11/28/Turkey-Continues-Its-Reform-Of-Labor-And-Employment-Laws-Despite-Waning-Enthusiasm-For-EU-Membership.aspx|title=Turkey Continues Its Reform of Labor And Employment Laws Despite Waning Enthusiasm For EU Membership|author=Roland De Monte|date=|work=crossborderemployer.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.invest.gov.tr/en-US/investmentguide/investorsguide/employeesandsocialsecurity/Pages/TermsOfEmployment.aspx|title=Terms of Employment – Invest in Turkey|author=|date=|work=invest.gov.tr}}</ref>


Pellentesque dapibus hendrerit tortor. Praesent egestas tristique nibh. Sed a libero. Cras varius. Donec vitae orci sed dolor rutrum auctor. Fusce egestas elit eget lorem. Suspendisse nisl elit, rhoncus eget, elementum ac, condimentum eget, diam. Nam at tortor in tellus interdum sagittis. Aliquam lobortis. Donec orci lectus, aliquam ut, faucibus non, euismod id, nulla. Curabitur blandit mollis lacus. Nam adipiscing. Vestibulum eu odio.
===Education===
Erdoğan increased the budget of the [[Ministry of National Education (Turkey)|Ministry of Education]] from 7.5&nbsp;billion lira in 2002 to 34&nbsp;billion lira in 2011, the highest share of the national budget given to one ministry.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bir numaralı bütçe Eğitim'e|author=Haberi Yazdir|url=http://www.yenisafak.com.tr/politika/bir-numarali-butce-egitime-151265|newspaper=Yeni Şafak|language=Turkish|trans-title=The number one budget to education|date=31 August 2008|accessdate=5 December 2010}}</ref> Before his prime ministership the military received the highest share of the national budget. [[Compulsory education]] was increased from eight years to twelve.<ref>{{cite news|title=Compulsory education to be increased to 12 years in Turkey|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=AE94F068CFA327ECCF1188D64D19F795?newsId=267701|newspaper=''Today's Zaman''|date=5 January 2012|accessdate=31 July 2012}}</ref> In 2003, the Turkish government, together with [[UNICEF]], started a campaign called "Come on girls, let's go to school!" ({{lang-tr|Haydi Kızlar Okula!}}). The goal of this campaign was to close the gender-gap in primary school enrollment through the provision of a quality basic education for all girls, especially in southeast Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/turkey/pdf/ge6a.pdf|title=Haydi Kızlar Okula! The Girls' Education Campaign in Turkey|publisher=UNICEF|accessdate=28 July 2012}}</ref>


Vivamus laoreet. Nullam tincidunt adipiscing enim. Phasellus tempus. Proin viverra, ligula sit amet ultrices semper, ligula arcu tristique sapien, a accumsan nisi mauris ac eros. Fusce neque. Suspendisse faucibus, nunc et pellentesque egestas, lacus ante convallis tellus, vitae iaculis lacus elit id tortor. Vivamus aliquet elit ac nisl. Fusce fermentum odio nec arcu. Vivamus euismod mauris. In ut quam vitae odio lacinia tincidunt. Praesent ut ligula non mi varius sagittis. Cras sagittis. Praesent ac sem eget est egestas volutpat. Vivamus consectetuer hendrerit lacus. Cras non dolor. Vivamus in erat ut urna cursus vestibulum. Fusce commodo aliquam arcu. Nam commodo suscipit quam. Quisque id odio. Praesent venenatis metus at tortor pulvinar varius.
In 2005, the parliament granted amnesty to students expelled from universities before 2003. The amnesty applied to students dismissed on academic or disciplinary grounds.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amnesty For University Students|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D04E3DF173DF937A15751C0A9639C8B63|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 February 2005|accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref> In 2004, textbooks became free of charge and since 2008 [[Provinces of Turkey|every province in Turkey]] has its own university.<ref>{{cite news|title=Üniversitesiz il kalmadı|url=http://siyaset.milliyet.com.tr/universitesiz-il-kalmadi/siyaset/siyasetdetay/23.05.2008/758364/default.htm|newspaper=Milliyet|date=23 May 2008|accessdate=2 July 2011|language=Turkish|trans-title=University in last province}}</ref> During Erdoğan's Premiership, the number of [[List of universities in Turkey|universities in Turkey]] nearly doubled, from 98 in 2002 to 186 in October 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haberler.com/sahin-universite-sayisi-186-ya-ulasti-3987342-haberi/|title=Şahin: Üniversite Sayısı 186’ya Ulaştı haberi|publisher=Haberler.com|date=3 October 2012|accessdate=10 December 2012|language=Turkish|trans-title=Şahin: Number of universities reaches 186}}</ref>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem. Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, venenatis vitae, justo. Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis pretium. Integer tincidunt. Cras dapibus. Vivamus elementum semper nisi. Aenean vulputate eleifend tellus. Aenean leo ligula, porttitor eu, consequat vitae, eleifend ac, enim. Aliquam lorem ante, dapibus in, viverra quis, feugiat a, tellus. Phasellus viverra nulla ut metus varius laoreet. Quisque rutrum. Aenean imperdiet. Etiam ultricies nisi vel augue. Curabitur ullamcorper ultricies nisi. Nam eget dui.


Etiam rhoncus. Maecenas tempus, tellus eget condimentum rhoncus, sem quam semper libero, sit amet adipiscing sem neque sed ipsum. Nam quam nunc, blandit vel, luctus pulvinar, hendrerit id, lorem. Maecenas nec odio et ante tincidunt tempus. Donec vitae sapien ut libero venenatis faucibus. Nullam quis ante. Etiam sit amet orci eget eros faucibus tincidunt. Duis leo. Sed fringilla mauris sit amet nibh. Donec sodales sagittis magna. Sed consequat, leo eget bibendum sodales, augue velit cursus nunc, quis gravida magna mi a libero. Fusce vulputate eleifend sapien. Vestibulum purus quam, scelerisque ut, mollis sed, nonummy id, metus. Nullam accumsan lorem in dui. Cras ultricies mi eu turpis hendrerit fringilla. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; In ac dui quis mi consectetuer lacinia.
The Prime Minister kept his campaign promises by starting the [[f@tih project]] in which all state schools, from preschool to high school level, received a total of 620,000 smart boards, while tablet computers were distributed to 17 million students and approximately one million teachers and administrators.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Erdoğan realizes a world's first in education|url=http://www.usasabah.com/EnglishNews/2012/02/08/pm-erdogan-realizes-a-worlds-first-in-education|newspaper=Sabah|date=8 February 2012|accessdate=31 July 2012}}</ref>


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===Infrastructure===
Under Erdoğan's government, the number of [[List of airports in Turkey|airports in Turkey]] increased from 26 to 50.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gundem.bugun.com.tr/yuzde-50nin-degil--haberi/655153|title=Başbakan Erdoğan'dan gece yarısı mesajı|work=Bugun|date=7 July 2013|accessdate=9 July 2013|language=Turkish|trans-title=Prime Minister Erdogan's midnight message}}</ref> Between the founding of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 and 2002, there had been 6000&nbsp;km of [[dual carriageway]] roads created. Between 2002 and 2011, another 13500&nbsp;km of expressway were built. Due to these measures, the number of motor accidents fell by 50 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/sehir_duble-yollar-uzadi-kaza-ve-olumler-yuzde-50-azaldi_1080097.html|title=Duble yollar uzadı; kaza ve ölümler yüzde 50 azaldı|work=Zaman|date=17 January 2011|accessdate=9 July 2013|language=Turkish|trans-title=Dual roads extended: accidents and deaths decreased by 50 percent|first=Yasin|last=Kiliç}}</ref> For the first time in Turkish history, [[High-speed rail in Turkey|high speed railway lines]] were constructed, and the country's [[Ankara-Istanbul high-speed railway|high-speed train service]] began in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=169502|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001817/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=169502|dead-url=yes|archive-date=3 December 2013|title=High-speed train begins its first travel btw Ankara-Eskişehir|work=Today's Zaman|date=13 March 2009|accessdate=9 July 2013}}</ref> In 8 years, 1076&nbsp;km of railway were built and 5449&nbsp;km of railway renewed. The construction of [[Marmaray]], an undersea rail tunnel under the [[Bosphorus strait]], started in 2004. When completed, it will be the world's deepest undersea [[Immersed tube|immersed tube tunnel]].{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} Construction of the 1.9&nbsp;km long [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge]] began in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/news/36638--turkey-unveils-route-for-istanbul-s-third-bridge|title=Turkey Unveils Route for Istanbul's Third Bridge|publisher=[[Anatolian Agency]]|date=29 April 2010|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref> The chosen name for the bridge led to protests by [[Alevi]]s in Turkey because of the role Sultan [[Selim I]], nicknamed "the Grim" due to his cruelty, played in the [[Ottoman persecution of Alevis]].<ref>{{cite web|language=German|first=Christiane|last=Schlötzer|url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/bauprojekte-in-der-tuerkei-erdogans-osmanische-traeume-1.1686571|title=Osmanische Träume: Bauprojekte in der Türkei|work=Süddeutsche.de|date=3 June 2013|accessdate=3 December 2014|trans-title=Ottoman Dreams: Construction projects in Turkey}}</ref>


Curabitur ligula sapien, tincidunt non, euismod vitae, posuere imperdiet, leo. Maecenas malesuada. Praesent congue erat at massa. Sed cursus turpis vitae tortor. Donec posuere vulputate arcu. Phasellus accumsan cursus velit. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Sed aliquam, nisi quis porttitor congue, elit erat euismod orci, ac placerat dolor lectus quis orci. Phasellus consectetuer vestibulum elit. Aenean tellus metus, bibendum sed, posuere ac, mattis non, nunc. Vestibulum fringilla pede sit amet augue. In turpis. Pellentesque posuere. Praesent turpis.
===Justice===
In March 2006, the [[Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors]] (HSYK) held a press conference to publicly protest the obstruction of the appointment of judges to the high courts for over 10 months. The HSYK said Erdoğan wanted to fill the vacant posts with his own appointees. Erdoğan was accused of creating a rift with Turkey's highest court of appeal, the ''[[Yargıtay]]'', and high administrative court, the ''[[Danıştay]]''. Erdoğan stated that the constitution gave the power to assign these posts to his elected party.<ref name="erdogancourtelection">{{cite news|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/national_rift-deepens-between-govt-top-court-with-pms-heavy-criticism_344553.html|title=Rift deepens between government, top court with PM's heavy criticism|date=13 April 2014|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=''Today's Zaman''}}</ref>


Aenean posuere, tortor sed cursus feugiat, nunc augue blandit nunc, eu sollicitudin urna dolor sagittis lacus. Donec elit libero, sodales nec, volutpat a, suscipit non, turpis. Nullam sagittis. Suspendisse pulvinar, augue ac venenatis condimentum, sem libero volutpat nibh, nec pellentesque velit pede quis nunc. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Fusce id purus. Ut varius tincidunt libero. Phasellus dolor. Maecenas vestibulum mollis diam. Pellentesque ut neque. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas.
In May 2007, the head of Turkey's High Court asked prosecutors to consider whether Erdoğan should be charged over critical comments regarding the election of [[Abdullah Gül]] as President.<ref name="erdogancourtelection"/> Erdoğan said the ruling was "a disgrace to the justice system", and criticized the [[Constitutional Court]] which had invalidated a presidential vote because a boycott by other parties meant there was no [[quorum]]. Prosecutors investigated his earlier comments, including saying it had fired a "bullet at democracy". [[Tülay Tuğcu]], head of the Constitutional Court, condemned Erdoğan for "threats, insults and hostility" towards the justice system.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6705241.stm|title=Turkish court condemns PM Erdoğan|publisher=''BBC News''|date=30 May 2007|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref>


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The Turkish parliament agreed to reduce the [[age of candidacy]] to the parliament from 30 to 25 and abolished the death penalty in all instances, including war time.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}


In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Curabitur at lacus ac velit ornare lobortis. Curabitur a felis in nunc fringilla tristique. Morbi mattis ullamcorper velit. Phasellus gravida semper nisi. Nullam vel sem. Pellentesque libero tortor, tincidunt et, tincidunt eget, semper nec, quam. Sed hendrerit. Morbi ac felis. Nunc egestas, augue at pellentesque laoreet, felis eros vehicula leo, at malesuada velit leo quis pede. Donec interdum, metus et hendrerit aliquet, dolor diam sagittis ligula, eget egestas libero turpis vel mi. Nunc nulla. Fusce risus nisl, viverra et, tempor et, pretium in, sapien. Donec venenatis vulputate lorem.
===Women and demographics===
Erdoğan supported the continuation of Turkey's high population growth rate and, in 2008, commented that to ensure the [[Turkish population]] remained [[Population ageing|young]] every family would need to have at least three children.<ref name="three_children">{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/8401981.asp|title=Erdoğan: En az üç çocuk doğurun|language=Turkish|work=Hürriyet|date=7 March 2008|accessdate=3 December 2014|trans-title=Erdogan: Birth at least three children|last1=Çetik|first1=Arzu|last2=Gültekín|first2=Turan|first3=Yavuz|last3=Kusdemir}}</ref><ref name="three_children2">{{cite news|url=http://arsiv.ntvmsnbc.com/news/438418.asp|title=Başbakan'dan kadınlara '3 çocuk' mesajı|publisher=''NTVMSNBC''|date=10 March 2008|accessdate=3 December 2014|language=Turkish|trans-title=Prime Minister '3 children' message to women}}</ref> He repeated this statement on numerous occasions.<ref name="three_children_again">{{cite news|url=http://www.haberturk.com/yasam/haber/535469-basbakan-yine-uc-cocuk-istedi|title=Başbakan yine üç çocuk istedi|publisher=''HaberTurk''|date=23 July 2010|accessdate=3 December 2014|trans-title=Prime Minister again asks for three children|language=Turkish|first1=Bülent|last1=Civenoğlu|first2=Uğur|last2=Uslubas}}</ref> In 2010, Turkey's population was estimated at 73,700,000, with a growth rate of 1.21% per annum (2009 figure).<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=8428|publisher=Turkish Statistical Institute|title=Address based population registration system results of 2010|date=28 January 2011|accessdate=1 July 2011}}</ref>


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On 26 May 2012, answering the question of a reporter after a UN conference on population and development in Turkey, Erdoğan said that abortion is murder, saying, "You either kill a baby in the mother's womb or you kill it after birth. In many cases [not all], there's no difference."<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|url=http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/fury-turkeys-women-pm-likens-abortion-murder|title=Fury of Turkey's women as PM likens abortion to murder|publisher=Radio Netherlands worldwide|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=28 May 2012|accessdate=10 December 2012}}</ref>


Fusce convallis metus id felis luctus adipiscing. Pellentesque egestas, neque sit amet convallis pulvinar, justo nulla eleifend augue, ac auctor orci leo non est. Quisque id mi. Ut tincidunt tincidunt erat. Etiam feugiat lorem non metus. Vestibulum dapibus nunc ac augue. Curabitur vestibulum aliquam leo. Praesent egestas neque eu enim. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Fusce a quam. Etiam ut purus mattis mauris sodales aliquam. Curabitur nisi. Quisque malesuada placerat nisl. Nam ipsum risus, rutrum vitae, vestibulum eu, molestie vel, lacus.
Erdoğan has stated that he opposes Turkey's high and growing rate of [[caesarean section]] births because he believes that they reduce the fertility of Turkish women, and he is in favor of limiting the number of such births in Turkish hospitals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bianet.org/english/people/138684-why-do-we-need-caesarean-section-and-abortion|title=Why Do We Need Caesarean Section and Abortion?|author=Nilay Vardar|date=28 May 2012|publisher=Bianet|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Number of C-section births on rise in Turkey, causing concerns|author=İpek Üzüm|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=282315|newspaper=''Today's Zaman''|date=3 June 2012|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref>


Sed augue ipsum, egestas nec, vestibulum et, malesuada adipiscing, dui. Vestibulum facilisis, purus nec pulvinar iaculis, ligula mi congue nunc, vitae euismod ligula urna in dolor. Mauris sollicitudin fermentum libero. Praesent nonummy mi in odio. Nunc interdum lacus sit amet orci. Vestibulum rutrum, mi nec elementum vehicula, eros quam gravida nisl, id fringilla neque ante vel mi. Morbi mollis tellus ac sapien. Phasellus volutpat, metus eget egestas mollis, lacus lacus blandit dui, id egestas quam mauris ut lacus. Fusce vel dui. Sed in libero ut nibh placerat accumsan. Proin faucibus arcu quis ante. In consectetuer turpis ut velit. Nulla sit amet est. Praesent metus tellus, elementum eu, semper a, adipiscing nec, purus. Cras risus ipsum, faucibus ut, ullamcorper id, varius ac, leo. Suspendisse feugiat. Suspendisse enim turpis, dictum sed, iaculis a, condimentum nec, nisi. Praesent nec nisl a purus blandit viverra. Praesent ac massa at ligula laoreet iaculis. Nulla neque dolor, sagittis eget, iaculis quis, molestie non, velit.
In [[Democratic initiative#Roundtable meetings|a 2010 meeting]] with women NGO representatives, asked why he kept addressing them exclusively as mothers, Erdoğan said: "I do not believe in the equality of men and women. I believe in equal opportunities. Men and women are different and complementary."<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Deniz Kandiyoti]] |title=A tangled web: the politics of gender in Turkey |work=[[openDemocracy]] |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/deniz-kandiyoti/tangled-web-politics-of-gender-in-turkey |date=5 January 2011 |accessdate=19 July 2016}}</ref> In 2014, he addressed the Istanbul ''Women and Justice Summit'' of the [[Women and Democracy Association]] ({{lang-tr|Kadın ve Demokrasi Derneği}}, or KADEM): "Our religion [Islam] has defined a position for women [in society]: motherhood. You cannot explain this to feminists because they don’t accept the concept of motherhood." Calling for "equivalency" between the genders, he stated: "You cannot bring women and men into equal positions; that is against nature because their nature is different," while reaffirming that full equality regardless of gender before the law should be maintained.<ref>{{citation |title=Turkish president Erdogan: Women are not equal to men, should accept motherhood as societal role |newspaper=[[Jerusalem Post]] |url=http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Edogan-Women-are-not-equal-to-men-should-accept-motherhood-as-societal-role-382701 |date=24 November 2014 |accessdate=19 July 2016}}</ref>


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===Health care===
After assuming power in 2003, Erdoğan's government embarked on a sweeping reform program of the Turkish healthcare system, called the Health Transformation Program (HTP), to greatly increase the quality of healthcare and protect all citizens from financial risks. Its introduction coincided with the period of sustained economic growth, allowing the Turkish government to put greater investments into the healthcare system. As part of the reforms, the "Green Card" program, which provides health benefits to the poor, was expanded in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1410433?rss=searchAndBrowse&|title=MMS: Error|author=|date=|work=nejm.org}}</ref> The reform program aimed at increasing the ratio of private to state-run healthcare, which, along with long ques in state-run hospitals, resulted in the rise of private medical care in Turkey, forcing state-run hospitals to compete by increasing quality.
In April 2006, Erdoğan unveiled a social security reform package demanded by the [[International Monetary Fund]] under a loan deal. The move, which Erdoğan called one of the most radical reforms ever, was passed with fierce opposition. Turkey's three social security bodies were united under one roof, bringing equal health services and retirement benefits for members of all three bodies. The previous system had been criticized for reserving the best healthcare for civil servants and relegating others to wait in long queues. Under the second bill, everyone under the age of 18 years was entitled to free health services, irrespective of whether they pay premiums to any social security organization. The bill also envisages a gradual increase in the retirement age: starting from 2036, the retirement age will increase to 65 by 2048 for both women and men.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/business_social-security-law-finally-passes-in-parliament_139477.html|accessdate=3 December 2014|title=Social security law finally passes in Parliament|work=''Today's Zaman''|date=19 April 2008}}</ref>


Praesent vestibulum dapibus nibh. Etiam iaculis nunc ac metus. Ut id nisl quis enim dignissim sagittis. Etiam sollicitudin, ipsum eu pulvinar rutrum, tellus ipsum laoreet sapien, quis venenatis ante odio sit amet eros. Proin magna. Duis vel nibh at velit scelerisque suscipit. Curabitur turpis. Vestibulum suscipit nulla quis orci. Fusce ac felis sit amet ligula pharetra condimentum. Maecenas egestas arcu quis ligula mattis placerat. Duis lobortis massa imperdiet quam. Suspendisse potenti.
In January 2008, the Turkish Parliament adopted a law to prohibit smoking in most public places. Erdoğan is outspokenly anti-smoking.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnnturk.com/2010/turkiye/02/04/erdogan.sigara.terorden.tehlikeli/562365.0/|accessdate=24 October 2011|trans-title=Erdoğan: Smoking is more dangerous than terror|publisher=CNN Türk|date=4 February 2010|language=Turkish|title=Erdoğan: "Sigara terörden tehlikeli"}}</ref>


Pellentesque commodo eros a enim. Vestibulum turpis sem, aliquet eget, lobortis pellentesque, rutrum eu, nisl. Sed libero. Aliquam erat volutpat. Etiam vitae tortor. Morbi vestibulum volutpat enim. Aliquam eu nunc. Nunc sed turpis. Sed mollis, eros et ultrices tempus, mauris ipsum aliquam libero, non adipiscing dolor urna a orci. Nulla porta dolor. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos.
===Gezi Park protests===
{{main article|Gezi Park protests}}
[[File:2013 Taksim Gezi Park protests in Cologne-0523.jpg|thumb|An anti-Erdoğan poster during 2013 [[Gezi Park protests]] in [[Cologne]], Germany]]


Pellentesque dapibus hendrerit tortor. Praesent egestas tristique nibh. Sed a libero. Cras varius. Donec vitae orci sed dolor rutrum auctor. Fusce egestas elit eget lorem. Suspendisse nisl elit, rhoncus eget, elementum ac, condimentum eget, diam. Nam at tortor in tellus interdum sagittis. Aliquam lobortis. Donec orci lectus, aliquam ut, faucibus non, euismod id, nulla. Curabitur blandit mollis lacus. Nam adipiscing. Vestibulum eu odio.
[[Gezi Park protests|2013 Gezi Park protests]] against the perceived [[authoritarianism]] of Erdoğan and his policies, starting from a small sit-in in [[Istanbul]] in defense of a [[Taksim Gezi Park|city park]].<ref name="Reflections">{{cite book|title=Reflections on Taksim – Gezi Park Protests in Turkey|url=http://www.keele.ac.uk/journal-globalfaultlines/publications/geziReflections.pdf|publisher=Journal of Global Faultlines|last1=Gökay|first1=Bülent|last2=Xypolia|first2=Ilia |year=2013|accessdate=18 September 2013}}</ref> After the [[General Directorate of Security|police]]'s intense reaction with [[tear gas]], the protests grew each day. Faced by the largest mass protest in a decade, Erdoğan made this controversial remark in a televised speech: "The police were there yesterday, they are there today, and they will be there tomorrow." After weeks of clashes in the streets of [[Istanbul]], his government at first apologized to the protestors<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/world/europe/turkey-riots.html?_r=0|title=Turkish Official Apologizes for Force Used at Start of Riots|newspaper=''The New York Times''|accessdate=4 June 2013|first=Sebnem|last=Arsu|date=4 June 2013}}</ref> and called for a [[plebiscite]], but then ordered a crackdown on the protesters.<ref name="Reflections"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/16/world/europe/protesters-in-turkey.html?_r=0|title=Police Storm Park in Istanbul, Setting Off a Night of Chaos|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=18 June 2013|date=15 June 2013|last1=Arango|first1=Tim|last2=Arsu|first2=Sebnem|first3=Ceylan|last3=Yeginsu}}</ref>


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===2013 corruption arrests===
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{{main article|2013 corruption scandal in Turkey}}
In December 2013, Turkish police detained more than 50 people<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2013/1217/Once-staunch-ally-turns-on-Erdogan-in-Turkish-corruption-probe|title=Once-staunch ally turns on Erdoğan in Turkish corruption probe|author=Alexander Christie-Miller|date=17 December 2013|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref> and arrested 16 others, including the general manager of [[Halkbank]] and the sons of three government ministers, on charges of corruption.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/22/world/middleeast/16-more-arrested-as-corruption-inquiry-in-turkey-widens.html|title=Turkish Premier Blames Foreign Envoys for Turmoil|author=Tim Arango|date=21 December 2013|work=New York Times|accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref> Although Erdoğan blamed foreign ambassadors and pro-Erdoğan newspapers accused the United States or Israel of a plot, outside analysts attribute the arrests to a power struggle between the Prime Minister and [[Fethullah Gülen]]. Gülen, who lives in the U.S., leads a religious movement that had supported the AKP's rise to power. In late 2013, Erdoğan's government proposed shutting down Turkish private schools, many of which are funded by Gülen. Gülen's supporters are believed to have wide influence in the police and judiciary in Turkey.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/16/us-turkey-erdogan-gulen-idUSBRE9BF0AB20131216|title=Enigmatic Turkish cleric poses challenge to Erdogan's might|author=Humeyra Pamuk|date=16 December 2013|agency=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref>


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In late December, ''Hürriyet'' and ''Yeni Şafak'' papers published comments by Erdoğan stating that he believes he is the ultimate target of a corruption and bribery probe of his allies. The Turkish Prime Minister told journalists that anyone attempting to enmesh him in the scandal would be "left empty handed." Erdoğan reshuffled his Cabinet on 25 December, replacing 10 ministers hours after three ministers, whose sons were detained in relation to the probe, resigned.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |title=Turkish PM Says He Is Target of Graft Probe |url=http://intimated.com/turkish-pm-says-he-is-target-of-graft-probe/ |publisher=Intimated |accessdate=26 December 2013 |date=26 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227111258/http://intimated.com/turkish-pm-says-he-is-target-of-graft-probe/ |archivedate=27 December 2013 }}</ref>


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===Telephone recordings and social media===
{{see also|Censorship in Turkey}}
A file containing five audio recordings of conversations between Erdoğan and his son from a 26-hour period beginning 17 December 2013, in which he appeared to be instructing his son to conceal very large amounts of money, was posted to YouTube and widely discussed on [[social media]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/02/supporters-deny-taped-conversation-erdogan-son.html|title=The Erdogan tapes|last=Çandar|first=Cengiz|publisher=al-Monitor|date=24 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=f08_1393301418|title=Corruption ! Turkish PM erDOGan and his son's leaked phone conversation|publisher=LiveLeak|date=24 February 2014}} (This is the recording in Turkish, with English transcript, cited by al-Monitor)</ref> On 26 February 2014, Erdoğan acknowledged that his telephone had been tapped, but denied that the conversation was real, instead calling it an "immoral [[Sound collage|montage]]" that had been "dubbed" by combining other conversations. An analysis by [[Joshua Marpet]] of the United States, published by ''[[The McClatchy Company|McClatchy]]'', concluded that the recordings were "probably real", and if not, the fabrication was done with a sophistication he had not previously seen.<ref name=Gutman>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacbee.com/2014/02/26/6192244/erdogan-recordings-appear-real.html|title=Erdogan recordings appear real, analyst says, as Turkey scandal grows|author=Roy Gutman|publisher=Sacramento Bee|date=6 February 2014|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref>


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On the night of 26 February 2014, Turkey's Parliament, dominated by Erdoğan's [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]], passed a bill that allowed the government the power to block Internet sites, subject to court review within three days, and granting it access to Internet traffic data. Another bill previously approved by a parliamentary committee would grant the [[MİT]] intelligence service access to data held by the government, as well as private institutions and courts. The following day President [[Abdullah Gül]] approved placing an investigative agency that appoints judges and prosecutors under the control of Erdoğan's justice minister.<ref name = Gutman />


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On 20 March, Erdoğan made a speech promising to "rip out the roots" of the Twitter service. Hours later the telecommunications regulator [[Information and Communication Technologies Authority|BTK]] blocked [[DNS]] service to the site, citing four court orders the Turkish government had made requiring them to remove content to preserve privacy that had not been heeded. Sources covering the story attributed this to the use of Twitter to share links to the Erdoğan recordings on YouTube.<ref name="Turkey Blocks Twitter"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/21/turkey-blocks-twitter-prime-minister|title=Turkey blocks use of Twitter after prime minister attacks social media site|publisher=The Guardian|date=20 March 2014|author=Kevin Rawlinson}}</ref> Erdoğan also threatened to ban Facebook. However, the block of Twitter proved ineffective, with traffic increasing a record 138%, and #TwitterisblockedinTurkey becoming the top trending term worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/21/turkey-twitter-users-flout-ban-erdogan?CMP=twt_gu|title=Turkey Twitter users flout Erdogan ban on micro-blogging site|publisher=The Guardian|author=Constanze Letsch|date=21 March 2014|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref> To circumvent the block, Google suggested Turks use [[Google Public DNS]] at 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4, numbers which were soon graffitied in dozens of locations around Istanbul.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/21/how-to-get-around-turkeys-twitter-ban|title=How to get around Turkey's Twitter ban|publisher=''The Guardian''|date=21 March 2014|author=Elena Cresci|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://observers.france24.com/content/20140321-graffiti-turkey-DNS-twitter-ban|title=Using graffiti, Turks share tips for getting around Twitter ban|date=21 March 2014|publisher=The Observers|author=Serhatcan Yurdam|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref> President [[Abdullah Gül]] criticized the Twitter ban, defying it himself.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/23/turkey-twitter-ban|title=Turkey steps up bid to block Twitter after users flout ban|publisher=''The Guardian''|author=Kevin Rawlinson|date=23 March 2014|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/03/22/turkey-strengthens-twitter-ban-institutes-ip-level-block/|title=Turkey strengthens Twitter ban, institutes IP level block|author=Andrea Peterson|date=22 March 2014|accessdate=3 December 2014|publisher=''The Washington Post''}}</ref> Two months later, on 3 June, Turkey's telecommunications watchdog ordered the ban to be lifted, after a ruling by the Constitutional Court.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/turkey-lifts-ban-on-youtube-access-1401804782|title=Turkey Lifts Ban on YouTube Access|author=Emre Peker|date=3 June 2014|publisher=''The Wall Street Journal''|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref>


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===2014 presidential campaign===
{{Main article|Recep Tayyip Erdoğan presidential campaign, 2014}}
On 1 July 2014, Erdoğan was named the [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]]'s presidential candidate in the [[Turkish presidential election, 2014|Turkish presidential election]]. His candidacy was announced by the Deputy President of the AKP, [[Mehmet Ali Şahin]].


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Erdoğan made a speech after the announcement and used the 'Erdoğan logo' for the first time. The logo was criticised because it was very similar to the logo that U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] used in the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Erdoğan'ın seçim logosu sosyal medyayı karıştırdı |trans_title=Erdoğan's logo stirs social media |author=Zeynep Gürcanlı |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/26720140.asp |newspaper=[[Hürriyet]] |date=1 July 2014 |accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref>


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Erdoğan was elected as the President of Turkey in the first round of the election with 51.79% of the vote, obviating the need for a run-off by winning over 50%. The joint candidate of the [[Republican People's Party (Turkey)|CHP]], [[Nationalist Movement Party|MHP]] and 13 other opposition parties, former [[Organisation of Islamic Co-operation]] general secretary [[Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu]] won 38.44% of the vote. The pro-Kurdish [[Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)|HDP]] candidate [[Selahattin Demirtaş]] won 9.76%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yurt içi, yurt dışı ve gümrük sandıkları dahil cumhurbaşkanı seçim sonucu |trans_title=Presidential election results including domestic, foreign and customs ballot boxes |url=http://www.ysk.gov.tr/ysk/content/conn/YSKUCM/path/Contribution%20Folders/HaberDosya/2014CB-Kesin-416_d_Genel.pdf |publisher=[[Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey]] |date=15 August 2014 |accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref>


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On 21 August, a 3-hour AKP Central Executive Committee meeting chaired by Erdoğan selected Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] as candidate for the party leadership.


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===1st AKP Extraordinary Convention===
{{main article|2014 Justice and Development Party Extraordinary Congress}}
Erdoğan's last public appearance before assuming the presidency was his parting speech during the AKP's first ever extraordinary congress on 27 August 2014, where his successor as party leader was to be elected. In a 110-minute speech, he criticised rival political parties for their opposition to his bid for the presidency and the [[solution process]] with the PKK, vowing to continue the fight against Fethullah Gülen's 'parallel structure'. Erdoğan further stated that his departure would not result in a loss of political vision or electoral support for the party.


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Erdoğan was one of 1,420 delegates who cast votes to elect the new leader. Ahmet Davutoğlu was the only candidate, having been handpicked by Erdoğan as his successor in a party executive committee meeting on 21 August. Davutoğlu was unanimously elected with 100% of the vote and the support of 1,382 delegates. There were 6 invalid or blank votes.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}


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The congress was criticised for lacking any reference to [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], as well as the lack of competition in the leadership election.


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==Presidency (2014–present)==
Erdoğan took the oath of office on 28 August 2014 and became the 12th president of Turkey. He administered the new Prime Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]]'s oath on 29 August. When asked about his lower-than-expected 51.79% share of the vote, he allegedly responded, "there were even those who did not like the [[Muhammad|Prophet]]. I, however, won 52%."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nediyor.com/2014/08/14/dusuk-oy-elestirilerine-peygamberli-yanit-iddiasi/|title=Düşük oy eleştirilerine "Peygamber"li yanıt iddiası|work=nediyor.com}}</ref>


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===Presidential agenda===
Assuming the role of President, Erdoğan was criticized for openly stating that he would not maintain presidential neutrality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnnturk.com/haber/turkiye/erdogan-secilirsem-tarafsiz-olmayacagim|title=Erdoğan: "Seçilirsem tarafsız olmayacağım"|language=Turkish|trans-title=Erdoğan: "I'll be impartial if selected"|date=7 August 2014|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=CNN Türk}}</ref> Erdoğan has also stated his intention to pursue a more active role as President, such as utilising the President's rarely used cabinet-calling powers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/erdogan-vows-strong-turkey-final-election-rally-174303362.html|title=Turkey's Erdogan prepares for strongman president role|last1=Ozerkan|first1=Fulya|last2=Williams|first2=Stuart|publisher=''Yahoo! News''|date=11 August 2014|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref> The political opposition has argued that Erdoğan will continue to pursue his own political agenda, controlling the government, while his new Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu would be docile and submissive.<ref name="foxnews.com"/> One reason for this allegation was the fact that Erdoğan himself chose Davutoğlu to succeed him as Prime Minister, meaning that Davutoğlu was unanimously elected leader unopposed.{{clarify|date=June 2015}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sondevir.com/?aType=haber&ArticleID=196104|title=Erdoğan: Davutoğlu kardeşimiz....|language=Turkish|trans-title=Erdoğan: Davutoğlu our brother....|date=21 August 2014|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=sondevir}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnnturk.com/haber/turkiye/ahmet-davutoglu-ak-parti-genel-baskani-secildi|title=Ahmet Davutoğlu, AK Parti Genel Başkanı seçildi|language=Turkish|trans-title=Ahmet Davutoğlu, AKP, elected President|date=27 August 2014|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref> Furthermore, the domination of loyal Erdoğan supporters in Davutoğlu's [[Cabinet Davutoğlu|cabinet]] has also fuelled speculation that Erdoğan intends to exercise substantial control over the running of the government.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/new-turkish-cabinet-shows-continuity-with-erdogan-legacy-1409312847|title=New Turkish Cabinet Shows Continuity With Erdogan Legacy|author=Yeliz Candemir|date=29 August 2014|publisher=''The Wall Street Journal''|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref>


Vivamus laoreet. Nullam tincidunt adipiscing enim. Phasellus tempus. Proin viverra, ligula sit amet ultrices semper, ligula arcu tristique sapien, a accumsan nisi mauris ac eros. Fusce neque. Suspendisse faucibus, nunc et pellentesque egestas, lacus ante convallis tellus, vitae iaculis lacus elit id tortor. Vivamus aliquet elit ac nisl. Fusce fermentum odio nec arcu. Vivamus euismod mauris. In ut quam vitae odio lacinia tincidunt. Praesent ut ligula non mi varius sagittis. Cras sagittis. Praesent ac sem eget est egestas volutpat. Vivamus consectetuer hendrerit lacus. Cras non dolor. Vivamus in erat ut urna cursus vestibulum. Fusce commodo aliquam arcu. Nam commodo suscipit quam. Quisque id odio. Praesent venenatis metus at tortor pulvinar varius.
===Presidential palace===
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem. Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, venenatis vitae, justo. Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis pretium. Integer tincidunt. Cras dapibus. Vivamus elementum semper nisi. Aenean vulputate eleifend tellus. Aenean leo ligula, porttitor eu, consequat vitae, eleifend ac, enim. Aliquam lorem ante, dapibus in, viverra quis, feugiat a, tellus. Phasellus viverra nulla ut metus varius laoreet. Quisque rutrum. Aenean imperdiet. Etiam ultricies nisi vel augue. Curabitur ullamcorper ultricies nisi. Nam eget dui.
[[File:Ak Saray Ankara 2014 002.JPG|thumb|left|New [[Presidential Complex|Presidential Palace]] in [[Ankara]]]]


Etiam rhoncus. Maecenas tempus, tellus eget condimentum rhoncus, sem quam semper libero, sit amet adipiscing sem neque sed ipsum. Nam quam nunc, blandit vel, luctus pulvinar, hendrerit id, lorem. Maecenas nec odio et ante tincidunt tempus. Donec vitae sapien ut libero venenatis faucibus. Nullam quis ante. Etiam sit amet orci eget eros faucibus tincidunt. Duis leo. Sed fringilla mauris sit amet nibh. Donec sodales sagittis magna. Sed consequat, leo eget bibendum sodales, augue velit cursus nunc, quis gravida magna mi a libero. Fusce vulputate eleifend sapien. Vestibulum purus quam, scelerisque ut, mollis sed, nonummy id, metus. Nullam accumsan lorem in dui. Cras ultricies mi eu turpis hendrerit fringilla. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; In ac dui quis mi consectetuer lacinia.
Erdoğan has also received criticism for the construction of a new palace called [[Ak Saray]] ''(pure white palace),'' which occupies approximately 50 acres of [[Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo|Atatürk Forest Farm]] (AOÇ) in [[Ankara]].<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogans-ak-saray-likened-to-alamut-castle-ceausescus-palace.aspx?pageID=238&nID=73936&NewsCatID=338# Erdoğan's 'Ak Saray' likened to Alamut Castle, Ceausescu’s Palace](www.hurriyetdailynews.com, retrieved on 9 April 2016)</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://mobile.nytimes.com/2014/11/01/world/europe/erdogan-uses-conflict-to-consolidate-power.html?referrer|title=Turkis Leader, Using Conflicts, Cements Power|author=Tim Arango|work=The New York Times|date=31 October 2014|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref> Since the AOÇ is protected land, several court orders were issued to halt the construction of the new palace, though building work went on nonetheless.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://therealdeal.com/blog/2014/11/01/turkish-president-drops-350m-on-new-palace/|title=Turkish President drops $350m on new palace|author=Christopher Cameron|work=The Real Deal: New York Real Estate News|date=1 November 2014|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref> The opposition described the move as a clear disregard for the rule of law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/turkiye/136319/Erdogan_dan__Kac-Ak_Saray__icin_yorum.html|title=Erdoğan'dan 'Kaç-Ak Saray' için yorum|language=Turkish|trans-title=How Erdoğan's 'illegal palace' looks|date=1 November 2014|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=Cumhuriyet}}</ref> The project was subject to heavy criticism and allegations were made; of corruption during the construction process, wildlife destruction and the complete obliteration of the zoo in the AOÇ in order to make way for the new compound.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/national_critical-media-block-imposed-on-ak-saray-opening-amid-graft-concerns_362922.html|title=Critical media block imposed on 'Ak Saray' amid opening graft concerns|work=''Today's Zaman''|date=29 October 2014|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref> The fact that the palace is technically illegal has led to it being branded as the 'Kaç-Ak Saray', the word ''kaçak'' in Turkish meaning 'illegal'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/video/video/136120/Kac-Ak_Saray_a_mehterli_tanitim.html|work=Cumhuriyet|date=31 October 2014|accessdate=3 December 2014|title=Kaç-Ak Saray'a mehterli tanıtım|language=Turkish|trans-title="Illegal" palace promotional material}}</ref>


Nam pretium turpis et arcu. Duis arcu tortor, suscipit eget, imperdiet nec, imperdiet iaculis, ipsum. Sed aliquam ultrices mauris. Integer ante arcu, accumsan a, consectetuer eget, posuere ut, mauris. Praesent adipiscing. Phasellus ullamcorper ipsum rutrum nunc. Nunc nonummy metus. Vestibulum volutpat pretium libero. Cras id dui. Aenean ut eros et nisl sagittis vestibulum. Nullam nulla eros, ultricies sit amet, nonummy id, imperdiet feugiat, pede. Sed lectus. Donec mollis hendrerit risus. Phasellus nec sem in justo pellentesque facilisis. Etiam imperdiet imperdiet orci. Nunc nec neque. Phasellus leo dolor, tempus non, auctor et, hendrerit quis, nisi.
Ak Saray was originally designed as a new office for the Prime Minister. However, upon assuming the presidency, Erdoğan announced that the palace would become the new Presidential Palace, while the [[Çankaya Köşkü]] will be used by the Prime Minister instead. The move was seen as a historic change since the Çankaya Köşkü had been used as the iconic office of the presidency ever since its inception. The Ak Saray has almost 1,000 rooms and cost $350&nbsp;million (€270&nbsp;million), leading to huge criticism at a time when mining accidents and workers' rights had been dominating the agenda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/gundem_ak-saray-alman-basininda_2254265.html|title='Ak-Saray' Alman basınında|language=Turkish|trans-title=Ak Saray in the German press|date=30 October 2014|accessdate=3 December 2014|work=Zaman}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/09/turkey-erdogan-white-palace-presidential-residence.html##ixzz3GQJqZp00|title=Erdogan's $350m presidential palace|work=Al-Monitor|author=Kadri Gursel|date=17 September 2014|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref>


Curabitur ligula sapien, tincidunt non, euismod vitae, posuere imperdiet, leo. Maecenas malesuada. Praesent congue erat at massa. Sed cursus turpis vitae tortor. Donec posuere vulputate arcu. Phasellus accumsan cursus velit. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Sed aliquam, nisi quis porttitor congue, elit erat euismod orci, ac placerat dolor lectus quis orci. Phasellus consectetuer vestibulum elit. Aenean tellus metus, bibendum sed, posuere ac, mattis non, nunc. Vestibulum fringilla pede sit amet augue. In turpis. Pellentesque posuere. Praesent turpis.
On 29 October 2014, Erdoğan was due to hold a [[Republic Day (Turkey)|Republic Day]] reception in the new palace to commemorate the 91st anniversary of the Republic of Turkey and to officially inaugurate the Presidential Palace. However, after most invited participants announced that they would boycott the event and a mining accident occurred in the district of [[Ermenek]] in [[Karaman]], the reception was cancelled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/27477903.asp|title=29 Ekim resepsiyonu iptal|language=Turkish|trans-title=29 October reception cancelled|date=30 October 2014|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref>


Aenean posuere, tortor sed cursus feugiat, nunc augue blandit nunc, eu sollicitudin urna dolor sagittis lacus. Donec elit libero, sodales nec, volutpat a, suscipit non, turpis. Nullam sagittis. Suspendisse pulvinar, augue ac venenatis condimentum, sem libero volutpat nibh, nec pellentesque velit pede quis nunc. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Fusce id purus. Ut varius tincidunt libero. Phasellus dolor. Maecenas vestibulum mollis diam. Pellentesque ut neque. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas.
===Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant===
{{main article|Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War}}
[[File:President Barack Obama meeting with President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.jpg|thumbnail|right|Erdoğan meeting U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] during the [[2014 Wales summit]] in [[Newport, Wales|Newport]], Wales]]
[[File:President Rouhani meeting with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in UN headquarters 03.jpg|thumb|left|Erdoğan meeting with Iranian President, [[Hassan Rouhani]] in New York during [[Sixty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly]]]]
Amid claims that the Turkish government funds IS fighters, several Kurdish demonstrations broke out near the Turkish-Syrian border in protest against the government's inactivity.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-29518448|title=Kurds protest againstTurkey as IS advances on Kobane|publisher=''BBC News''|date=7 October 2014|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref> These protests escalated during the fighting in the border town of [[Kobane]], with 42 protestors being killed following a brutal police crackdown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-pm-blames-opposition-world-powers-as-protest-death-toll-rises.aspx?PageID=238&NID=72722&NewsCatID=338|title=Turks PM blames opposition,world powers as protest death toll rises|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=8 October 2014|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-29530640|title=Turkey Kurds: Kobane protests leave 19 dead|author=Mark Lowen|work=BBC News|date=8 October 2014|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref> Voicing concerns that aid to [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] fighters would assist [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]] rebels in resuming terrorist attacks against Turkey, Erdoğan held bilateral talks with [[Barack Obama]] regarding IS during the 5–6 September [[2014 Wales summit|2014 NATO summit]] in [[Newport, Wales|Newport]], Wales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tccb.gov.tr/news/397/90945/president-erdogan-at-the-nato-summit-in-wales.html|title=President Erdogan at the NATO Summit in Wales|date=4 September 2014|publisher=Presidency of the Republic of Turkey|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_erdogan-obama-to-meet-at-nato-summit-amid-strained-ties_357610.html|title=Erdogan, Obama to meet at NATO summit amid strained ties|work=Today's Zaman|date=3 September 2014|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref> In early October, United States Vice President [[Joe Biden]] accused Turkey of funding IS, to which Erdoğan angrily responded, "Biden has to apologize for his statements" adding that if no apology is made, Biden would become "history to me." Biden subsequently apologised.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/05/politics/isis-biden-erdogan-apology/|title=Vice President Joe Biden apologises to Turkey, UAE|last1=Carter|first1=Chelsea J.|last2=Brumfield|first2=Ben|last3=Mazloumsaki|first3=Sara|publisher=''CNN''|date=6 October 2014|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref> In response to the U.S. request to use [[İncirlik Air Base]] to conduct air strikes against IS, Erdoğan demanded that [[Bashar al-Assad]] be removed from power first.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/oct/07/us-turkey-diplomacy-isis-kurds-kobani|title=US and Turkey's push-and-shove diplomacy has Kurds in the middle|author=Simon Tisdall|publisher=''The Guardian''|date=7 October 2014|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref>


In dui magna, posuere eget, vestibulum et, tempor auctor, justo. In ac felis quis tortor malesuada pretium. Pellentesque auctor neque nec urna. Proin sapien ipsum, porta a, auctor quis, euismod ut, mi. Aenean viverra rhoncus pede. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Ut non enim eleifend felis pretium feugiat. Vivamus quis mi. Phasellus a est. Phasellus magna.
Turkey lost its bid for a [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] seat in the United Nations during the [[United Nations Security Council election, 2014|2014 election]];<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-29654003|title=Turkey loses out on UN Security Council seat|work=BBC News|date=17 October 2014|accessdate=27 November 2014}}</ref> the unexpected result<ref name=Newsweek>{{cite web|last1=Avni|first1=Benny|title=Turkey Loses U.N. Security Council Seat in Huge Upset|url=http://www.newsweek.com/venezuela-malaysia-angola-new-zealand-win-un-council-seats-277962|website=Newsweek|accessdate=29 December 2015|date=16 October 2014}}</ref> is believed to have been a reaction to Erdoğan's hostile treatment of ethnic Kurds fighting ISIS on the Syrian border<ref name="Turkey Pulse">{{cite web|last1=Idiz|first1=Semih|title=UN vote confirms Turkey's waning influence|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/10/turkey-united-nations-security-council-vote.html|website=Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East|accessdate=29 December 2015|date=17 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=TPPI>{{cite web|last1=Smart|first1=James|title=Why Turkey lost its UN Security Council bid|url=http://www.thepressproject.net/article/68467/Why-Turkey-lost-its-UN-Security-Council-bid|website=The Press Project|accessdate=29 December 2015|date=28 October 2014}}</ref> and a rebuke of his willingness to support IS-aligned insurgents opposed to Syrian president Bashar al-Assad.<ref name="Turkey Pulse"/><ref name=TPPI/>


In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Curabitur at lacus ac velit ornare lobortis. Curabitur a felis in nunc fringilla tristique. Morbi mattis ullamcorper velit. Phasellus gravida semper nisi. Nullam vel sem. Pellentesque libero tortor, tincidunt et, tincidunt eget, semper nec, quam. Sed hendrerit. Morbi ac felis. Nunc egestas, augue at pellentesque laoreet, felis eros vehicula leo, at malesuada velit leo quis pede. Donec interdum, metus et hendrerit aliquet, dolor diam sagittis ligula, eget egestas libero turpis vel mi. Nunc nulla. Fusce risus nisl, viverra et, tempor et, pretium in, sapien. Donec venenatis vulputate lorem.
As President, Erdoğan has been a strong advocate of an [[executive presidency]] that would boost his own powers and has maintained an active influence over political affairs despite the symbolic nature of his office. In 2016, he was accused of forcing the resignation of Prime Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] due to his scepticism over the proposed presidential system, resulting in his replacement by close ally [[Binali Yıldırım]]. He has also come under fire for constructing [[Ak Saray]], the world's largest palace on [[Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo]] for his own use as President and has been repeatedly accused of breaching the constitutional terms of his office by not maintaining political neutrality. In 2015, amid consistent allegations that he maintained financial links with [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] militants, revelations that the state was supplying arms to militant groups in [[Syria]] in the [[2014 National Intelligence Organisation scandal in Turkey|2014 National Intelligence Organisation lorry scandal]] led to accusations of [[high treason]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/links-between-turkey-isis-now-195700510.html|title=Senior Western official: Links between Turkey and ISIS are now 'undeniable'|author=|date=28 July 2015|work=Yahoo Finance}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sozcu.com.tr/2015/gundem/erdogana-vatana-ihanettten-suc-duyurusu-845274/?utm_source=sm_fb&utm_medium=free&utm_term=haber&utm_content=erdogana-vatana-ihanettten-suc-duyurusu-845274&utm_campaign=gundem|title=Erdoğan'a vatana ihanetten suç duyurusu|author=|date=|work=sozcu.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/video/video/44951/Turkiye_yi_sarsan_kaset__iste_Basbakan_ve_Bilal_in_ses_kaydi_.html|title=Cumhuriyet Gazetesi – (Video) Türkiye'yi sarsan kaset: İşte Başbakan ve Bilal'in ses kaydı!|date=25 February 2014|work=cumhuriyet.com.tr}}</ref>
In July 2015, Turkey became involved in the war against ISIS. The Turkish military has simultaneously launched airstrikes against [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] bases in Iraq.<ref>"[http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-turkey-bombing-kurds-20150729-story.html#page=1 Turkey steps up bombing – but on Kurds, not Islamic State]". [[Los Angeles Times]]. 29 July 2015.</ref> In July 2015, a raid by US special forces on a compound housing the Islamic State's "chief financial officer", [[Abu Sayyaf]], produced evidence that Turkish officials directly dealt with ranking IS members.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bertrand|first1=Natasha|title=Senior Western official: Links between Turkey and ISIS are now 'undeniable'|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/links-between-turkey-isis-now-195700510.html|date=28 July 2015}}</ref>


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On 18 August 2016, Erdoğan said that "[[terrorist organizations]] such as [[ISIL|Daesh]], [[Boko Haram]] and [[al-Qaeda]] were formed to harm [[Islam]] and ignite [[Islamophobia]] across the world." Furthermore, he said that "[[ISIL|Daesh]] is a terrorist organization that casts a shadow, a dark pall over Islam. We could never take sides with Daesh."<ref>http://www.dailysabah.com/war-on-terror/2016/08/18/terrorist-organizations-formed-to-harm-islam-erdogan-says</ref>


Fusce convallis metus id felis luctus adipiscing. Pellentesque egestas, neque sit amet convallis pulvinar, justo nulla eleifend augue, ac auctor orci leo non est. Quisque id mi. Ut tincidunt tincidunt erat. Etiam feugiat lorem non metus. Vestibulum dapibus nunc ac augue. Curabitur vestibulum aliquam leo. Praesent egestas neque eu enim. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Fusce a quam. Etiam ut purus mattis mauris sodales aliquam. Curabitur nisi. Quisque malesuada placerat nisl. Nam ipsum risus, rutrum vitae, vestibulum eu, molestie vel, lacus.
===Concerns over neutrality===
[[File:President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan - Victory Day Turkey 2014.JPG|thumbnail|left|Erdoğan taking part in a Victory Day ceremony on 30 August 2014]]
The [[President of Turkey]] is required to be neutral and independent from partisan politics and all presidents must pledge to adhere to these requirements whilst taking the oath of office. Breaking the presidential oath of office is a violation of the [[Constitution of Turkey]]. However, shortly after he assumed the presidency, the opposition accused Erdoğan of breaking the terms of office by being openly partisan in his dealings with the AKP government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/Milliyet-Tv/video-izle/Erdogan--Tarafsiz-olmayacagim-DuuNf1raePqA.html|title=Erdoğan: Tarafsız olmayacağım|work=www.milliyet.com.tr}}</ref> In February 2015, Erdoğan was widely condemned by the opposition for calling for people to vote for the AKP in the upcoming [[Turkish general election, June 2015|June 2015 general election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ulusalkanal.com.tr/gundem/erdogan-tarafsiz-mi-h48761.html|title=Erdoğan tarafsız mı?|author=Ulusal Kanal|date=3 February 2015|work=Ulusal Kanal}}</ref>


Sed augue ipsum, egestas nec, vestibulum et, malesuada adipiscing, dui. Vestibulum facilisis, purus nec pulvinar iaculis, ligula mi congue nunc, vitae euismod ligula urna in dolor. Mauris sollicitudin fermentum libero. Praesent nonummy mi in odio. Nunc interdum lacus sit amet orci. Vestibulum rutrum, mi nec elementum vehicula, eros quam gravida nisl, id fringilla neque ante vel mi. Morbi mollis tellus ac sapien. Phasellus volutpat, metus eget egestas mollis, lacus lacus blandit dui, id egestas quam mauris ut lacus. Fusce vel dui. Sed in libero ut nibh placerat accumsan. Proin faucibus arcu quis ante. In consectetuer turpis ut velit. Nulla sit amet est. Praesent metus tellus, elementum eu, semper a, adipiscing nec, purus. Cras risus ipsum, faucibus ut, ullamcorper id, varius ac, leo. Suspendisse feugiat. Suspendisse enim turpis, dictum sed, iaculis a, condimentum nec, nisi. Praesent nec nisl a purus blandit viverra. Praesent ac massa at ligula laoreet iaculis. Nulla neque dolor, sagittis eget, iaculis quis, molestie non, velit.
On 6 February 2015, while giving a speech at [[Bursa]], Erdoğan publicly called for 400 MPs at the next general election in order to push through constitutional changes, continue the [[Solution process]] with [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|Kurdish rebels]] and establish a [[presidential system]]. Although he did not mention a specific party, only the AKP formally endorses these three policies. In addition, Erdoğan made an indirect reference to the opposition and criticised them for allegedly being on the side of [[Fethullah Gülen]], which he said would not carry them into government. He also criticised the opposition's legal effort to prevent him from speaking publicly until the [[Turkish general election, June 2015|June 2015 general election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taraf.com.tr/politika/davutoglu-bile-bu-kadar-istemedi-400-milletvekili-lazim/|title='Tarafsız' Erdoğan: '400 milletvekili lazım' – Taraf Gazetesi|author=Oktay Özilhan|work=Taraf Gazetesi}}</ref>


Mauris turpis nunc, blandit et, volutpat molestie, porta ut, ligula. Fusce pharetra convallis urna. Quisque ut nisi. Donec mi odio, faucibus at, scelerisque quis, convallis in, nisi. Suspendisse non nisl sit amet velit hendrerit rutrum. Ut leo. Ut a nisl id ante tempus hendrerit. Proin pretium, leo ac pellentesque mollis, felis nunc ultrices eros, sed gravida augue augue mollis justo. Suspendisse eu ligula. Nulla facilisi. Donec id justo. Praesent porttitor, nulla vitae posuere iaculis, arcu nisl dignissim dolor, a pretium mi sem ut ipsum. Curabitur suscipit suscipit tellus.
[[File:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Mahmoud Abbas.jpg|thumb|180px|Erdoğan meeting Palestinian President Abbas in Erdogan's [[Presidential Complex|Presidential Palace]]]]


Praesent vestibulum dapibus nibh. Etiam iaculis nunc ac metus. Ut id nisl quis enim dignissim sagittis. Etiam sollicitudin, ipsum eu pulvinar rutrum, tellus ipsum laoreet sapien, quis venenatis ante odio sit amet eros. Proin magna. Duis vel nibh at velit scelerisque suscipit. Curabitur turpis. Vestibulum suscipit nulla quis orci. Fusce ac felis sit amet ligula pharetra condimentum. Maecenas egestas arcu quis ligula mattis placerat. Duis lobortis massa imperdiet quam. Suspendisse potenti.
===Ottomanism===
As President, Erdoğan has overseen a revival of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] tradition, greeting Palestinian President [[Mahmoud Abbas]] with an Ottoman-style ceremony in the new presidential palace, with guards dressed in costumes representing founders of [[16 Great Turkish Empires]] in history.<ref name=Presidency>{{cite web|url=http://www.tccb.gov.tr/sayfa/cumhurbaskanligi/fors/|title=T.C. CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI : Cumhurbaşkanlığı|author=cumhurbaskanligi@tccb.gov.tr|work=tccb.gov.tr}}</ref> While serving as the Prime Minister of Turkey, Erdoğan's AKP made references to the Ottoman era during election campaigns, such as calling their supporters 'grandsons of Ottomans' ''(Osmanlı torunu).''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taraf.com.tr/politika/akpnin-sarkisinda-uzun-adam-gitti-osmanli-torunu-geldi/|title=AKP'nin şarkısında 'Uzun adam' gitti 'Osmanlı torunu' geldi ! – Taraf Gazetesi|author=Oktay Özilhan|work=Taraf Gazetesi}}</ref> This proved controversial, since it was perceived to be an open attack against the republican nature of modern Turkey founded by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]. In 2015, Erdoğan made a statement in which he endorsed the old Ottoman term ''külliye'' to refer to university campuses rather than the standard Turkish word ''kampüs''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilk-kursun.com/haber/212703/erdogan-kampus-degil-kulliye/|title=Erdoğan: Kampus değil, külliye|author=|date=|work=ilk-kursun.com}}</ref> Many critics have thus accused Erdoğan of wanting to become an Ottoman [[sultan]] and abandon the secular and democratic credentials of the Republic.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/recep-tayyip-erdogan-the-new-sultan-now-has-a-new-palace--and-it-has-cost-turkish-taxpayers-400m-9841319.html|title=Recep Tayyip Erdogan: The ‘new sultan’ now has a new palace – and it has cost Turkish taxpayers £400m|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/erdogan-is-turkeys-new-sultan-1407865770|title=Erdogan Is Turkey's New Sultan – WSJ|date=13 August 2014|work=WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21612237-recep-tayyip-erdogans-plans-presidency-next-sultan|title=The next sultan?|author=|date=16 August 2014|work=The Economist}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/11380281/Turkeys-president-is-not-acting-like-the-Queen-he-is-acting-like-a-sultan.html|title='Turkey's president is not acting like the Queen – he is acting like a sultan'|date=2 February 2015|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> When pressed on this issue in January 2015, Erdoğan denied these claims and said that he would aim to be more like [[Queen Elizabeth II]] of the United Kingdom rather than like an Ottoman sultan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/11380355/Turkish-president-Recep-Tayyip-Erdogan-I-want-to-be-like-Queen-of-UK.html|title=Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan: I want to be like Queen of UK|date=30 January 2015|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>


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=== Silencing the press ===
President Erdoğan and his government press for court action against the remaining free press in Turkey. The latest newspaper that has been seized is ''[[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]]''.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/05/world/middleeast/recep-tayyip-erdogan-government-seizes-zaman-newspaper.html Turkey Seizes Newspaper, Zaman, as Press Crackdown Continues] (www.nytimes.com, 4 March 2016)</ref> After the seizure [[Morton Abramowitz]] and [[Eric Edelman]], former U.S. ambassadors to Turkey, condemned President Erdoğan's actions in an opinion piece published by the ''Washington Post'': "Clearly, democracy cannot flourish under Erdogan now."<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/turkeys-erdogan-must-reform-or-resign/2016/03/10/80cc9be2-dffe-11e5-9c36-e1902f6b6571_story.html Turkey’s Erdogan must reform or resign] (www.washintonpost.com, 10 March 2016)</ref> "The overall pace of reforms in Turkey has not only slowed down but in some key areas, such as freedom of expression and the independence of the judiciary, there has been a regression, which is particularly worrying," rapporteur [[Kati Piri]] said in April 2016 after [[the European Parliament]] passed its annual progress report on Turkey.<ref name="Deutsche Welle">{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/european-parliament-slams-turkey-over-deterioration-of-rights-and-democracy/a-19189464|title=European Parliament slams Turkey over deterioration of rights and democracy|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=2016-04-14|accessdate=2015-06-06}}</ref>


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On 22 June 2016, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said that he considered himself successful in "destroying" Turkish civil groups "working against the state",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogan-says-civil-society-groups-working-against-turkish-state-largely-destroyed.aspx?pageID=238&nID=100789&NewsCatID=338|title=Erdoğan says 'civil society groups working against Turkish state' largely destroyed|publisher=Hürriyet Daily News|date=2016-06-22|accessdate=2016-06-23}}</ref> a conclusion that had been confirmed some days earlier by [[Sedat Laçiner]], Professor of International Relations and rector of the [[Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University]]: "Outlawing unarmed and peaceful opposition, sentencing people to unfair punishment under erroneous terror accusations, will feed genuine terrorism in Erdoğan's Turkey. Guns and violence will become the sole alternative for legally expressing free thought."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theturkishsun.com/opponent-or-terrorist-the-dramatically-changing-nature-of-turkish-democracy-20313/|title=Opponent or Terrorist? The dramatically changing nature of Turkish democracy|publisher=The Turkish Sun|date=2016-06-16|accessdate=2016-06-23}}</ref>


Vivamus laoreet. Nullam tincidunt adipiscing enim. Phasellus tempus. Proin viverra, ligula sit amet ultrices semper, ligula arcu tristique sapien, a accumsan nisi mauris ac eros. Fusce neque. Suspendisse faucibus, nunc et pellentesque egestas, lacus ante convallis tellus, vitae iaculis lacus elit id tortor. Vivamus aliquet elit ac nisl. Fusce fermentum odio nec arcu. Vivamus euismod mauris. In ut quam vitae odio lacinia tincidunt. Praesent ut ligula non mi varius sagittis. Cras sagittis. Praesent ac sem eget est egestas volutpat. Vivamus consectetuer hendrerit lacus. Cras non dolor. Vivamus in erat ut urna cursus vestibulum. Fusce commodo aliquam arcu. Nam commodo suscipit quam. Quisque id odio. Praesent venenatis metus at tortor pulvinar varius.
After the coup attempt, over 200 journalists were arrested and over 120 media outlets were closed. ''[[Cumhuriyet]]'' journalists were detained in November 2016 after a long-standing crackdown on the newspaper. Subsequently, [[Reporters Without Borders]] called Erdoğan an "enemy of press freedom" and said that he "hides his aggressive dictatorship under a veneer of democracy".<ref>{{cite web|title=Reporters Without Borders labels Erdogan as 'enemy of press freedom'|url=http://www.dw.com/en/reporters-without-borders-labels-erdogan-as-enemy-of-press-freedom/a-36228949|publisher=Deutsche Welle|accessdate=13 November 2016|date=2 November 2016}}</ref>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem. Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, venenatis vitae, justo. Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis pretium. Integer tincidunt. Cras dapibus. Vivamus elementum semper nisi. Aenean vulputate eleifend tellus. Aenean leo ligula, porttitor eu, consequat vitae, eleifend ac, enim. Aliquam lorem ante, dapibus in, viverra quis, feugiat a, tellus. Phasellus viverra nulla ut metus varius laoreet. Quisque rutrum. Aenean imperdiet. Etiam ultricies nisi vel augue. Curabitur ullamcorper ultricies nisi. Nam eget dui.


Etiam rhoncus. Maecenas tempus, tellus eget condimentum rhoncus, sem quam semper libero, sit amet adipiscing sem neque sed ipsum. Nam quam nunc, blandit vel, luctus pulvinar, hendrerit id, lorem. Maecenas nec odio et ante tincidunt tempus. Donec vitae sapien ut libero venenatis faucibus. Nullam quis ante. Etiam sit amet orci eget eros faucibus tincidunt. Duis leo. Sed fringilla mauris sit amet nibh. Donec sodales sagittis magna. Sed consequat, leo eget bibendum sodales, augue velit cursus nunc, quis gravida magna mi a libero. Fusce vulputate eleifend sapien. Vestibulum purus quam, scelerisque ut, mollis sed, nonummy id, metus. Nullam accumsan lorem in dui. Cras ultricies mi eu turpis hendrerit fringilla. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; In ac dui quis mi consectetuer lacinia.
=== Intimidation of the Constitutional Court ===
In a speech broadcast live on television, President Erdoğan said on Friday, 11 March 2016: "I hope the constitutional court would not again attempt such ways which will open its existence and legitimacy up for debate".<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-judiciary-erdogan-idUSKCN0WD1MD Turkey's Erdogan warns top court after ruling on detained journalists] (www.reuters.com, 11 March 2016)</ref> On 26 February, Erdoğan had said in a public speech that he did "neither respect nor accept" a constitutional court ruling that the detention of [[Can Dündar]] and [[Ekrem Gül]] from ''[[Cumhuriyet]]'' had violated their rights.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey's Erdogan says does not respect court ruling on journalists|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-media-erdogan-idUSKCN0W10E6|accessdate=23 June 2016|date=28 February 2016|publisher=Reuters}}</ref>


Nam pretium turpis et arcu. Duis arcu tortor, suscipit eget, imperdiet nec, imperdiet iaculis, ipsum. Sed aliquam ultrices mauris. Integer ante arcu, accumsan a, consectetuer eget, posuere ut, mauris. Praesent adipiscing. Phasellus ullamcorper ipsum rutrum nunc. Nunc nonummy metus. Vestibulum volutpat pretium libero. Cras id dui. Aenean ut eros et nisl sagittis vestibulum. Nullam nulla eros, ultricies sit amet, nonummy id, imperdiet feugiat, pede. Sed lectus. Donec mollis hendrerit risus. Phasellus nec sem in justo pellentesque facilisis. Etiam imperdiet imperdiet orci. Nunc nec neque. Phasellus leo dolor, tempus non, auctor et, hendrerit quis, nisi.
=== Relations to Europe ===
In an interview to the news magazine ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', the German [[Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany)|minister of defence]] [[Ursula von der Leyen]] said on Friday, 11 March 2016, that the refugee crisis had made good cooperation between EU and Turkey an "existentially important" issue. "Therefore it is right to advance now negotiations on Turkey's EU accession".<ref>[http://www.trtworld.com/europe/germany-voices-support-for-accelerating-turkey-eu-talks-65967 Germany voices support for accelerating Turkey-EU talks] (www.trtworld.com, 12 March 2016)</ref>


Curabitur ligula sapien, tincidunt non, euismod vitae, posuere imperdiet, leo. Maecenas malesuada. Praesent congue erat at massa. Sed cursus turpis vitae tortor. Donec posuere vulputate arcu. Phasellus accumsan cursus velit. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Sed aliquam, nisi quis porttitor congue, elit erat euismod orci, ac placerat dolor lectus quis orci. Phasellus consectetuer vestibulum elit. Aenean tellus metus, bibendum sed, posuere ac, mattis non, nunc. Vestibulum fringilla pede sit amet augue. In turpis. Pellentesque posuere. Praesent turpis.
In its resolution "The functioning of democratic institutions in Turkey" from 22 June 2016, the [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]] warned that "recent developments in Turkey pertaining to freedom of the media and of expression, erosion of the rule of law and the human rights violations in relation to anti-terrorism security operations in south-east Turkey have&nbsp;... raised serious questions about the functioning of its democratic institutions."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://venice.coe.int/files/turkish%20declaration%20June%202015.pdf| title=Venice Commission Declaration on Interference with Judicial Independence in Turkey. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Resolution 2121 (2016)| date=22 June 2016| access-date=20 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/rights-violations-terror-ops-threaten-turkeys-democratic-institutions-pace.aspx?pageID=238&nID=100835&NewsCatID=339|title=Rights violations, terror ops threaten Turkey’s democratic institutions: PACE|publisher=Hürriyet Daily News|date=2016-06-23|accessdate=2016-06-23}}</ref>


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===Coup d'état attempt===
{{main article|2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt}}
[[File:After coup nightly demonstartion of president Erdogan supporters. Istanbul, Turkey, Eastern Europe and Western Asia. 22 July,2016.jpg|thumb|right|Turkish anti-coup rally in Istanbul, 22 July 2016]]
On 15 July 2016, a coup d'état was attempted by the military, with aims to remove Erdoğan from government, however by the next day Erdoğan’s government managed to reassert effective control in the country.<ref name="WSJ-attempted-coup">{{cite news|last1=Levin |first1=Ned |last2=Candemir |first2=Yeliz |title=Turkey’s Erdogan Reasserts Control After Attempted Coup |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/turkeys-erdogan-reasserts-control-after-attempted-coup-1468658670 |accessdate=16 July 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716102935/http://www.wsj.com/articles/turkeys-erdogan-reasserts-control-after-attempted-coup-1468658670 |archivedate=16 July 2016 |publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=16 July 2016 |location=Istanbul |subscription=yes |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> Reportedly, no government official was arrested or harmed, which among other factors raised the suspicion of a [[false flag]] event staged by the government itself.<ref>{{cite web|title=Critics Raise False Flag After Failed Military Coup In Turkey|url=http://www.vocativ.com/341593/critics-raise-false-flag-after-failed-military-coup-in-turkey/|publisher=Vocativ|accessdate=16 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Fontanella-Khan |first1=Amana |title=Fethullah Gülen: Turkey coup may have been 'staged' by Erdoğan regime |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/16/fethullah-gulen-turkey-coup-erdogan |accessdate=16 July 2016 |publisher=The Guardian |date=16 July 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716221649/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/16/fethullah-gulen-turkey-coup-erdogan |archivedate=16 July 2016 |location=Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>


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Erdoğan, as well as other government officials, have blamed an exiled cleric, and once an ally of Erdoğan, [[Fethullah Gülen]], for staging the coup attempt.<ref>[http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/turkey-military-coup/who-u-s-based-cleric-fethullah-gulen-blamed-turkey-coup-n610681 TURKEY MILITARY COUP JUL 16 2016, 10:39 AM ET U.S.-Based Cleric Fethullah Gulen Blamed by Erdogan in Turkey Coup Bid]</ref> Suleyman Soylu, Minister for Labor in Erdoğan's government, accused the US of planning a coup to oust Erdoğan.<ref>[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/215046 MainAll NewsMiddle EastUS government behind Turkish coup attempt, Turkish minister says US government behind Turkish coup attempt, Turkish minister says]</ref>


In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Curabitur at lacus ac velit ornare lobortis. Curabitur a felis in nunc fringilla tristique. Morbi mattis ullamcorper velit. Phasellus gravida semper nisi. Nullam vel sem. Pellentesque libero tortor, tincidunt et, tincidunt eget, semper nec, quam. Sed hendrerit. Morbi ac felis. Nunc egestas, augue at pellentesque laoreet, felis eros vehicula leo, at malesuada velit leo quis pede. Donec interdum, metus et hendrerit aliquet, dolor diam sagittis ligula, eget egestas libero turpis vel mi. Nunc nulla. Fusce risus nisl, viverra et, tempor et, pretium in, sapien. Donec venenatis vulputate lorem.
Erdoğan, as well as other high-ranking Turkish government officials have issued repeated demands to the US to extradite Güllen.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/11/politics/turkey-us-fethullah-gulen-ultimatum/ Turkey's Erdogan to US: Hand over exiled cleric Gulen]</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/turkey-fethullah-gulen-extradition-coup-attempt Turkey officials to demand extradition of Fethullah Gülen from US]</ref>


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Following the coup attempt, there has been a significant deterioration in Turkey-US relations.
European and other world leaders have expressed their concerns over the situation in Turkey, with many of them warning Erdoğan not to use the coup attempt as an excuse for crackdown against his opponents.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/07/17/turkey-coup-plot-president-erdogan-rounds-up-thousands-of-soldie/ Turkey coup attempt: World leaders warn President Erdogan not to use uprising as excuse for crackdown as more than 6,000 arrested]</ref>


Fusce convallis metus id felis luctus adipiscing. Pellentesque egestas, neque sit amet convallis pulvinar, justo nulla eleifend augue, ac auctor orci leo non est. Quisque id mi. Ut tincidunt tincidunt erat. Etiam feugiat lorem non metus. Vestibulum dapibus nunc ac augue. Curabitur vestibulum aliquam leo. Praesent egestas neque eu enim. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Fusce a quam. Etiam ut purus mattis mauris sodales aliquam. Curabitur nisi. Quisque malesuada placerat nisl. Nam ipsum risus, rutrum vitae, vestibulum eu, molestie vel, lacus.
The rise of Islamic state and the collapse of the Kurdish peace process lead to a sharp rise in terrorist incidents in Turkey until 2016 Erdoğan was accused by his critics of having a 'soft corner' for ISIS<ref>{{cite web|author=Simon Tisdall |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/29/turkey-pays-price-erdogan-blindness-to-isis-threat |title=Turkey paying a price for Erdoğan's wilful blindness to Isis threat &#124; World news |publisher=The Guardian |date= |accessdate=2016-07-15}}</ref> However, after the attempted coup, Erdoğan ordered the Turkish military into Syria to combat ISIS and Kurdish militant groups.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/24/turkey-launches-major-operation-against-isis-in-key-border-town</ref> Erdoğan's critics have decried purges in the education system and judiciary as undermining the rule of law<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-security-eu-mogherini-idUSKCN0ZY0EZ</ref> however Erdoğan supporters argue this is a necessary measure as Gulen-linked schools cheated on entrance exams, requiring a purge in the education system and of the Gulen followers who then entered the judiciary.<ref>https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/08/05/fethullah-gulen-race-top-over-turkey-erdogan-secularism-schools/</ref><ref>http://www.dailysabah.com/elections/2015/06/15/turkey-21-suspects-detained-in-civil-service-exam-cheating-scandal</ref>


Sed augue ipsum, egestas nec, vestibulum et, malesuada adipiscing, dui. Vestibulum facilisis, purus nec pulvinar iaculis, ligula mi congue nunc, vitae euismod ligula urna in dolor. Mauris sollicitudin fermentum libero. Praesent nonummy mi in odio. Nunc interdum lacus sit amet orci. Vestibulum rutrum, mi nec elementum vehicula, eros quam gravida nisl, id fringilla neque ante vel mi. Morbi mollis tellus ac sapien. Phasellus volutpat, metus eget egestas mollis, lacus lacus blandit dui, id egestas quam mauris ut lacus. Fusce vel dui. Sed in libero ut nibh placerat accumsan. Proin faucibus arcu quis ante. In consectetuer turpis ut velit. Nulla sit amet est. Praesent metus tellus, elementum eu, semper a, adipiscing nec, purus. Cras risus ipsum, faucibus ut, ullamcorper id, varius ac, leo. Suspendisse feugiat. Suspendisse enim turpis, dictum sed, iaculis a, condimentum nec, nisi. Praesent nec nisl a purus blandit viverra. Praesent ac massa at ligula laoreet iaculis. Nulla neque dolor, sagittis eget, iaculis quis, molestie non, velit.
Erdoğan's plan is "to reconstitute Turkey as a presidential system. The plan would create a centralized system that would enable him to better tackle Turkey’s internal and external threats. One of the main hurdles allegedly standing in his way is Fethullah Gulen’s movement ..."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/erdogans-global-anti-gulen-drive-hits-pakistan/|title=Erdogan’s global anti-Gulen drive hits Pakistan|last=Salman|first=Rafi|date=20 November 2016|website=www.atimes.com|publisher=|access-date=22 November 2016}}</ref> In the aftermath of the [[2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt]], a groundswell of national unity and consensus emerged against cracking down on the coup plotters with a National Unity rally held in Turkey that included Islamists, secularists, liberals and nationalists.<ref>http://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/08/europe/turkey-coup-unity-rally/</ref><ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/turkey-istanbul-pro-democracy-rally-160807095400728.html</ref> Erdoğan has used this consensus to remove Gulen followers from the bureaucracy, curtail their role in NGOs, Turkey's Ministry of Religious Affairs and the Turkish military, with 149 Generals discharged.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/turkey-purges-military-leaders-in-wake-of-failed-coup</ref> In a foreign policy shift Erdoğan ordered the Turkish Armed Forces into battle in Syria and has liberated towns from IS control.<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-dabiq-idUSKBN12G0UK</ref> As relations with Europe soured over in the aftermath of the attempted coup, Erdoğan developed alternative relationships with Russia,<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/09/erdogan-meets-putin-leaders-seek-mend-ties-jet-downing-russia-turkey</ref><ref>http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/one-year-halt-in-turkey-russia-ties-over-turkish-pm.aspx?pageID=238&nID=106951&NewsCatID=510</ref> Saudi Arabia<ref>http://www.arabnews.com/node/954596/saudi-arabia</ref> and a "strategic partnership" with [[Pakistan–Turkey relations|Pakistan]],<ref>http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871</ref><ref>http://www.radio.gov.pk/27-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-intensify-mutual-cooperation</ref> with plans to cultivate relations through free trade agreements and deepening military relations for mutual co-operation with Turkey's regional allies.<ref>http://aa.com.tr/en/todays-headlines/turkey-pakistan-free-trade-deal-to-be-ready-in-dec/685961</ref><ref>http://www.marsecreview.com/2016/10/pakisan-turkey-in-navy-drills/</ref><ref>https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/167333-Pakistan-to-sell-52-Super-Mushshak-aircraft-to-Turkey</ref>


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=== State of emergency and purges (20 July 2016 – present) ===
{{main article|2016 Turkish purges}}


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On 20 July 2016, President Erdoğan declared the [[state of emergency]], citing the coup d'état attempt as justification.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/turkey-bans-all-academics-from-travelling-in-latest-post-coup-measures/2016/07/20/f3498b44-4de5-11e6-bf27-405106836f96_story.html Turkey declares a state of emergency for three months] (20 July 2016, www.washingtonpost.com)</ref> It was first scheduled to last three months. The Turkish parliament approved this measure.<ref>[http://www.wilx.com/content/news/Turkeys-parliament-approves-state-of-emergency-387811071.html Turkey's parliament approves state of emergency] (21 July 2016, www.wilx.com)</ref> The state of emergency was later extended for another three months, amidst the ongoing [[2016 Turkish purges]] including [[Turkey's media purge after the failed July 2016 coup d'état|comprehensive purges of independent media]] and detention of tens of thousands of Turkish citizens politically opposed to Erdoğan.<ref name="japantimes.co.jp">{{cite news|title=Erdogan derailing Turkey’s promising future|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/11/08/commentary/world-commentary/erdogan-derailing-turkeys-promising-future/|newspaper=The Japan Times|date=8 November 2016}}</ref>


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==Controversies==
Early during his prime ministership, Erdoğan was praised as a role model for emerging Middle Eastern nations due to several reform packages initiated by his government which expanded religious freedoms and minority rights as part of [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|accession negotiations]] with the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/has-recep-tayyip-erdogan-gone-from-model-middle-east-strongman-to-tinpot-dictator-9252366.html|title=Has Recep Tayyip Erdogan gone from model Middle East 'strongman' to tin-pot dictator?|last=Fisk|first=Robert|date=10 April 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014|work=The Independent}}</ref> However, his government underwent several crises including the [[Sledgehammer (coup plan)|Sledgehammer]] and [[Ergenekon trials|Ergenekon]] cases against the [[Turkish Armed Forces]], corruption scandals, accusations of media intimidation, as well as the pursuit of an increasingly polarising political agenda; the opposition accused the government of inciting political hatred throughout the country. Central to the accusations of authoritarianism are Erdoğan's controversial ties with exiled Islamic cleric and former ally [[Fethullah Gülen]], who has been accused of calling for the dismantling of the secular Turkish state in favour of an [[Islamic Republic]], although Gülen had been acquitted in 2006 of the charge, based on the same alleged statements, of trying to overturn the government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gülen acquitted of trying to overthrow secular government |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/gulen-acquitted-of-trying-to-overthrow-secular-government.aspx?pageID=438&n=gulen-acquitted-of-trying-to-overthrow-secular-government-2006-05-06 |newspaper=[[Hürriyet Daily News]] |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |date=6 May 2006 |accessdate=22 January 2016}}</ref>


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In response to criticism, Erdoğan made a speech in May 2014 denouncing allegations of dictatorship, saying that the leader of the opposition, Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, who was there at the speech, would not be able to "roam the streets" freely if he was a dictator.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/turkiye/76193/Kilicdaroglu__Uc_gun_sussa_huzur_olur.html|title=Kılıçdaroğlu: Üç gün sussa huzur olur|language=Turkish|trans-title=Kılıçdaroğlu: Three days peace is suspect|date=27 May 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> Kılıçdaroğlu responded that political tensions would cease to exist if Erdoğan stopped making his polarising speeches for three days.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chp.org.tr/?p=148819|title=Genel Başkan Kılıçdaroğlu, 'Diktatörlerin ortak özelliği çok korkak olmalarıdır' dedi ve 'Diktatör değilim' diyen Erdoğan'a, o zaman diktatör bozuntususun" diye seslendi|language=Turkish|trans-title=President to 'The common features of dictators is that they are too cowardly'|date=27 May 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> One observer said it was a measure of the state of Turkish democracy that Prime Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] could openly threaten, on 20 December 2015, that, if his party did not win the election, his country's Kurds would endure a repeat of the era of the "white Toros", the Turkish name for the Renault 12, "a car associated with the gendarmarie's fearsome intelligence agents, who carried out thousands of extrajudicial executions of Kurdish nationalists during the 1990s."<ref name = "NYRB CdeB">{{Cite journal |last= de Bellaigue |first= Christopher |authorlink= Christopher de Bellaigue |year= 2015 |title= The Sultan of Turkey |url= http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/12/17/erdogan-sultan-turkey/ |journal= [[The New York Review of Books]] |volume= 62 |number= 20 |pages= 85–87 |accessdate= 28 January 2016 }}</ref>


Vivamus laoreet. Nullam tincidunt adipiscing enim. Phasellus tempus. Proin viverra, ligula sit amet ultrices semper, ligula arcu tristique sapien, a accumsan nisi mauris ac eros. Fusce neque. Suspendisse faucibus, nunc et pellentesque egestas, lacus ante convallis tellus, vitae iaculis lacus elit id tortor. Vivamus aliquet elit ac nisl. Fusce fermentum odio nec arcu. Vivamus euismod mauris. In ut quam vitae odio lacinia tincidunt. Praesent ut ligula non mi varius sagittis. Cras sagittis. Praesent ac sem eget est egestas volutpat. Vivamus consectetuer hendrerit lacus. Cras non dolor. Vivamus in erat ut urna cursus vestibulum. Fusce commodo aliquam arcu. Nam commodo suscipit quam. Quisque id odio. Praesent venenatis metus at tortor pulvinar varius.
In February 2015, a 13-year-old child was arrested after allegedly criticising Erdoğan on Facebook.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilk-kursun.com/haber/218880/13-yasindaki-cocuk-erdogana-hakaretten-ifade-verdi/|title=13 yaşındaki çocuk, Erdoğan'a hakaretten ifade verdi – İlk Kurşun Gazetesi|author=|date=|work=ilk-kursun.com}}</ref> In 2016, a waiter was arrested for not serving tea to Erdoğan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/siyaset/650617/_Erdogan_a_cay_vermem__dedigi_icin_tutuklanan_kantin_sorumlumuz_Senol_Buran_TBMM_gundeminde.html/|title='Erdoğan'a çay vermem' dediği için tutuklanan kantin sorumlumuz Şenol Buran TBMM gündeminde |author=|date=|work=Cumhuriyet}}</ref>

===Accusations of antisemitism===

Erdoğan referred to the Turkish novelist and Islamist ideologue, [[Necip Fazıl Kısakürek]], as his muse. Kısakürek was regarded by some analysts, such as Günther Jikeli and Kemal Silay, as the source of his views on Jews.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Halil M. Karaveli and M.K. Kaya|title=ISLAMIC CONSERVATIVE |url=http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/turkey/2009/091109B.html|publisher=Turkey Analyst vol. 2 no. 20|accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Günther Jikeli and Kemal Silay|title='Spawn of Israel': Erdogan's anti-Semitic obsessions|url=http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.592114}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Singer|first1=Sean R.|title=Erdogan's Muse: The School of Necip Fazil Kisakurek|url=http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/erdogan%E2%80%99s-muse-school-necip-fazil-kisakurek|publisher=World Affairs Journal|accessdate=13 August 2014}}</ref> Kısakürek's publications included the Turkish translation of ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' and praise for industrialist [[Henry Ford]]'s ''[[The International Jew]]'', as well as a political program in which he wrote: “Chief among these treacherous and insidious elements to be cleansed are the Dönmeh and the Jews".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kısakürek|first1=Necip Fazıl|title=Ideolocya örgüsü|date=1968|publisher=Büyük Doğu Yayınları|location=İstanbul|isbn=9789758180325|page=71|edition=10. basım.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Marc David|last= Baer|title=An Enemy Old and New: The Dönme, Anti-Semitism, and Conspiracy Theories in the Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic |url=https://www.academia.edu/5437676/An_Enemy_Old_and_New_The_Donme_Anti-Semitism_and_Conspiracy_Theories_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_and_Turkish_Republic|publisher=''Jewish Quarterly Review'' 103.4 (2013): 523–555|accessdate=12 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/|title=Project MUSE|publisher=|accessdate=19 June 2016}}</ref>

A 2009 report issued by the [[Israeli Foreign Ministry]], said that Erdoğan "indirectly incites and encourages" [[antisemitism]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Ravid|first=Barak|title=Israel accuses Turkish PM of inciting anti-Semitism|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israel-accuses-turkish-pm-of-inciting-anti-semitism-1.265790|accessdate=3 August 2014}}</ref> In 2013, Erdoğan was placed second on the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]]'s list of the year's top ten antisemitic personalities, after Erdoğan blamed the "interest rate lobby" as organizers of the mass protests against him in cities around the country in June 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title='Spawn of Israel': Erdogan's anti-Semitic obsessions|url=http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.592114|work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> In another quote that was regarded as antisemitic, he said "When the word 'media' is pronounced, Israel and Israel's administration comes to mind. They have the ability to manipulate it as they wish." He then claimed that not only the international press but also Turkish newspapers were run by Israel.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rosenfeld|first1=edited by Alvin H.|title=Resurgent antisemitism global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Indiana Univ. Press|location=Bloomington [u.a.]|isbn=0253008905|page=318|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3ZJMYiNe0UC&lpg=PA319&ots=7c6XPh5OGX&dq=%22pronounced%2C+Israel+and+Israel%E2%80%99s+administration%22&pg=PA318#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> During the [[Campaigning for the June 2015 Turkish general election|campaign for the Turkish elections]] in June 2015, Erdoğan accused ''[[The New York Times]]'' of being represented by "Jewish capital" after foreign media outlets expressed concern over the corrosion of freedom of expression in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Erdogan-ahead-of-elections-Jewish-capital-behind-New-York-Times-405202|title=Erdogan ahead of elections: 'Jewish money behind New York Times'|date=6 June 2015|work=Jerusalem Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/06/10/17-things-turkeys-erdogan-has-said-about-journalists/|title=17 things Turkey’s Erdogan has said about journalists|date=10 June 2015|work=Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/1.659931|title=Turkey's Erdogan: 'Jewish Capital' Is Behind New York Times|date=7 June 2015|work=Haaretz}}</ref>

When during a televised press conference he was asked if he believed a [[presidential system]] was possible in a [[unitary state]] he affirmed this and cited Nazi [[Germany]] as an example of how this is possible.<ref>[http://cdnjw.zaman.com.tr/previews/L4dfmWUI-rVrwPZZ2 Erdoğan: Presidential system with unitary state possible just like Hitler's Germany] Zaman, 1 January 2016</ref> However, the Turkish president's office said that Erdoğan was not advocating a Hitler-style government when he called for a state system with a strong executive. Furthermore, that the Turkish president had declared the [[Holocaust]], [[anti-semitism]] and [[Islamophobia]] as crimes against humanity and that it was out of the question for him to cite [[Hitler]]'s [[Germany]] as a good example.<ref>http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-president-erdogans-office-denies-advocating-hitler-style-rule-a6793446.html</ref>

===Politicisation of the judiciary===
The judiciary has traditionally adhered to strict secular principles as outlined in the [[Constitution of Turkey]]. This resulted in the closing down of two former parties of which Erdoğan was a member, namely the [[Welfare Party]] in 1998 and the [[Virtue Party]] in 2001. The judiciary was thus seen as a significant threat to the [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]] (AKP). In 2008, the [[Constitutional Court of Turkey]] heard a [[2008 Justice and Development Party closure trial|case in favour of closing down the AKP]] and banning 71 senior members from politics for five years. Although the AKP survived closure, it lost 50% of its state funding.

In April 2014, the President of the Constitutional Court, [[Haşim Kılıç]], accused Erdoğan of damaging the credibility of the judiciary, labelling Erdoğan's attempts to increase political control over the courts as 'desperate'.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/1a4b7676-cc7e-11e3-9b5f-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3KwGSkViN|title=Turkey's top judge accuses Erdogan of damaging rule of law|work=Financial Times|date=25 April 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014|first=Daniel|last=Dombey}}</ref>

====Ergenekon and Sledgehammer====
Both the military and judiciary were widely known for their secular credentials, both therefore representing a threat to Erdoğan's moderately Islamist government. During the chaotic [[Turkish presidential election, 2007|2007 presidential election]], the military issued an [[E-memorandum]] warning the government to keep within the boundaries of secularism when choosing a candidate. Regardless, Erdoğan's close relations with Fethullah Gülen and his Cemaat Movement allowed his government to maintain a degree of influence within the judiciary through Gülen's supporters in high judicial and bureaucratic offices.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25885817|work=BBC|title=Fethullah Gulen: Powerful but reclusive Turkish cleric|last=Franks|first=Tim|date=27 January 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/battle-lines-drawn-struggle-influence-over-turkish-judiciary-135714630.html|title=Battle lines drawn in struggle for influence over Turkish judiciary|last1=Ozbilgin|first1=Ozbe|last2=Butler|first2=Daren|date=1 September 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014|work=Yahoo News}}</ref> Shortly after, an alleged coup plot codenamed [[Sledgehammer (coup plan)|Sledgehammer]] became public and resulted in the imprisonment of 300 military officers including [[İbrahim Fırtına]], [[Çetin Doğan]] and [[Engin Alan]]. Several opposition politicians, journalists and military officers also [[Ergenekon trials|went on trial]] for allegedly being part of an ultra-nationalist organisation called [[Ergenekon (allegation)|Ergenekon]].

Both cases were marred by irregularities and were condemned as a joint attempt by Erdoğan and Gülen to curb opposition to the AKP.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ilkehaber.com/yazdir/haber/yargitay-kosulsuz-kaos-dedi--9772.htm|title=Yargıtay 'koşulsuz kaos' dedi|work=ilkehaber|language=Turkish|trans-title=Supreme Court in "unconditional chaos"|date=4 December 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> The original Sledgehammer document containing the coup plans, allegedly written in 2003, was found to have been written using [[Microsoft Word 2007]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/65959|title=Turkey: What happens after the "Sledgehammer" Verdict|first=Yigal|last=Schleifer|date=25 September 2012|accessdate=5 December 2014|work=eurasianet}}</ref> Despite both domestic and international calls for these irregularities to be addressed in order to guarantee a fair trial, Erdoğan instead praised his government for bringing the coup plots to light.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ulusalkanal.com.tr/gundem/akpli-mustafa-elitasin-ergenekon-tertibinde-rol-aldigi-ortaya-cikti-ses-kaydiyla-h8460.html|title=AKP'li Mustafa Elitaş'ın Ergenekon tertibinde rol aldığı ortaya çıktı! Ses kaydıyla|language=Turkish|trans-title=AKP'li Mustafa Elitaş'ın Ergenekon's scheme stars in voice recording|date=25 January 2013|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> When Gülen publicly withdrew support and openly attacked Erdoğan in late 2013, several imprisoned military officers and journalists were released, with the government admitting that the judicial proceedings were unfair.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/tag/298101--ilker-basbug-tahliye-edildi|title=İlker Başbuğ serbest bırakıldı|language=Turkish|trans-title=İlker Başbuğ released|date=7 March 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014|work=Anadolu Ajansi}}</ref>

====2013–14 judicial reform====
When Gülen withdrew support from the AKP government in late 2013, a [[2013 corruption scandal in Turkey|government corruption scandal]] broke out, leading to the arrest of several family members of cabinet ministers. Erdoğan accused Gülen of co-ordinating a "[[parallel state]]" within the judiciary in an attempt to topple him from power. He then removed or reassigned several judicial officials in an attempt to remove Gülen's supporters from office. Erdoğan's 'purge' was widely questioned and criticised by the European Union.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/21/brussels-turkey-prime-minister-erdogan-rewrite-law-judiciary-police|title=Brussels urges Turkish PM Erdogan to redraft law purging police and judiciary|last1=Traynor|first1=Ian|last2=Letsch|first2=Constanze|date=22 January 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In early 2014, a new law was passed by parliament giving the government greater control over the judiciary, which sparked public protest throughout the country. International organisations perceived the law to be a danger to the [[separation of powers]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tv.cnnturk.com/video/2014/01/17/programlar/dort-bir-taraf/turkiye-deki-yargi-sistemi-hsyk-yasasinin-gelecegi-ve-17-aralik-sureci-dort-bir-taraf-16-01-2014/2014-01-16T2130/index.html|title=Türkiye'deki yargı sistemi, HSYK 'nın yapısı ve 17 Aralık sürecinde paralel devlet ve yolsuzluk iddiaları masaya yatırıldı.|language=Turkish|trans-title=The judicial system in Turkey|work=CNN Türk|date=16 January 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref>

Several judicial officials removed from their posts said that they had been removed due to their secularist credentials. The political opposition accused Erdoğan of not only attempting to remove Gülen supporters, but supporters of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]'s principles as well, in order to pave the way for increased politicisation of the judiciary. Several family members of Erdoğan's ministers who had been arrested as a result of the 2013 corruption scandal were released, and a judicial order to question Erdoğan's son Bilal Erdoğan was annulled.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haberfedai.com/haber/12792/bilal-erdogan-artik-yakalanmayacak|title=Bilal Erdoğan artık 'yakalanmayacak'|language=Turkish|trans-title=Bilal Erdogan is no longer under arrest|date=16 January 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014|work=haberfedai}}</ref> Controversy erupted when it emerged that many of the newly appointed judicial officials were actually AKP supporters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/siyaset/37959/Hakim_ve_savcilar_AKP_li_cikti_.html|title=Hakim ve savcılar AKP'li çıktı!|language=Turkish|trans-title=Judges and prosecutors outed as AKP|work=cumhuriyet|date=5 February 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> İslam Çiçek, a judge who ejected the cases of five ministers' relatives accused of corruption, was accused of being an AKP supporter and an official investigation was launched into his political affiliations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samanyoluhaber.com/gundem/Reza-Zarrabi-tahliye-eden-hakimin-Facebook-bilgileri-sasirtti/1042852/|title=Tahliye kararı veren hakim İslam Çiçek, Facebook'ta Uzun Adam hayranı çıktı!
|language=Turkish|trans-title=Judge Islam Çiçek's decisions vacated, Facebook claims links to Uzun Adam|date=1 May 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014|work=amanyolu haber}}</ref> On 1 September 2014, the courts dissolved the cases of 96 suspects, which included Bilal Erdoğan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilkelihaber.com/index.php?id=5589452&ad=%2025%20Aral%FDk%20Yolsuzluk%20Soru%FEturmas%FD%20Kapat%FDld%FD|title= 25 Aralık Yolsuzluk Soruşturması Kapatıldı |language=Turkish|trans-title=Corruption investigation closed on 25 December|work=ilkelihaber|date=1 September 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref>

===Media intimidation and censorship===
[[File:Ntv-Van Media for sales.png|thumb|An [[NTV (Turkey)|NTV]] news van covered in anti-AKP protest graffiti in response to their [[Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests in Turkey|lack of coverage]] of the [[Gezi Park protests]] in 2013]]
{{see also|Censorship in Turkey}}

Erdoğan has been criticised for his politicisation of the media, especially after the 2013 protests. The opposition [[Republican People's Party (Turkey)|Republican People's Party]] (CHP) alleged that over 1,863 journalists lost their jobs due to their anti-government views in 12 years of AKP rule.<ref name="hurriyetdailynews.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/1863-turkish-journalists-fired-during-akp-rule-opposition-report-says.aspx?pageID=238&nID=73547&NewsCatID=339|title=1,863 Turkish journalists fired during AKP rule, opposition report says|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=27 October 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> Opposition politicians have also alleged that intimidation in the media is due to the government's attempt to restructure the ownership of private media corporations. Journalists from the [[Cihan News Agency]] and the Gülenist [[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman newspaper]] were repeatedly barred from attending government press conferences or asking questions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/yavuz-baydar/barring-coverage-assaults_b_6135640.html|title=Barring Coverage, Assaults and Fear: New Reports Signal SOS for Turkish Media|last=Baydar|first=Yavuz|work=[[Huffington Post]]|date=10 November 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> Several opposition journalists such as [[Soner Yalçın]] were controversially arrested as part of the [[Ergenekon trials]] and [[Sledgehammer (coup plan)|Sledgehammer coup investigation]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://bianet.org/english/media/143140-soner-yalcin-imprisoned-journalist-released|title=Soner Yalçın, Imprisoned Journalist, Released|work=bianet|date=27 December 2012|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> Veli Ağbaba, a CHP politician, has called the AKP the 'biggest media boss in Turkey.'<ref name="hurriyetdailynews.com"/>

In 2015, 74 US senators sent a letter to US Secretary of State, John Kerry, to state their concern over what they saw as deviations from the basic principles of democracy in Turkey and oppressions of Erdoğan over media.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/media/print/2015/03/19/U-S-Senators-urge-Kerry-to-speak-against-Turkey-media-crackdown-.html|title=U.S. Senators urge Kerry to speak against Turkey media crackdown |work=[[Al Arabiya]]|date=19 March 2015|accessdate=19 March 2015}}</ref>

Notable cases of media censorship occurred during the 2013 anti-government protests, when the mainstream media did not broadcast any news regarding the demonstrations for three days after they began. The lack of media coverage was symbolised by [[CNN International]] covering the protests while [[CNN Türk]] broadcast a documentary about penguins at the same time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/09/turkey-mainstream-media-penguins-protests|title=Why Turkey's mainstream media chose to show penguins rather than protests|work=The Guardian|first=Kerem|last=Oktem|date=10 June 2013|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> The [[RTÜK|Radio and Television Supreme Council]] (RTÜK) controversially issued a fine to pro-opposition news channels including [[Halk TV]] and [[Ulusal Kanal]] for their coverage of the protests, accusing them of broadcasting footage that could be morally, physically and mentally destabilising to children.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/23486445.asp|title=RTÜK'ten Halk TV ve Ulusal Kanal'a ceza|language=Turkish|trans-title=Penalties for public TV and national channel RTUK|date=12 June 2013|last=Özgenç|first=Meltem|work=Hürriyet|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> Erdoğan was criticised for not responding to the accusations of media intimidation, and caused international outrage after telling a female journalist ([[Amberin Zaman]] of ''[[The Economist]]'') to know her place and calling her a 'shameless militant' during his [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan presidential campaign, 2014|2014 presidential election campaign]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/know-your-place-you-shameless-militant-turkish-prime-minister-tells-female-journalist-9656896.html|title=Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan tells female journalist: 'Know your place, you shameless militant'|date=8 August 2014|last=Dearden|first=Lizzie|work=The Independent|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> While the [[Turkish presidential election, 2014|2014 presidential election]] was not subject to substantial electoral fraud, Erdoğan was again criticised for receiving disproportionate media attention in comparison to his rivals. The British newspaper ''[[The Times]]'' commented that between 2 and 4 July, the state-owned media channel [[Turkish Radio and Television Corporation|TRT]] gave 204 minutes of coverage to Erdoğan's campaign and less than a total of 3 minutes to both his rivals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkce/haberler/2014/07/140731_erdogan_trt_times.shtml |title=Times: TRT'den Erdoğan'a 204, rakiplerine 3 dakika |publisher=''BBC'' Turkey|date=31 July 2014|language=Turkish|trans-title=TIMES: TRT gave Erdogan 204, 3 to his opponent|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref>

Erdoğan also [[Internet regulation in Turkey|tightened controls over the internet]], signing into law a bill which allows the government to block websites without prior court order on 12 September 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/12/us-turkey-internet-idUSKBN0H70N920140912|title=Erdogan approves law tightening Turkey's Internet controls|date=12 September 2014|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> His government blocked Twitter and YouTube in late March 2014 following the release of a recording of a conversation between him and his son Bilal, where Erdoğan allegedly warned his family to 'nullify' all cash reserves at their home amid the [[2013 corruption scandal in Turkey|2013 corruption scandal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/27/google-youtube-ban-turkey-erdogan|title=Erdogan approves law tightening Turkey's Internet controls|work=The Guardian|date=28 March 2014|first1=Constanze|last1=Letsch|first2=Dominic|last2=Rushe|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> Erdoğan has undertaken a media campaign that attempts to portray the presidential family as frugal and simple-living; their palace electricity-bill is estimated at $500,000 per month.<ref name = "AlMon lavish">{{cite web | last = Tremblay | first = Pinar | date = 2 April 2015 | title = The Erdogans' lavish lifestyle | url = http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/04/erdogan-familys-attempt-to-appear-modest-backfire.html | website = [[Al-Monitor]] | accessdate = 4 April 2015 }}</ref>

Despite extensive censorship, Erdoğan has become the world's most insulted president, according to [[Burak Bekdil]] writing in the ''[[Gatestone Institute]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bekdil|first1=Burak|title=Erdogan: The World's Most Insulted President|journal=Gatestone Institute|date=20 April 2016|url=http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/7883/erdogan-insulted-president|accessdate=2 May 2016|language=en-US}}</ref> Insults have been punished with prison sentences; for example, in May 2016, former [[Miss Turkey]] model [[Merve Büyüksaraç]] was sentenced to more than a year in prison for allegedly insulting the president.<ref name="twsBBC1">{{cite web
| date= 31 May 2016
| publisher= BBC
| url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36419723
| title= Ex-Miss Turkey sentenced for insulting Erdogan
| accessdate= 31 May 2016
| quote=...Merve Buyuksarac, 27, was found guilty of insulting a public official for postings she made on social media. She denied insulting Mr Erdogan....
}}</ref><ref name="twsFrance24">{{cite web
| date= 31 May 2016
| publisher= France 24
| url= http://www.france24.com/en/20160531-ex-miss-turkey-sentenced-insulting-erdogan
| title= Ex-Miss Turkey sentenced 'for insulting Erdogan'
| accessdate= 31 May 2016
| quote=...The Istanbul court sentenced model Merve Buyuksarac, 27, to one year and two months in prison ...
}}</ref><ref name="twsGuardian1">{{cite web
| author= Agence France-Presse in Ankara
| date= 16 June 2015
| publisher= The Guardian
| url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/17/turkish-newspaper-editor-sentenced-for-insulting-president-recep-erdogan
| title= Turkish newspaper editor sentenced for insulting president Recep Erdoğan: Ankara court hands down 21-month suspended jail sentence to editor of English-language newspaper after convicting him of insulting the president in a tweet
| accessdate= 31 May 2016
| quote=...In another case that has garnered huge attention, model and former Miss Turkey beauty queen Merve Buyuksarac went on trial in May on charges of insulting Erdoğan....
}}</ref> In a 2016 news story, ''Bloomberg'' reported, "more than 2,000 cases have been opened against journalists, cartoonists, teachers, a former Miss Turkey, and even schoolchildren in the past two years."<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-07-21/can-turkey-s-republic-survive-erdogan-s-purge Can Turkey’s Republic Survive Erdogan’s Purge?]. ''[[Bloomberg News]]''. 21 July 2016.</ref>

In November 2016, the Turkish government<ref name="japantimes.co.jp"/> blocked access to social media in all of Turkey<ref>{{cite web |title=Facebook, Twitter and Whatsapp blocked in Turkey after arrest of opposition leaders|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/facebook-twitter-whatsapp-turkey-erdogan-blocked-opposition-leaders-arrested-a7396831.html|work=The Independent|date=4 November 2016}}</ref> as well as sought to completely block internet access for the citizens in the Southeast of the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=CHP deputy Tanrıkulu slams internet cuts in eastern, southeastern Turkey|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/chp-deputy-tanrikulu-slams-internet-cuts-in-eastern-southeastern-turkey.aspx?pageID=238&nID=105490&NewsCatID=338|newspaper=Hürriyet Daily News|date=28 October 2016}}</ref>

===Electoral fraud===
Erdoğan's government developed the SEÇSİS secure vote counting system in order to reduce fraud. However, it has been criticised for being prone to manipulation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guncelmeydan.com/pano/bu-secim-sistemiyle-akp-bin-yil-daha-secilir-secsis-hileleri-t27362.html|title='Bu seçim sistemiyle, AKP bin yıl daha seçilir' (SEÇSİS Hileleri)|language=Turkish|trans-title=With this electoral system, AKP can be elected for 1000 years|date=30 August 2007|last=Kavcar|first=Neval|publisher=Guncel Meydan|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> Particular controversy was generated by the fact that the system was developed in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kurtaricisizsiniz.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/bu-hileli-secim-sistemiyle-secsis-akp.html|title=Bu hileli seçim sistemiyle (seçsis) AKP, 100 yıl daha iktidarda|language=Turkish|trans-title=The fraudulent system that could give AKP 100 years in power|date=22 February 2013|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref>

The first significant cases of election fraud under Erdoğan's rule were documented during the [[Turkish local elections, 2009|2009 local elections]], where numerous cases of ballot paper theft were reported in [[Ankara]] and [[Adana]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gazetevatan.com/ankara-da-oylar-calindi-mi--230569-secim-2009/|title=Ankara'da oylar çalındı mı?|language=Turkish|trans-title=Was the vote stolen in Ankara?|date=30 March 2009|work=Vatan|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.internethaber.com/chpnin-oylari-calindi-iddiasi--186120h.htm|title=CHP'nin oyları çalındı iddiası|language=Turkish|trans-title=Allegations CHP's vote was stolen|date=31 March 2009|publisher=internet haber|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bianet.org/bianet/siyaset/113469-chp-ve-mhp-den-secimde-hile-yapildi-iddiasi|title=CHP ve MHP'den Seçimde Hile Yapıldı İddiası|language=Turkish|trans-title=Cheating allegations made in election of CHP and MHP|date=30 March 2009|work=bianet|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gundem.bugun.com.tr/adana-seciminde-oylar-boyle-calindi-haberi/65695|title=Adana seçimlerinde oylar böyle çalındı|language=Turkish|trans-title=In elections such as Adana, the vote was stolen|work=bugün|date=10 April 2009|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref>

In the [[Turkish general election, 2011|2011 general election]], a minivan containing ballot papers with a pre-stamped vote for the AKP was impounded by police in [[İzmir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artemishaber.com/?Syf=18&Hbr=175988|title=İzmir Çınarlı'da AKP'ye 'Evet' mührü basılmış hazır oy pusulalarıyla dolu bir araç yakalanırken, İstanbul'da da bir kişi AKP'nin dağıttığı örnek oy pusulasını zarfa koymak isterken suçüstü yakalandı.|language=Turkish|trans-title=Car full of pre-printed 'YES' ballotts captured in Izmir|work=artemis haberaccessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> An independent candidate from [[Yalova]] also accused officials at polling stations of intimidating voters to vote for the AKP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egeninsesi.com/15159-akpye_evet_muhru_basilmis_pusulalarla_dolu_arac_yakalandi|trans-title=Vehicle full of ballotts printed "YES" with AKP seal captured|language=Turkish|title=Akp'ye "Evet" Mührü Basılmış Pusulalarla Dolu Araç Yakalandı|work=egeninsesi|date=12 June 2011|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.akademipolitik.com/siyaset/1853-akpye-evet-muhru-basilmis-pusulalarla-dolu-arac|title=AKP'ye evet mührü basılmış pusulalarla dolu araç yakalandı|language=Turkish|trans-title=Car caught with ballotts packed with AKP's yes stamp|work=Akademi Politik|date=28 February 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Turkish_presidential_election_2014.png|thumb|right|[[Turkish presidential election, 2014|2014 presidential election]] results.]]
[[File:Turkish local elections 2014 electricity cuts.png|thumb|left|Map showing provinces suffering from power outages during the counting process for the 2014 local elections<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amerikaninsesi.com/content/secim-gecesinde-elektrik-kesintileri-tartisiliyor/1884077.html|title=Seçim Gecesinde Elektrik Kesintileri Tartışılıyor|language=Turkish|trans-title=Power outages debated on election night|work=Amerika'nin sesi|date=30 March 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref>]]
Substantial levels of fraud were documented during the [[Turkish local elections, 2014|2014 local elections]], including the theft and burning of ballots cast both for and against the AKP and the intimidation of officials counting the votes, including European Union Minister [[Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu]], by government forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazetecileronline.com/newsdetails/13294-/GazetecilerOnline/secimler-hileli-iste-chp-oylarinin-calindiginin-be |title=Seçimler hileli! İşte CHP oylarının çalındığının belgeleri |language=Turkish |trans-title=Fraudulent elections: here are the documents showing the theft of CHP votes |work=Gazeteciler Online |date=31 March 2014 |accessdate=5 December 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006072457/http://www.gazetecileronline.com/newsdetails/13294-/GazetecilerOnline/secimler-hileli-iste-chp-oylarinin-calindiginin-be |archivedate=6 October 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turksolu.com.tr/443/gokcefirat443.html|title=AKP'nin Seçim Gecesi Operasyonu'nu Açıklıyoruz! Oylar nasıl çalındı?|language=Turkish|trans-title=Explanation of the AKP's election night operation: how were the votes stolen?|last=Firat|first=Gökçe|work=Türk solu|date=|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/kilicdaroglundan-oy-calindi-suclamasi|title=Kılıçdaroğlu'ndan 'oy çalındı' suçlaması|language=Turkish|trans-title=Kılıçdaroğlu's "votes were stolen" accusation|work=Aljazeera|date=18 April 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meltemhaber.com/?haber,10959/elektrikler-kesildi-oylar-calindi-iddiasi|title=Elektrikler kesildi, oylar çalındı iddiası!|language=Turkish|trans-title=Power outages: claims the vote was stolen|work=meltem Haber|date=31 March 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sozcu.com.tr/2014/gundem/ab-bakani-mevlut-cavusoglu-oy-sayarken-480201/|title=AB Bakanı Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu oy sayarke|language=Turkish|trans-title=EU Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu counting votes|work=Sözcü|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.istanbulhaber.com.tr/ab-bakani-mevlut-cavusoglu-oy-sayarken-haber-192571.htm|title=AB Bakanı Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu oy sayarken|language=Turkish|trans-title=EU Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu vote counting|work=Istanbul Haber Ajansi|date= April 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> Several cases of opposition votes being counted as invalid and vote totals per ballot box being recorded incorrectly also caused controversy.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} With an unusually high number of power outages occurring throughout the country while votes were being counted, the government was ridiculed when Energy Minister [[Taner Yıldız]] blamed them on cats entering [[transformer]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/26128954.asp|title=Enerji Bakanı Taner Yıldız: Trafoya kedi girdi|language=Turkish|trans-title=Energy Minister Taner Yıldız: Transformers entered by cats|work=cumhuriyet|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/video/video_haber/56411/Enerji_Bakani_Taner_Yildiz__Trafoya_kedi_girdi.html|title=Enerji Bakanı Taner Yıldız: Trafoya kedi girdi|language=Turkish|trans-title=Energy Minister Taner Yıldız: Cats enter transformers|work=cumhuriyet|date=1 April 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/Milliyet-Tv/video-izle/Taner-Yildiz--Trafoya-kedi-girdi-4tyLfgenFh0f.html|title=Taner Yıldız: Trafoya kedi girdi|language=Turkish|trans-title=Taner Yıldız: Transformer cat entry|work=Milliyet|date=1 April 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> Erdoğan was criticised for disregarding the high number of fraud cases and declaring victory none-the-less. Significant cases of misconduct were documented in [[Yalova]], [[Ankara]], [[Antalya]] and [[Ağrı]]. The [[Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey|Supreme Electoral Council]] ordered a repeat of the election in Yalova and Ağrı, both of which the AKP had initially narrowly lost to the [[Republican People's Party (Turkey)|CHP]] and [[Democratic Regions Party|BDP]] respectively.

Despite strong surveillance by citizens during the [[Turkish presidential election, 2014|2014 presidential election]], no serious cases of fraud were documented during the voting or counting process.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.todayszaman.com/news-342821-citizens-have-right-to-monitor-elections-for-fraud-free-voting-says-activist.html|title=Citizens have right to monitor elections for fraud-free voting, says activist|work=''Today's Zaman''|date=23 March 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014|first=Yonica|last=Puyraz Dogan}}</ref> However, Erdoğan was still heavily scrutinised over what was perceived to be excessive media bias in his favour during the campaigning process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.com/general-news/20140811/even-without-any-voting-fraud-turkeys-elections-arent-a-fair-fight|title=Even without any voting fraud, Turkey's elections aren't a fair fight|work=Los Angeles Daily News|last=Resneck|first=Jacob|date=11 August 2014|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref>

===Political polarisation===
Political polarisation in Turkey soared during the 2013–14 anti-government protests, due to the government's response. A more general polarisation was caused by the undermining of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]'s principles and the [[Constitution of Turkey|Constitution]], which created tension between [[Secularism|secularists]] and government supporters. Both have been allegedly fuelled by Erdoğan's ignorance of the opposition, as well as strongly partisan speeches which have referred to anti-government protestors as 'looters,' 'terrorists,' and 'traitors.'{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

===Mehmet Aksoy lawsuit===
In 2009, Turkish sculptor [[Mehmet Aksoy]] created the ''[[Statue of Humanity]]'' in [[Kars]] to promote reconciliation between Turkey and Armenia. When visiting the city in 2011, Erdoğan deemed the statue a "freak", and months later it was demolished.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey-Armenia friendship symbol being demolished|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13199787|accessdate=5 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=26 April 2011}}</ref> Aksoy sued Erdoğan for "moral indemnities", although his lawyer said that his statement was a critique rather than an insult. In March 2015, a judge ordered Erdoğan to pay Aksoy 10,000 lira.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Erdem|first1=Umut|title=Artist 'to party with' Erdoğan's money|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/artist-to-party-with-erdogans-money.aspx?pageID=238&nID=79207&NewsCatID=341|accessdate=5 March 2015|work=[[Hürriyet]]|date=5 March 2015}}</ref>

===Crackdown on Academics for Peace===
In January 2016, more than a thousand academics signed a petition criticizing Turkey's military crackdown on ethnic Kurdish towns and neighbourhoods in the east of the country, such as Sur (a district of [[Diyarbakır]]), [[Silvan, Diyarbakır|Silvan]], [[Nusaybin]], [[Cizre]] and [[Silopi]], and asking an end to violence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Scholars for Peace: we will not be a party to this crime |author=Samim Akgönül |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/columnists_scholars-for-peace-we-will-not-be-a-party-to-this-crime_409172.html |newspaper=[[Today's Zaman]] |date=8 January 2016 |accessdate=22 January 2016}}</ref> Erdoğan accused those who signed the petition of "terrorist propaganda", calling them "the darkest of people". He called for action by institutions and universities, stating, "Everyone who benefits from this state but is now an enemy of the state must be punished without further delay."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Brendan O'Malley |title=Lecturers detained, threatened for opposing military action |journal=[[University World News]] |issue=396 |date=15 January 2016 |url=http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20160115184937503 |accessdate=22 January 2016}}</ref> Within days, over 30 of the signatories were arrested, many in dawn-time raids on their homes. Although all were quickly released, nearly half were fired from their jobs, eliciting a denunciation from Turkey's Science Academy for such "wrong and disturbing" treatment.<ref>{{cite web|title = Turkish academics pay price for speaking out on Kurds|url = http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/01/turkish-academics-pay-price-speaking-out-kurds|website = sciencemag.org|access-date = 19 January 2016|date = 19 January 2016|last = Bohannon|first = John}}</ref> Erdoğan vowed that the academics would pay the price for "falling into a pit of treachery".<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkish president vows 'treasonous' academics will pay the price |author= |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-president-vows-treasonous-academics-will-pay-the-price.aspx?pageID=238&nID=94128&NewsCatID=339 |newspaper=[[Hürriyet Daily News]] |date=20 January 2016 |accessdate=22 January 2016}}</ref>

===The Pelican Brief memorandum===
On 1 May 2016, a controversial anonymous blog post named [[The Pelican Brief memorandum|The Pelican Brief]] demanded the resignation of Turkish Prime Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://next.ft.com/content/80890590-120c-11e6-91da-096d89bd2173|title=Turkish prime minister quits after rift with Erdogan|author=|date=|work=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://turkishmonitor.com/the-rift-betweent-erdogan-and-davutoglu-raises-questions-2783/|title=The rift betweent Erdoğan and Davutoğlu raises questions|author=|date=|work=turkishmonitor.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/05/turkey-rift-between-erdogan-davutoglu.html#|title=How mysterious new Turkish blog exposed Erdogan-Davutoglu rift – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East|author=|date=|work=Al-Monitor}}</ref> On 4 May Ahmet Davutoglu met Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in the [[Presidential Complex]] and it was announced Davutoglu that would not run for leadership again in the upcoming special party congress.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/05/world/europe/erdogan-ahmet-davutoglu-turkey-prime-minister-is-expected-to-be-replaced.html|title=Ahmet Davutoglu, Turkey's Prime Minister, Is Expected to Be Replaced|author=|date=5 May 2016|work=The New York Times}}</ref> It was described as a palace coup d'état on Turkish social media<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/siyaset/527169/_4_Mayis_Saray_darbesi.html|title=Cumhuriyet Gazetesi – No. 4 Mayıs Saray darbesi|author=|date=4 May 2016|work=cumhuriyet.com.tr}}</ref> and by other sources.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://odatv.com/bu-saray-darbesi-nedir-.toglanlari-0505161200.html|title=Nihat Genç yazdı: Bu saray darbesi nedir .toğlanları|author=|date=|work=odatv.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://t24.com.tr/yazarlar/bilinmeyen/davutogluna-saray-darbesini-mhpye-yargi-darbesi-izler-mi-25-maddede-akp-tarihi-ve-ihtimaller,14484|title=Davutoğlu'na Saray darbesini MHP'ye yargı darbesi izler mi; 25 maddede AKP tarihi ve ihtimaller|author=Doğan Akın|date=|work=t24.com.tr}}</ref>

==Foreign policy==
{{Main article|Foreign policy of the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan government|List of prime ministerial trips made by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|List of people by number of countries visited}}
[[File:Secretary Kerry Shakes Hands With Turkish President Erdogan Before Meeting With President Obama (15124679506).jpg|thumb|Erdoğan with U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] and Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] during the [[2014 Wales summit|NATO Summit in Newport]], 5 September 2014]]
Erdoğan is a co-founder of the so-called "[[Alliance of Civilizations]]" (AOC). The AOC initiative was proposed by the Prime Minister of Spain, [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]], at the 59th [[General Assembly of the United Nations]] in 2005. The initiative seeks to galvanize international action against [[extremism]] through the forging of international, intercultural and inter-religious dialogue and cooperation.

===European Union===
[[File:Erdogan foreign trips as prime minister.png|thumb|left|Map of [[List of prime ministerial trips made by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|international trips made by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] as prime minister]]

Erdoğan was named "European of the Year 2004" by the newspaper [[European Voice]] for the reforms in his country. He said, "Turkey's accession shows that Europe is a continent where civilisations reconcile and not clash."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arsiv.ntvmsnbc.com/news/298717.asp?cp1=1|title=Erdoğan named European of the Year|work=[[NTV-MSNBC]]|date=1 December 2004|accessdate=2 December 2004|last=Tümü|first=Haberin}}</ref> On 3 October 2005, during Erdoğan's tenure as Prime Minister, negotiations for Turkey's accession to the EU formally started.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7529707.stm|title=EU enlargement past, present and future|work=BBC News|date=6 November 2008|accessdate=1 February 2009}}</ref>

Erdoğan's government is not unconditionally pro-European. The [[European Commission]] generally supports Erdoğan's reforms, but remains critical of his policies. Negotiations about possible EU membership came to a standstill in 2009 and 2010, when Turkish ports were closed to Cypriot ships. Furthermore, fundamental rights remain an issue in Turkey. A law establishing the Turkish National Human Rights Institution was adopted by the Turkish parliament, but the law does not comply fully with the UN Paris principles on human rights institutions. In a 2012 European Commission report about possible Turkish accession to the [[European Union]], the Commission specifically mentioned the lack of the freedoms of;[[freedom of expression|expression]], [[freedom of thought|thought]], [[freedom of conscience|conscience]], [[freedom of religion|religion]] and [[freedom of assembly|assembly]] as well as restricted access to; independent and impartial [[justice]], [[children's rights]], and trade union rights, as areas where the Turkish government needs to implement reforms. [[Freedom of the press]] continues to be restricted in practice, according to the report. No progress was made on anti-discrimination policies, such as discrimination against homosexuals. The position of socially vulnerable persons and/or persons with disabilities, torture in prisons and the issue of [[Honor killing|violence against women]] in relationships outside marriage, as well as early and [[forced marriage]]s, also remain concerns, according to the report.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2012/package/tr_rapport_2012_en.pdf|title=Turkey 2012 Progress report|publisher=European Commission|date=10 October 2012|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref>

In February 2016 Erdoğan threatened to [[European migrant crisis|send the millions of refugees in Turkey to EU]] member states,<ref>"[https://euobserver.com/migration/132233 Erdogan to EU: 'We're not idiots', threatens to send refugees]". EUobserver. 11 February 2016.</ref> saying: "We can open the doors to Greece and Bulgaria anytime and we can put the refugees on buses ... So how will you deal with refugees if you don't get a deal? Kill the refugees?"<ref>"[http://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-eu-turkey-idUSKCN0VH1R0 Turkey's Erdogan threatened to flood Europe with migrants: Greek website]". Reuters. 8 February 2016.</ref>

===Greece and Cyprus dispute===
[[File:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and George Papandreou, Erzurum January 2011 08.jpg|thumb|Erdoğan with Greek Prime Minister [[George Papandreou]].]]

During Erdoğan's Prime Ministership, relations with [[Greece]] were normalized and political and economic relations improved significantly. In 2007, Erdoğan and Greek Prime Minister [[Kostas Karamanlis]] met on the bridge over the Evros River, at the border between Greece and Turkey, for the inauguration of the Greek-Turkish natural gas pipeline. Linking the longtime Aegean rivals, this project will give Caspian gas its first direct Western outlet and help ease Russia's energy dominance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/19/world/europe/19greece.html|title=Greece and Turkey Open Gas Pipeline|work=The New York Times|date=19 November 2007|accessdate=1 February 2009|first=Anthee|last=Carassava}}</ref>
Turkey and Greece signed an agreement to create a Combined Joint Operational Unit within the framework of NATO to participate in Peace Support Operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greekembassy.org/embassy/Content/en/Article.aspx?office=1&folder=24&article=22442 |title=Turkish Foreign Minister's visit to Athens – Greek-Turkish agreement on confidence-building measures |work=greekembassy.org |accessdate=4 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210080019/http://www.greekembassy.org/Embassy/Content/en/Article.aspx?office=1 |archivedate=10 February 2008 }}</ref>
Erdoğan and his party strongly supported the [[Cypriot Annan Plan referendum, 2004|EU-backed referendum]] to reunify Cyprus in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3656919.stm|title=Analysis: Turkey's Cyprus gamble|work=BBC News|date=25 April 2004|accessdate=1 February 2009|first=Jonny|last=Dymond}}</ref> Negotiations about Turkey's possible EU membership came to a standstill in 2009 and 2010, when Turkish ports were closed to Cypriot ships in "revenge" for the economic isolation of the internationally unrecognized [[Northern Cyprus|Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] and the failure of the EU to end the isolation, as it had promised in 2004.<ref>Bogdani, Mirela (2010), ''Turkey and the Dilemma of EU Accession: When Religion Meets Politics'', I.B. Tauris, pp. 32–33</ref> The Turkish government continues its refusal to recognize the Republic of Cyprus.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/eu-pays-the-price-for-admitting-cyprus-turkish-prime-minister-erdogan.aspx?pageID=238&nid=40580|title=EU pays the price for admitting Cyprus: Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan|work=[[Hürriyet]]dailynews.com|date=5 February 2013|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref>

In January 2017, Erdoğan said that the withdrawal of [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|Turkish troops]] from [[Northern Cyprus]] is “out of the question” and Turkey will be in Cyprus “forever”.<ref>"[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-13/cyprus-reunification-talks-to-reconvene-next-week-as-deal-stalls Erdogan Vows to Keep Turkish Troops in Cyprus as Talks Stall]". Bloomberg. 13 January 2017.</ref>

===Armenia===
[[Armenia]] is Turkey's only neighbouring country that Erdoğan did not visit during his prime ministry. [[Turkish-Armenian relations]] are difficult due to the [[denial of the Armenian Genocide]] by Erdoğan and have been frozen since 1993 because of the [[Nagorno-Karabakh War]] with Turkey's close ally Azerbaijan.

Diplomatic efforts resulted in the [[Armenia–Turkey relations|signing of protocols]] by the Turkish and Armenian Foreign Ministers in [[Switzerland]] to improve relations between the two countries in 2010. One of the points of the agreement was the creation of a joint commission on the issue. The [[Constitutional Court of Armenia|Armenian Constitutional Court]] decided that the commission contradicts the [[Constitution of Armenia|Armenian constitution]]. Turkey said that the Armenian court's ruling on the protocols was not acceptable.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-199092-turkey-says-armenian-top-courts-ruling-on-protocols-not-acceptable.htm|title=Turkey says Armenian top court's ruling on protocols not acceptable|work=''Today's Zaman''|date=20 January 2010|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref> The [[National Assembly of Armenia|parliament of Armenia]] and [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Turkey's National Assembly]] decided to suspend the ratification process.

On 5 August 2014, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, in a televised interview on [[NTV (Turkey)|NTV]] news network, remarked that being Armenian is "uglier" even than being Georgian, saying "You wouldn't believe the things they have said about me. They have said I am Georgian&nbsp;... they have said even uglier things – they have called me Armenian, but I am Turkish."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Altintas|first1=Baris|title=PM uses offensive, racist language targeting Armenians|url=https://www.todayszaman.com/son-dakika_erdogan-even-worse-i-apologize-i-was-called-an-armenian_354746.html|agency=Zaman|date=6 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Adam|title=Is 'Armenian' an insult? Turkey's prime minister seems to think so.|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/08/06/is-armenian-an-insult-turkeys-prime-minister-seems-to-think-so/|agency=Washington Post|date=6 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey's Erdogan accused of inciting racial hatred for comment on Armenian descent|url=http://www.therepublic.com/view/story/8743cb2799aa430c911c126e308dcda9/EU--Turkey-Erdogan-Racism|publisher=The Republic|date=6 August 2014}}</ref>

===Egypt===
[[File:Erdogan gesturing Rabia.jpg|thumb|Erdoğan is making [[Rabia sign]] for solidarity with Muslim Brotherhood protesters after [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état]]]]

{{main article|Egypt–Turkey relations}}

Erdoğan made his first official visit to [[Egypt]] on 12 September 2011, accompanied by six ministers and 200 businessmen.<ref name="cnn_egypt">{{cite news| title=Turkish prime minister arrives for visit to Egypt as role widens| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/09/12/turkey.diplomacy/| publisher=''CNN''| date=14 September 2011| accessdate=15 September 2011|last1=Watson|first1=Ivan|last2=Fahmy|first2=Mohamed Fadel}}</ref> This visit was considered a diplomatic success. It was made very soon after Turkey had ejected Israeli ambassadors, cutting all diplomatic and bilateral military agreements<ref name="cnn_egypt" /> because Israel refused to apologize for the [[Gaza flotilla raid]] which killed eight Turkish and one Turco-American aboard a convoy headed to Gaza.<ref name="cnn_egypt" /> This was the first visit to Egypt by a Prime Minister of Turkey in 15 years and the first after the [[Egyptian Revolution of 2011]].<ref name="cnn_egypt" /><ref name="guardian_egypt">{{cite news| title=Turkey-Egypt talks stoke Israeli fears of political isolation| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/09/turkey-egypt-israel-political-isolation| publisher=''The Guardian''| date=9 September 2011| accessdate=15 September 2011| first=Harriet| last=Sherwood}}</ref>

Erdoğan's visit to Egypt was met with much enthusiasm by [[Egyptians]]. Even though it was midnight, Cairo traffic was reported to be jammed as thousands rushed to welcome the Turkish Prime Minister with Turkish flags. [[CNN]] reported some Egyptians saying "We consider him as the Islamic leader in the Middle East", while others were appreciative of his role in supporting Gaza.<ref name="cnn_egypt" /> Erdoğan was later honored in Tahrir Square by members of the Egyptian Revolution Youth Union, and members of the Turkish embassy were presented with a coat of arms in acknowledgment of the Prime Minister's support of the Egyptian Revolution.<ref name="democrati">{{cite news| title=Egypt and Turkey, an Axis against Democracy?| url=http://democrati.net/2011/09/30/egypt-and-turkey-an-axis-against-democracy/| publisher=democrati.net|author=T. Fouad| date=30 September 2011| accessdate=30 September 2011}}</ref> His visit brought criticism from [[Christianity in the Middle East|Middle Eastern Christians]], however, when he drew comparisons in a speech between the fall of Mubarak and the [[Fall of Constantinople]], describing the [[Byzantine Empire]] as a "dark civilization".<ref>{{cite news|author=Mitropolitan George Khedr |script-title=ar:السيد اردوغان هل يقرأ؟ |trans-title=Can Mr. Erdoğan read history? |language=Arabic |url=http://www.ortmtlb.org.lb/ocal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=863:-09242011&catid=97:an-nahar-2011&Itemid=62 |accessdate=4 November 2011 |newspaper=[[al-Nahar]] |date=24 September 2011 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Syriac League|script-title=ar:الرابطة السريانية:لمراعاة التنوع والتعدد وعقائد وفكر الاخر|trans-title=To tolerate diversity and respect others' beliefs|language=Arabic|newspaper=[[Lebanese Forces]]|date=21 September 2011}}</ref>

[[File:G8 summit in L'Aquila, family photo.jpg|thumb|250px|Erdoğan and [[Hosni Mubarak]] are among the world leaders seen here at the G8 summit in 2009.]]
When asked in an interview with Mona Al Shazly on Dream TV, Erdoğan stated that he recommended secularism for Egypt, which generated rage among Islamic movements, especially the Freedom and Justice party – the political wing of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]. A week after he left, Turkish Foreign Minister, [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] proclaimed his vision of a strategic alliance between Turkey and Egypt, which he described as an "Axis of Democracy".<ref name=democrati /> However, some voiced concerns that the Egyptian revolution was not fulfilled and that Erdoğan was seeking his own country's strategic interests.{{who|date=November 2014}} It was feared that by forming an alliance with the military junta in Egypt during the country's transition to democracy, Erdoğan may have tipped the balance in favor of those that stood between the Egyptians and their freedom.<ref name=democrati /> In July 2014, after [[Mohammed Morsi]], Egypt's first democratically elected leader, was ousted in 2013, Erdoğan called Egyptian President [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] an "illegitimate tyrant".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/turkey-pm-erdogan-slams-egypts-illegitimate-tyrant-sisi-130905463.html|title=Turkey PM slams Egypt's 'illegitimate tyrant' Sisi|publisher=''Yahoo News''|date=18 July 2014|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref>

===Iraq===
Turkey under Erdoğan was named by the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush Administration]] as a part of the "[[coalition of the willing]]" that was central to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2862343.stm US names 'coalition of the willing']". 18 March 2003. BBC News.</ref>

Under Erdoğan, [[Iraq]] and Turkey signed 48 trade agreements at the Iraqi-Turkish Strategic Council in Baghdad. Agreements were signed on issues including security, energy, oil, electricity, water, health, trade, environment, transport, housing, construction, agriculture, education, higher education, and defense. The Turkish government mended relations with [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] by opening a Turkish university in [[Arbil]], and a Turkish consulate in [[Mosul]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-191730-100-news-analysis-towards-a-new-era-in-ties-with-northern-iraq.html|title=Towards a new era in ties with Northern Iraq|date=2 November 2009|work=''Today's Zaman''|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref> On 23 March 2009, [[Abdullah Gül]] became the first Turkish head of state to visit Iraq in 33 years.

Erdoğan's government fostered very strong economic and political relations with [[Irbil]], and Turkey has begun to consider the [[Kurdistan Regional Government]] in northern Iraq as an ally against Maliki's government.<ref name=Kurd-Shiite-Sunni-Split>{{cite web|last=Salem|first=Paul|title=INSIGHT: Iraq’s Tensions Heightened by Syria Conflict|url=http://middleeastvoices.voanews.com/2012/11/insight-iraqs-tensions-heightened-by-syria-conflict-96791/|publisher=Middle East Voices|accessdate=3 November 2012|date=29 November 2012}}</ref>

In March 2015, Erdoğan criticized [[Iran]]'s regional ambitions in Iraq.<ref name="Iran"/>

===Israel===
{{see also|Israel–Turkey relations}}
[[Image:WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM ANNUAL MEETING 2009 - Recep Tayyip Erdogan.jpg|thumb|left|Erdoğan walks out of the session at the [[World Economic Forum]] in 2009, vows never to return.]]

On 1 May 2005, in a rare state visit by a leader of a Muslim majority country, Turkey's prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, came to Israel offering to serve as a [[Middle East]] [[peace]] [[mediation|mediator]] and looking to build on [[trade]] and [[military]] ties.<ref name="nytimes.com">https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/02/world/middleeast/turkish-leader-visits-israel-restoring-friendly-ties.html</ref> Along with him bringing a delegation of [[businessmen]] to further [[economic]] ties.<ref>{{cite news|author=Grey Myre|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/02/international/middleeast/02mideast.html|title=Report: Turkish Leader Visits Israel, Restoring Friendly Ties|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 May 2005|accessdate=3 September 2011}}</ref> During his visit to Israel, Erdoğan also visited the [[Yad Vashem]], which is Israel's official [[memorial]] to the victims of the [[Holocaust]].<ref name="nytimes.com"/><ref>http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/pressroom/pressreleases/pr_details.asp?cid=377</ref>

The [[President of Israel]] [[Shimon Peres]] addressed the Turkish parliament during a visit in 2007, the first time an Israeli leader had addressed the legislature of a predominantly Muslim nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/news/world/peres-addresses-turkish-parliament/2007/11/14/1194766711166.html|title=Peres addresses Turkish Parliament|newspaper=[[Brisbane Times]]|date=14 November 2007|accessdate=3 September 2011}}</ref>

At the 2009 [[World Economic Forum]] conference, debate became heated in relation to the [[Gaza War (2008–09)|Gaza War]]. Peres responded to Erdoğan, stating that Turkey would have done the same if rockets had been hitting Istanbul.<ref name=telegraph>{{cite news|title=WEF 2009 Turkish leader storms out of debate with Israeli PM|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/davos/4392331/WEF-2009-Turkish-leader-storms-out-of-debate-with-Israeli-PM.html|publisher=''The Telegraph''|accessdate=23 February 2011|date=30 January 2009}}</ref> Erdoğan was interrupted by the moderator while he was responding to Peres: "Mister Peres, you are older than I am. Maybe you are feeling guilty and that is why you are raising your voice. When it comes to killing you know it too well. I remember how you killed the children on beaches&nbsp;..." Upon the moderator's reminder that they needed to adjourn for dinner, Erdoğan left the panel, accusing the moderator of giving Peres more time than all the other panelists combined.<ref name="erdoganhurriyet">{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/world/10887282.asp?gid=244|title=Turkish PM storms out of Davos' Gaza session, slams moderator|work=Hürriyet|date=1 February 2009|accessdate=1 February 2009}}</ref>

Following the [[Gaza flotilla raid]] in May 2010, tension between the two countries mounted. Erdoğan strongly condemned the raid, describing it as "state terrorism", and called for the Israeli leaders responsible to apologize. Erdoğan described [[Israel]] as "the main threat to regional peace", and called for [[Nuclear weapons and Israel|Israel's nuclear facilities]] to come under [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]] inspection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/turkish-pm-israel-is-the-main-threat-to-mideast-peace-1.901|title=Turkish PM: Israel is the main threat to Mideast peace|publisher=Haaretz.com|accessdate=8 September 2010}}</ref> Erdoğan accused Israel of turning Gaza into an "open-air prison".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/report-turkish-pm-erdogan-says-palestine-today-is-an-open-air-prison-1.266939|title=Report: Turkish PM Erdoğan says 'Palestine today is an open-air prison'|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=1 January 2009|accessdate=8 September 2010}}</ref> UN Secretary General [[Ban Ki-moon]] subsequently described Erdoğan's remarks as "hurtful and divisive."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://rt.com/news/netanyahu-condemns-erdogan-zionism-accusations-648/|title=Turkish PM's 'Zionist' comment sparks international outcry|publisher=''[[Russia Today]]''|date=1 March 2013|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-01/un-says-erdogan-wrong-to-link-zionism-with-fascism.html|title=UN Says Erdogan 'Wrong' to Link Zionism With Fascism|first1=Selcan|last1=Hacaoglu|first2=Nicole|last2=Gaouette|work=Bloomberg|date=1 March 2013|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref>

During the [[March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes]], Erdoğan demanded that Israel must stop the 'massacre' of Palestinians in Gaza, saying that it was a part of an Israeli campaign of "genocide" against the [[Palestinian people]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=261722|title=Erdogan calls on Israelis to oppose Gaza 'massacre'|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=13 March 2013|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref>

In February 2013, Erdoğan called [[Zionism]] a "crime against humanity", comparing it to Islamophobia, antisemitism, and fascism.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kalman |first=Aaron |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/erdogan-calls-zionism-a-crime-against-humanity/ |title=Erdogan calls Zionism a 'crime against humanity' |work=The Times of Israel |date=28 February 2013|accessdate=3 June 2013}}</ref> He later retracted the statement, saying he had been misinterpreted. He said "everyone should know" that his comments were directed at "Israeli policies," especially as regards to "Gaza and the settlements." Erdoğan also said "in several statements I openly condemned anti-Semitism, and it clearly displays my position on this issue."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Mar-20/210853-erdogan-says-comments-on-zionism-misunderstood.ashx |title=Erdogan says comments on Zionism 'misunderstood'|work=The Lebanon Daily Star|date=20 March 2013|accessdate=3 December 2014|agency=Agence Presse France}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/turkish-pm-says-zionism-comments-misinterpreted/|title=Turkish PM says Zionism comments misinterpreted|work=The Times of Israel|date=20 March 2013|accessdate=3 December 2014|last=Fiske|first=Gavriel}}</ref> Erdoğan's branding of Zionism as a crime against humanity was condemned by the Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], criticized by the US Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] and UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, and called unacceptable by the German Foreign Minister [[Guido Westerwelle]] and EU High Representative [[Catherine Ashton]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pmo.gov.il/English/MediaCenter/Spokesman/Pages/spokeArdu280213.aspx|title=PM Netanyahu Responds to Turkish PM Erdogan's Statement|publisher=Israel Prime Minister's Office|date=28 February 2013|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/02/world/europe/kerry-criticizes-turkish-prime-minister-over-zionism-remark.html?hp&_r=1&|title=Kerry Comes to Turkey With Rebuke of Its Leader Over Zionism Remark|first=Michael|last=Gordon|work=''[[The New York Times]]|date=1 March 2013|accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.un.org/sg/offthecuff/index.asp?nid=2731|title=Note to Correspondents on comments attributed to Prime Minister Erdogan of Turkey during the Fifth Global Forum of the Alliance of Civilizations in Vienna|date=1 March 2013|accessdate=3 December 2014|last=Moon|first=Ban-Ki|publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://diepresse.com/home/politik/aussenpolitik/1350833/Zionismus-ist-Verbrechen_Aussenamt-ruegt-Erdogan?from=suche.intern.portal|title=Zionismus ist Verbrechen: Außenamt rügt Erdogan|work=[[Die Presse]]|date=1 March 2013|accessdate=3 December 2014|language=German|trans-title="Zionism is a crime": Foreign Ministry criticises Erdogan}}</ref>
[[File:President Hassan Rouhani welcomes Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Saadabad Palace 02.jpg|thumb|180px|Erdoğan and Iranian President [[Hassan Rouhani]], 7 April 2015]]

In August 2013, the ''[[Hürriyet]]'' reported that Erdoğan had stated to a meeting of the AKP's provincial chairs that Israel was responsible for the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|military coup in Egypt]] which overthrew [[Mohammad Morsi]]. Erdoğan reportedly stated "Who is behind this? Israel. We have evidence". Specifically, Erdoğan cited a video posted online of [[Tzipi Livni]] speaking with French intellectual [[Bernard-Henri Levy]]. Erdoğan alleged that Levy said: "The [[Muslim Brotherhood]] will not be in power even if they win the elections, because democracy is not the ballot box." However, what Levy said was: "If the Muslim Brotherhood arrives in Egypt, I will not say democracy wants it, so let democracy progress. Democracy is not only elections, it is also values&nbsp;... I will urge the prevention of [the Muslim Brotherhood] coming to power, but by all sorts of means."<ref name=Israelbehind>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-has-evidence-that-israel-was-behind-egypt-coup-erdogan.aspx?pageID=517&nID=52876&NewsCatID=338|title=Israel behind coup to oust Morsi, Turkish PM Erdoğan says|work=[[Hürriyet]]|date=20 August 2013|accessdate=4 December 2014}}</ref> The Israeli Foreign Ministry spokesman later stated that Erdoğan's accusation was "a statement well worth not commenting on". Egypt's interim government rejected Erdoğan' allegations, describing it as "baseless", and charged that "Its purpose is to strike at the unity of Egyptians."<ref name="Israelbehind" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/154587/turkey-has-evidence-that-israel-was-behind-egypt-coup-erdogan.html|title=Turkey has evidence that Israel was behind Egypt coup: Erdoğan|work=[[The Journal of Turkish Weekly]]|date=20 August 2013|accessdate=4 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://rt.com/news/israel-egypt-coup-erdogan-722/|title='Israel behind Egypt coup' – Turkish PM|work=[[Russia Today]]|date=20 August 2013|accessdate=4 December 2014}}</ref>

Relations between the two countries began to normalize after Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu officially apologized for the death of the nine Turkish activists during the Gaza flotilla raid.<ref>{{cite news|title=Netanyahu apologizes to Turkey over Gaza flotilla|url=http://www.jpost.com/International/Obama-Netanyahu-Erdogan-speak-by-phone-307423|accessdate=30 August 2014|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=22 March 2014|last=Keinon|first=Herb}}</ref> However, in response to the [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict]], Erdoğan accused Israel of being "more barbaric than Hitler",<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish Prime Minister says Israel is 'more barbaric than Hitler'|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/turkish-prime-minister-says-israel-is-more-barbaric-than-hitler-9617145.html|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=20 July 2014|accessdate=4 December 2014}}</ref> and conducting "[[state terrorism]]" and a "genocide attempt" against the Palestinians.<ref>{{cite news|title=Erdogan accuses Israel of 'using terrorism' in its operations against Hamas in Gaza|url=http://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Erdogan-accuses-Israel-of-using-terrorism-in-its-operations-against-Hamas-in-Gaza-362759|accessdate=18 July 2014|last=Ben Solomon|first=Ariel|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=14 July 2014}}</ref> He also stated that "If Israel continues with this attitude, it will definitely be tried at international courts."<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey's Erdogan says Israel should face trial over Gaza assault |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/24/us-mideast-gaza-turkey-idUSKBN0FT2BZ20140724 |date=24 July 2014|accessdate=4 December 2014|last1=Butler|first1=Daren|last2=Toksabay|first2=Ece}}</ref>

===Russia===
[[File:Vladimir Putin and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (2015-06-13) 5.jpg|thumb|250px|Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] and Erdoğan during a meeting in Baku, 13 June 2015]]

{{main article|Russia–Turkey relations}}

In December 2004, Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] visited Turkey. This was only the second presidential visit in the history of Turkish–Russian relations after that of the Chairman of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]] of the [[USSR]], [[Nikolai Podgorny]], in 1972. In November 2005, Putin attended the inauguration of a jointly constructed [[Blue Stream]] natural gas pipeline in Turkey. This sequence of top-level visits brought several important bilateral issues to the forefront. The two countries consider it their strategic goal to achieve "multidimensional co-operation", especially in the fields of energy, transport and the military. Specifically, Russia aims to invest in Turkey's fuel and energy industries, and it also expects to participate in the modernisation of Turkey's military.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.euractiv.com/en/foreign-affairs/turkey-russia-relations/article-134083|work=euractiv.com|title=Turkey–Russia relations|date=17 November 2005|accessdate=4 December 2014}}</ref>

In 2010, then-President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] described Turkey as "one of our most important partners with respect to regional and international issues", adding, "We can confidently say that Russian–Turkish relations have advanced to the level of a multidimensional strategic partnership."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-209892-102-turkey-russia-eye-strategic-partnership-in-medvedev-visit.html|work=''Today's Zaman''|title=Turkey, Russia eye strategic partnership in Medvedev visit|date=11 May 2010|accessdate=4 December 2014}}</ref>

[[File:The opening of the Moscow Cathedral Mosque (2015-09-23) 05.jpg|thumb|Putin, Erdoğan and [[Mahmoud Abbas|Abbas]] attend [[Moscow Cathedral Mosque|Moscow's Cathedral Mosque]] opening ceremony, 23 September 2015]]
On 12 May 2010, Ankara and Moscow signed 17 agreements to enhance cooperation in energy and other fields, including pacts to build Turkey's first nuclear power plant and further plans for an oil pipeline from the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. The leaders of both countries also signed an agreement on visa-free travel, enabling tourists to get into the country for free and stay there for up to 30 days.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://rt.com/politics/russia-turkey-visa-regime|work=Russia Today|title=Russia and Turkey agree on visa-free travel|date=12 May 2010|accessdate=4 December 2014}}</ref>

Erdoğan is defender of the [[Crimean Tatars]]' minority rights. He said after meeting with Crimean Tatar leaders in August 2015: "Unfortunately, throughout history, the right of the Crimean Tatar people to live in dignity in their own homeland was undermined with collective deportations and repression. Today we are witnessing the illegal annexation of the Crimea and other regrettable events."<ref>"[http://www.ibtimes.com/defeat-russia-ukraine-creates-muslim-military-unit-made-crimean-tatars-2036618 To Defeat Russia, Ukraine Creates Muslim Military Unit Made Up Of Crimean Tatars]". ''[[International Business Times]]''. 3 August 2015.</ref> On 20 August 2016 Erdoğan told his [[Ukrainia]]n counterpart [[Petro Poroshenko]] that Turkey would not recognize the [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea]]; calling it "Crimea's occupation".<ref>[http://www.rferl.mobi/a/russia-turkey-poroshenko-erdogan-crimea-russia-recognize/27935596.html Erdogan Tells Poroshenko Turkey Won't Recognize Crimea As Russian], [[Radio Free Europe]] (20 August 2016)</ref>

===Saudi Arabia===
Diplomatic ties with [[Saudi Arabia]] were established in 1929. In recent years, importance has been given to regional issues and to the improvement of bilateral relations to strengthen political, economic and military ties.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.susris.com/articles/2006/ioi/060808-saudi-turkey.html||work=Arab News|title=Saudi-Turkey relations set for new era|date=8 August 2006|accessdate=4 December 2014|last=Ali Khan|first=M.Ghazanfar}}</ref>

In August 2006, [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz as-Saud]] made a visit to [[Turkey]]. This was the first visit by a [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] monarch to Turkey in four decades. The monarch made a second visit on 9 November 2007. Turkish-Saudi trade volume exceeded {{USD}} 3.2 billion in 2006, almost double the figure achieved in 2003. In 2009, this amount reached {{USD}} 5.5 billion and the goal for the year 2010 was {{USD}} 10&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.neurope.eu/article/turkey-saudi-arabia-increase-cooperation|work=New Europe|title=Turkey, Saudi Arabia increase cooperation|date=16 February 2009|accessdate=4 December 2014}}</ref> Trade is expected to increase further as the strategic locations of both countries mean their economies are in a position to supplement each other.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey-saudi-arabia-relations.en.mfa|title=Turkey-Saudi Arabia Relations|publisher=Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref>

In March 2015, Erdoğan said that Turkey supported the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]] against the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Houthis]] and forces loyal to former President [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]].<ref name="Iran">{{cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20150326-turkey-support-saudi-yemen-erdogan-interview-france-24|work=France24|title=Turkey supports Saudi mission in Yemen, says Iran must withdraw|date=26 March 2015}}</ref>

===Somalia===
{{see also|Somalia–Turkey relations}}
Erdoğan's administration maintained strong ties with the [[Federal Government of Somalia]]. Following a greatly improved security situation in [[Mogadishu]] in mid-2011, the Turkish government re-opened its foreign embassy with the intention of more effectively assisting in the post-conflict development process.<ref name="Prrtrotteim">{{cite web|title=No: 248: Press Release Regarding the Re-opening of the Turkish Embassy in Mogadishu|url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-248_-1-november-2011_-press-release-regarding-the-re-opening-of-the-turkish-embassy-in-mogadishu.en.mfa|publisher=Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs|date=1 November 2011|accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref> It was among the first foreign administrations to resume formal diplomatic relations with Somalia after the civil war.<ref name="nation">{{cite news|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/oped/Opinion/Why-Turkish-aid-model-is-proving-to-be-a-success-/-/440808/1378016/-/item/0/-/7rmpkt/-/index.html|title=Why Turkish aid model is proving to be a success in Somalia and elsewhere|author=Rasna Warah|work=Saturday Nation|date=1 April 2012|accessdate=4 December 2014}}</ref>

Development cooperation between Turkey and Somalia is multi-tiered, and includes military, social, economic and infrastructural partnerships.<ref name="nation"/><ref name="Tsmaa">{{cite news|title=Turkey-Somalia military agreement approved |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-297699-turkey-somalia-military-agreement-approved.html |accessdate=13 August 2013 |newspaper=''Today's Zaman'' |date=9 November 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623235606/http://www.todayszaman.com:80/news-297699-turkey-somalia-military-agreement-approved.html |archivedate=23 June 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> In May 2010, the Turkish and Somali governments signed a military training agreement, in keeping with the provisions outlined in the Djibouti Peace Process.<ref name="Tssmtp">{{cite news|title=Turkey-Somalia military agreement approved|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_turkey-somalia-military-agreement-approved_297699.html|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=''Today's Zaman''|date=9 May 2012}}</ref> Enforcement of the pact officially began in November 2012. Outlining training, technical and scientific cooperation, the treaty includes joint-service exercises between both national militaries and exchanges of delegations and personnel. It also encompasses training by the Turkish Military Medical Academy and Mapping General Command, between the gendarmerie and coast guard, as well as in-field training and education at national military installations and institutions. Additionally, the agreement includes provisions for the mutual exchange of information vis-a-vis military history, publications and museology.<ref name="Tsmaa"/>

[[Turkish Airlines]] became the first long-distance international commercial airline in two decades to resume flights to and from Mogadishu's [[Aden Adde International Airport]].<ref name="nation"/> In September 2013, the Turkish company Favori LLC began operations at the airport.<ref name=Aksam>{{cite news|title=Somali'ye Türk firma havalimanı yapacak|url=http://www.aksam.com.tr/newsdetail.asp?Newsid=162839&cid=guncel&title=somaliye-turk-firma-havalimani-yapacak|accessdate=11 January 2014|newspaper=''Aksam''|language=Turkish|trans-title=Turkish companies will build Somalia's airport|date=29 January 2013}}</ref> In partnership with the Somali government, Turkish officials also launched various development and infrastructure projects in Somalia. They have assisted in the building of several hospitals, and helped renovate and rehabilitate the National Assembly building, among other initiatives.<ref name="nation"/>

In May 2013, the 1st Turkish-Somali Business Forum was held in Istanbul to highlight commercial opportunities in both Turkey and Somalia for Turkish and Somali businesses. Organized by the Somali Council in conjunction with Turkish and Somali government ministries, the event included roundtable discussions on potential commercial ventures in both countries as well as business-to-business meetings between Turkish and Somali firms.<ref name="Ftsbf">{{cite web|title=1st Turkish-Somali Business Forum|url=http://www.thesomalicouncil.org/programs/turkey/forumprogram.pdf|publisher=Somali Council|date=21 May 2013|accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref>

===Syria===
During Erdoğan's term of office, diplomatic relations between Turkey and Syria significantly deteriorated. At first there were hopeful signs. In 2004, President [[Bashar al-Assad]] arrived in Turkey for the first official visit by a Syrian President in 57 years. In late 2004, Erdoğan signed a free trade agreement with Syria. Visa restrictions between the two countries were lifted in 2009, which caused an economic boom in the regions near the Syrian border.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2004/01/06/son/sontur16.html|title=Türkiye, Suriye ile İsrail arasında kolaylaştırıcı rol üstlenebilir|publisher=''Milliyet''|date=6 January 1990|accessdate=8 September 2010|language=Turkish|trans-title=Turkey could play a role in facilitating Syria and Israel}}</ref> Before the [[Syrian civil war]] Erdoğan and al-Assad were described by ''[[The Economist]]'' as "the best of friends".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21578046-turkish-government-under-attack-home-its-assertive-policy-towards-syria-explosive|title=Turkey and Syria: An explosive border|work=The Economist|date18 may 2013=|accessdate=4 December 2014}}</ref> However, in 2011, the relationship between the two countries was strained following the outbreak of conflict in Syria. Erdoğan said he was trying to "cultivate a favorable relationship with whatever government would take the place of Assad".<ref name="Dif releationship against Assad">{{cite web|last=Epatko|first=Larisa|title=Syria and Turkey: A Complex Relationship|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2012/11/syria-and-turkey.html|publisher=PBS NEWSHOUR|accessdate=15 November 2012|date=15 November 2012}}</ref> However, he began to directly support the armed opposition in Syria, creating a serious Syrian refugee problem in Turkey, conflict over armed fighter bases in Turkey, and an unpopular conflict with Syria.<ref>{{cite web|title=Turks Concerned with Erdogan's Syria Policy|date= 24 October 2014|accessdate= 24 October 2014|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5KJBioljJE}}</ref> Erdoğan's policy of providing military training for anti-Damascus fighters has also created conflict with Syria's ally, Iran.<ref>{{cite web|title=Senior MP Raps Erdogan's Policies on Syria|date=7 January 2013|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-314125007.html|accessdate=4 December 2014|work=FARS News}}</ref>

As of 2015, Turkey is actively supporting the [[Army of Conquest]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-crisis-turkey-and-saudi-arabia-shock-western-countries-by-supporting-antiassad-jihadists-10242747.html |title=Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria |author=Kim Sengupta |newspaper=The Independent |date=12 May 2015}}</ref> an umbrella Syrian rebel group that reportedly includes an [[al-Qaeda]] linked [[al-Nusra Front]] and another [[Salafi jihadism|Salafi]] coalition known as [[Ahrar al-Sham]].<ref>"[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/12392/21/Gulf-allies-and-%E2%80%98Army-of-Conquest%E2%80%99.aspx Gulf allies and ‘Army of Conquest’]". ''[[Al-Ahram Weekly]]''. 28 May 2015.</ref><ref>"[https://news.yahoo.com/army-conquest-rebel-alliance-pressures-syria-regime-090529121.html 'Army of Conquest' rebel alliance pressures Syria regime]". Yahoo News. 28 April 2015.</ref> Al-Nusra Front and [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] (ISIL) sometimes cooperate with each other when they fight against the Syrian government.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/jabhat-al-nusra-isis-alliance-could-spread-beyond-damascus-1877819 |title=Jabhat Al-Nusra And ISIS Alliance Could Spread Beyond Damascus |author=Erin Banco |newspaper=''[[International Business Times]]'' |date=11 April 2015}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11230622/How-would-a-deal-between-al-Qaeda-and-Isil-change-Syrias-civil-war.html How would a deal between al-Qaeda and Isil change Syria's civil war?]". ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. 14 November 2014</ref>

In late November 2016, Erdoğan said that the Turkish military [[Turkish military intervention in Syria|launched its operations in Syria]] to end the rule of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-entered-syria-to-end-al-assads-rule-president-erdogan.aspx?PageID=238&NID=106709&NewsCatID=352|title=Turkey entered Syria to end al-Assad’s rule: President Erdoğan|publisher=Hurriyet Daily News|date=29 November 2016}}</ref> Days later, Erdoğan sought to retract his statement; media observers attributed his outburst to frustration due to failure of his government's Syria policies.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/12/erdogan-syria-policy-turkey-dead-end-aleppo.html|title=Erdogan’s Syria policy hits dead end in Aleppo|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=4 December 2016}}</ref> In an interview with the state-run [[Syrian Arab News Agency]] on 8 December, Syria President [[Bashar al-Assad]] said that "as long as the Turkish policy is run by an abnormal and psychologically-disturbed person like Erdogan, we have to expect all possibilities".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sana.sy/en/?p=95555|title=President al-Assad: Failure of Western states and Turkey in the battle in Aleppo means failure of outside project and the transformation of the course of the war in Syria|publisher=[[Syrian Arab News Agency]]|date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

===United States===
[[File:Joe Biden & Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.jpg|thumb|U.S. Vice President [[Joe Biden]] meets with Prime Minister Erdoğan at his home in [[Istanbul]].]]

When [[Barack Obama]] became President of the United States, he made [[List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama|his first overseas bilateral meeting visit to Turkey]] in April 2009.

At a joint news conference in Turkey, Obama said: "I'm trying to make a statement about the importance of Turkey, not just to the United States but to the world. I think that where there's the most promise of building stronger [[Turkey – United States relations|U.S.-Turkish relations]] is in the recognition that Turkey and the United States can build a model partnership in which a predominantly Christian nation, a predominantly [[Muslim]] nation – a Western nation and a nation that straddles two continents," he continued, "that we can create a modern international community that is respectful, that is secure, that is prosperous, that there are not tensions – inevitable tensions between cultures – which I think is extraordinarily important."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/04/06/obama.turkey/index.html|title=Obama in Turkey|work=[[CNN]]|date=6 April 2006|accessdate=1 February 2009}}</ref>

==Elections and referendums==
In terms of his successes in elections and [[referendum]]s, Erdoğan is one of the most successful politicians in the Republican era of [[Turkish history]]. Since 1994, he has taken part in 3 general elections, 3 local elections, 1 by-election and 2 referendums, none of which he has lost.

===General elections===
{{Main article|Turkish general election, 2002|Turkish general election, 2007|Turkish general election, 2011}}
[[File:RTE seçim pankartı.jpg|thumb|left|An election campaign poster featuring Erdoğan: "Istanbul is Ready, Target 2023", [[Taksim Square]], [[Istanbul]].]]

The elections of 2002 were the first elections in which Erdoğan participated as a party leader. All parties previously elected to parliament failed to win enough votes to re-enter the parliament. The AKP won 34.3% of the national vote and formed the new government. Turkish stocks rose more than 7% on Monday morning. Politicians of the previous generation, such as [[Bülent Ecevit|Ecevit]], [[Devlet Bahçeli|Bahceli]], [[Mesut Yılmaz|Yılmaz]] and [[Tansu Çiller|Çiller]], resigned. The second largest party, the CHP, received 19.4% of the votes.

The stage of the elections of 2007 was set for a fight for legitimacy in the eyes of voters between his government and the CHP. Erdoğan used the event that took place during the ill-fated Presidential elections a few months earlier as a part of the general election campaign of his party. On 22 July 2007, the AKP won an important victory over the opposition, garnering 46.7% of the popular vote. 22 July elections marked only the second time in the Republic of Turkey's history whereby an incumbent governing party won an election by increasing its share of popular support.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mesajı anladık |author=Turan Yılmaz |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/secim/6942407.asp |newspaper=Hürriyet |language=Turkish|trans-title=Message understood |date=23 July 2007 |place=Ankara |accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref>

On 14 March 2008, Turkey's Chief Prosecutor asked the country's Constitutional Court to ban Erdoğan's governing party.<ref name="akptrial1">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7482793.stm|title=Turkish ruling party put on trial|work=BBC News|accessdate=1 February 2009|date=1 July 2008}}</ref> The party escaped a ban on 30 July 2008, a year after winning 46.7% of the vote in national elections, although judges did cut the party's public funding by 50%.<ref name="akptrial2">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7533414.stm|title=Turkey's ruling party escapes ban|work=BBC News|accessdate=1 February 2009|date=30 July 2008}}</ref>

In the June 2011 elections, Erdoğan's governing party won 327 seats (49.83% of the popular vote) making Erdoğan the only prime minister in Turkey's history to win three consecutive general elections, each time receiving more votes than the previous election. The second party, the Republican People's Party (CHP), received 135 seats (25.94%), the nationalist MHP received 53 seats (13.01%), and the Independents received 35 seats (6.58%).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/116073/turkey-39-s-ruling-ak-party-wins-elections-with-49-83-percent-vote.html|title=Turkey's Ruling AK Party Wins Elections with 49.83 Percent Vote|work=The journal of Turkish Weekly|accessdate=6 December 2014|date=13 June 2011}}</ref>

===Presidential elections===
{{Main article|Turkish presidential election, 2007|Turkish presidential election, 2014}}
[[File:2014 Turkish Presidential Election campaign.jpg|thumb|Posters of Erdoğan and his rival [[Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu]] during [[Turkish presidential election, 2014|2014 presidential election]], [[Istanbul]]]]

On 14 April 2007, an estimated 300,000 people marched in [[Ankara]] to protest against the possible candidacy of Erdoğan in the 2007 presidential election, afraid that if elected as President, he would alter the secular nature of the Turkish state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6554851.stm|title=Secular rally targets Turkish PM|publisher=''BBC News''|date=14 April 2007|accessdate=6 December 2014}}</ref> Erdoğan announced on 24 April 2007 that the party had nominated [[Abdullah Gül]] as the AKP candidate in the presidential election.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/articles/139006/turkish-foreign-minister-to-stand-for-presidency|title=Turkish foreign minister to stand for presidency|publisher=''Al-Jazeera''|date=25 April 2007|accessdate=6 December 2014}}</ref> The protests continued over the next several weeks, with over one million people reported to have turned out at a 29 April rally in Istanbul,<ref name= Reuters29>{{cite news|url= http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL2910950920070429|title=One million Turks rally against government|work=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=30 April 2007|date=29 April 2007|last=De Bendern|first=Paul}}</ref> tens of thousands at separate protests on 4 May in [[Manisa]] and [[Çanakkale]],<ref name="Milliyet">{{cite web|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2007/05/04/guncel/axgun01.html|title=Saylan: Manisa mitingi önemli|work=[[Milliyet]]|language=Turkish|trans-title=Saylan: Important rally in Manisa|last=Avci|first=Ümran|accessdate=4 May 2007|date=4 May 2007}}</ref> and one million in [[İzmir]] on 13 May.<ref name="swissinfo">{{cite web|url=http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/international/ticker/detail/Turks_protest_ahead_of_early_elections.html?siteSect=143&sid=7813908&cKey=1179061645000|title=Turks protest ahead of early elections|work=[[Swissinfo]]|date=13 May 2007|accessdate=13 May 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930222218/http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/international/ticker/detail/Turks_protest_ahead_of_early_elections.html?siteSect=143&sid=7813908&cKey=1179061645000|archivedate=30 September 2007|last=De Bendern|first=Paul}}</ref>

Early parliamentary elections were called after the failure of the parties in parliament to agree on the next Turkish president. The opposition parties boycotted the parliamentary vote and deadlocked the election process. At the same time, Erdoğan spoke of a failure of the Turkish political system and proposed to modify the constitution.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} Gül was later elected President after the general elections on 22 July 2007 that saw AKP and Erdoğan brought back to power with 46.7% of the vote. Later in 2007, a [[Turkish constitutional referendum, 2007|Turkish constitutional referendum]] was approved with the support of 69% of voters to modify the constitution to allow the people to elect the President.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

===Local elections===
{{Main article|Turkish local elections, 1994|Turkish local elections, 2004|Turkish local elections, 2009|Turkish local elections, 2014}}
In 1994 Erdoğan was elected [[Mayor of Istanbul]], one of the biggest metropolitan areas of the world. He received 25.19% of the popular vote. After the AKP won the 2002 general elections under the leadership of Erdoğan, it has received more votes in the 2004 local elections. The AKP was the biggest party in 12 out of 16 metropolitan municipality.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey's AKP wins local elections, but loses strength |author=Zheng Jinfa |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/30/content_11101457.htm |newspaper=''China View'' |date=30 March 2009 |accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref>

The Turkish local elections of 2009 took place during the [[financial crisis of 2007–2010]]. In these elections the AKP received 39% of the vote, 3% less than in the local elections of 2004. The second party CHP received 23% of the vote and the third party MHP received 16% of the vote.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}} The AKP won in Turkey's two largest cities: [[Ankara]] and [[Istanbul mayoral election, 2009|Istanbul]].

===2007 and 2010 Constitutional Referendums===
{{Main article|Turkish constitutional referendum, 2007|Turkish constitutional referendum, 2010}}
After the opposition parties deadlocked the 2007 presidential election by boycotting the parliament, the ruling AKP proposed a constitutional reform package. The reform package was first vetoed by president Sezer. Then he applied to the Turkish constitutional court about the reform package, because the president is unable to veto amendments for the second time. The Turkish constituonal court did not find any problems in the packet and 68.95% of the voters supported the constitutional changes.<ref name="official results">{{cite web | title = Official Results – 21 October 2007 Constitutional Referendum | publisher = Supreme Election Board (YSK) | accessdate = 12 September 2010 | url = http://www.ysk.gov.tr/ysk/docs/2007Referandum/Sonuc/sonucgrafik.pdf|language=Turkish}}</ref>
The reforms consisted of: electing the president by popular vote instead of by parliament, reducing the presidential term from seven years to five, allowing the president to stand for re-election for a second term, holding general elections every four years instead of five and reducing the quorum of lawmakers needed for parliamentary decisions from 367 to 184.

Reforming the Constitution was one of the main pledges of the AKP during the 2007 election campaign. The main opposition party CHP was not interested in altering the Constitution on a big scale, making it impossible to form a [[Constitutional Commission]] (''Anayasa Uzlaşma Komisyonu'').<ref>{{cite news|url=http://arsiv.ntvmsnbc.com/news/475685.asp|title=AKP'nin Anayasa hedefi 15 madde|language=Turkish|trans-title=AKP targets article 15 of the Constitution|work=NTVMSNBC|date=17 February 2009|accessdate=17 February 2009}}</ref> The amendments lacked the two-thirds majority needed to instantly become law, but secured 336 votes in the 550 seat parliament – enough to put the proposals to a referendum. The reform package included a number of issues such as the right of individuals to appeal to the highest court, the creation of the [[ombudsman]]'s office, the possibility to negotiate a nationwide labour contract, gender equality, the ability of civilian courts to convict members of the military, the right of civil servants to go on strike, a privacy law, and the structure of the Constitutional Court. The referendum was agreed by a majority of 58%.<ref>{{cite web| author = Government of Turkey, Supreme Election Board (YSK) | title = Official Results – 12 September 2010 Constitutional Referendum | date = 12 September 2010 | url = http://www.ysk.gov.tr/ysk/docs/2010Referandum/KesinSonuc/SonucGrafik.pdf}}</ref>

===2017 Constitutional Referendum vote===
On Sunday, 16 April 2017, a [[Turkish constitutional referendum, 2017|constitutional referendum]] will be held, where the voters in Turkey (and Turkish citizens abroad) will vote on a set of 18 proposed amendments to the Constitution of Turkey. The proposed amendments include the introduction of an [[executive presidency]] that would replace the existing [[parliamentary system]] of government, the abolition of the [[Prime Minister of Turkey|Office of the Prime Minister]], the raising of the number of seats in Parliament from 550 to 600 and changes in the [[Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38883556 |title=Why is Turkey holding a referendum? |website=www.bbc.com |format= |date=10 February 2017 |accessdate=26 March 2017}}</ref>

==Honors and accolades==
{{see also|List of honorary doctorates awarded to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan}}
[[File:Secretary Kerry Delivers Remarks in Honor of Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan (2).jpg|thumb|250px|U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]], with U.S. Vice President [[Joseph Biden]], delivers remarks in honor of Erdoğan, 16 May 2013]]
[[File:Thaci-Erdogan2.jpg|thumb|250px|Erdoğan joined by his [[Republic of Kosovo|Kosovo]] counterpart [[Hashim Thaçi]], 3 November 2010]]

===Awards===
* 29 January 2004: Profile of Courage Award from the [[American Jewish Congress]], for promoting peace between cultures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrmea.org/2004-april/erdogan-s-third-u.s.-visit-comes-closest-to-being-a-charm.html|title=Erdogan's Third U.S. Visit Comes Closest To Being a Charm|work=[[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]]|date=9 April 2004|accessdate=6 December 2014|first=Jon|last=Gorvett}}</ref> ''Returned at the request of the A.J.C. in July 2014.''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28544391|title=Turkey PM Erdogan returns US Jewish award in Israel row|work=BBC News|date=29 July 2014|accessdate=30 July 2014}}</ref>
* 18 April 2004: listed in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's "[[Time 100|100 most influential people in the world]]" and was called a builder of bridges by the magazine.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1970858,00.html|title=The 2004 Time 100|work=Time|date=18 April 2004|accessdate=6 December 2014}}</ref>
* 13 June 2004: Golden Plate award from the [[Academy of Achievement]] during the conference in Chicago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/pagegen/newsletter/2004/|title=2004 International Summit Highlights|work=Academy of Achievement|date=13 June 2004|accessdate=6 December 2014}}</ref>
* 3 October 2004: German [[Quadriga (award)|Quadriga prize]] for improving relationships between different cultures.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3712262.stm|title=Schroeder hails Turkish reforms|work=BBC News|date=3 October 2004|accessdate=6 December 2014 }}</ref>
* 1 December 2004: named [[European of the Year (European Voice award)|European of the Year]] by the weekly ''[[European Voice]]'', for having put Turkey on the path to reform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/481/erdogan-named-european-of-the-year.html|title=Erdogan Named "European of the Year"|date=2 December 2004|accessdate=6 December 2014|work=The journal of Turkish Weekly}}</ref>
* 2 September 2005: Mediterranean Award for Institutions ({{lang-it|Premio Mediterraneo Istituzioni}}). This was awarded by the Fondazione Mediterraneo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euromedi.org/attivita/dettaglioattivita.asp?idevento=989&lingua=eng|title=The Mediterranean Award for Institutions 2005 to Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan|work=euromedi.com|date=2 September 2005|accessdate=2 September 2005}}</ref>
* 1 June 2006: Russian state medal from the President of the Russian Federation [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/4513893.asp?gid=48|title=Putin'den Tatar madalyası|date=1 June 2006|accessdate=1 June 2006|work=Hürriyet|first=Turan|last=Yilmaz|language=Turkish|trans-title=Putin's Tatar medal}}</ref>
* 8 August 2006: Caspian Energy Integration Award from the [[Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline|Caspian Integration Business Club]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.referansgazetesi.com/haber.aspx?HBR_KOD=46966&ForArsiv=1|title=Erdogan to receive Caspian award for 'Reformer of the Year'|date=5 August 2006|accessdate=5 August 2006|work=Refereans}}</ref>
* 1 November 2006: Outstanding Service award from the Turkish humanitarian organization [[Turkish Red Crescent|Red Crescent]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/politika_kizilaydan-erdogana-ustun-insani-hizmet-nisani_446971.html|title=Kızılay'dan Erdoğan'a 'Üstün İnsani Hizmet Nişanı'|date=2 November 2006|accessdate=6 December 2014|work=Zaman|language=Turkish|trans-title=Erdogan awarded Crescent's outstanding humanitarian service medal}}</ref>
* 2 February 2007: Dialogue Between Cultures Award from the President of Tatarstan [[Mintimer Shaimiev]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haber7.com/haber/20070202/Tatarlardan-Erdogana-odul.php?id=216554|title=Tatarlar'dan Erdoğan'a ödül|language=Turkish|date=15 April 2007|accessdate=15 April 2007|trans-title=Erdogan award from the Tartars|publisher=''Haber''}}</ref>
* 12 March 2007: together with Spanish Prime Minister Zapatero, the 2007 RUMI Peace and Dialogue award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rumiforum.org/rumi-peace-and-dialogue-awards/2007-rumi-peace-and-dialogue-awards.html|title=2007 RUMI Peace and Dialogue Awards|date=12 March 2007|accessdate=6 December 2014|publisher=''RUMI Forum''}}</ref>
* 15 April 2007: Crystal Hermes Award from the German Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] at the opening of the Hannover Industrial Fair.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://foto.aa.com.tr/popUp.do?arcId=668877|title=Başbakan Erdoğan'a kristal hermes ödülü verildi|language=Turkish|date=15 April 2007|accessdate=15 April 2007|work=Anadolu Ajansi}}</ref>
* 11 July 2007: highest award of the UN [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], the Agricola Medal, in recognition of his contribution to agricultural and social development in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2007/1000626/index.html|title=Turkish Prime Minister receives Agricola Medal|date=11 July 2007|accessdate=11 July 2007}}</ref>
* 15 January 2008: together with Spanish Prime Minister Zapatero, the Building Bridges Award from the AMSS(UK), for their efforts to unify communities separated by race, culture and religion, for promoting a climate of respect, and peaceful co-existence through launching the [[Alliance of Civilizations]] project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amssuk.com/pressreleases/20080115amssuk_Press_Release.pdf|title=2006 Building Bridges Award|work=amssuk.com|date=15 January 2008|accessdate=30 October 2011}}</ref>
* 11 May 2009: Avicenna award from the [[Avicenna]] Foundation in [[Frankfurt]], Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnnturk.com/2009/dunya/05/11/almanyadan.erdogana.ibni.sina.odulu/526044.0/index.html|title=Almanya'dan Erdoğan'a İbn-i Sina ödülü|language=Turkish|work=CNN Türk|date=11 May 2009|accessdate=11 May 2009}}</ref>
* 9 June 2009: guest of honor at the 20th Crans Montana Forum in [[Brussels]] and received the Prix de la Fondation, for democracy and freedom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/11824866.asp?gid=233|title=Democracy award from the Crans Montana Forum|work=Hürriyet|date=9 June 2009|accessdate=9 June 2009}}</ref>
* 25 June 2009: [[Key to the City]] of [[Tirana]] on the occasion of his state visit to [[Albania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tirana.gov.al/?cid=1,62,2884|title=Kryebashkiaku Rama i dhuron "Çelësin e Qytetit", Kryeministrit turk Erdogan|language=Albanian|work=Tirana.gov.al|date=25 June 2009|accessdate=25 June 2009}}</ref>
* 26 October 2009: [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]], the highest civilian award in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=88433&Itemid=1|title=Pakistan, Turkey can together bring peace to region: Erdogan|work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]]|date=26 October 2009|accessdate=26 October 2009}}</ref>
* 29 December 2009: Award for Contribution to World Peace from the [[Turgut Özal|Turgut Özal Thought and Move Association]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/wap.do?method=getSondakikaDetay&haberno=933739&sirano=0&sayfa=|title=Turgut Özal Ödülü aldı, onun gibi konuştu: Allah'ın verdiği ömrü O'ndan başka alacak yoktur|work=[[Zaman (newspaper)|Zaman]]|date=29 December 2009|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref>
* 12 January 2010: King Faisal International Prize for "service to Islam" from the [[King Faisal Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kff.com/EN01/KFIP/1430H2010G/KFIPWinners1STI1430H2010G.html |title=King Faisal International Prize |date=12 January 2010 |accessdate=22 January 2010 }}</ref>
* 23 February 2010: Nodo Culture Award from the mayor of [[Seville]] for his efforts to launch the Alliance of Civilizations initiative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=54518|title=Turkey's Erdogan awarded for peace efforts in Spain|date=23 February 2010|accessdate=23 February 2010}}</ref>
* 1 March 2010: United Nations–[[United Nations Human Settlements Programme|HABITAT]] award in memorial of Rafik Hariri. A seven-member international jury unanimously found Erdoğan deserving of the award because of his "excellent achievement and commendable conduct in the area of leadership, statesmanship and good governance. Erdoğan also initiated the first roundtable of mayors during the Istanbul conference, which led to a global, organized movement of mayors."<ref name="unhabitat3">{{cite web|url=http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=8016&catid=5&typeid=6&subMenuId=0|title=Turkish premier is winner of Rafik Hariri Memorial Award|date=1 March 2010|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>
* 29 April 2010: listed for the second time in ''Time'' magazine's "100 most influential people in the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=erdogan-ranked-17th-most-influential-person-by-time-magazine-2010-04-29|title=Erdoğan ranked 17th most influential person by TIME magazinee|work=Time magazine|date=29 April 2010|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref>
* 17 May 2010: Georgia's [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Georgia|Order of Golden Fleece]] for his contribution to development of bilateral relations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=22307|title=Saakashvili hails Georgia-Turkish ties as exemplary|work=Civil.ge|date=17 May 2010|accessdate=17 May 2010}}</ref>
* 27 May 2010: medal of honor from the Brazilian Federation of Industry for the [[São Paulo (state)|State of São Paulo]] ([[Federação das Indústrias do Estado de São Paulo|FIESP]]) for his contributions to industry<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=59101|title=Turkey's PM hails "new era" in Brazil ties on first visit|work=worldbulletin.net|date=27 May 2010|accessdate=27 May 2010}}</ref>
* 31 May 2010: [[World Health Organization]] 2010 World No Tobacco Award for "his dedicated leadership on tobacco control in Turkey."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2010/awards/en|title=World No Tobacco Day 2010 Awards – the winners|work=World Health Organization|date=31 May 2010|accessdate=31 May 2010}}</ref>
* 29 June 2010: 2010 World Family Award from the World Family Organization which operates under the umbrella of the United Nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldfamilyorganization.org/archive/news/2010/10-07-06-ECOSOC_Full.html|title=ECOSOC High-Level Segment 2010|work=World Family Organization|date=29 June 2010|accessdate=29 June 2010}}</ref>
* 4 November 2010: Golden Medal of Independence, an award conferred upon Kosovo citizens and foreigners that have contributed to the independence of Kosovo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.president-ksgov.net/?page=2,6,1429|title=The Acting President of the Republic of Kosovo Dr. Jakup Krasniqi receives the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayip Erdogan|work=President of the Republic of Kosovo|date=4 November 2010|accessdate=4 November 2010}}</ref>
* 25 November 2010: "Leader of the Year" award presented by the Union of Arab Banks in [[Lebanon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=66697|title=Turkish PM presented "Leader of the Year" award in Lebanon|work=World Bulletin|date=25 November 2010|accessdate=25 November 2010}}</ref>
* 29 November 2010: guest of honor at the 3rd [[EU-Africa Summit]] in Libya and recipient of the [[Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights]].<ref name="google.com">{{cite news|last=[[Agence France-Presse]]|title=Turkish PM to receive Libyan rights award|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g5aVx0GAIpKInngJGjy6ZsndVG-Q?docId=CNG.25177ec61aed2bd3050d3e2b8bda84d2.6d1|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=26 November 2010|accessdate=27 November 2010}}</ref>
* 11 January 2011: "Outstanding Personality in the Islamic World Award" of the Sheikh Fahad al-Ahmad International Award for Charity in [[Kuwait]].<ref name="google.com"/>
* 2 February 2011: Kyrgyzstan's Danaker Order in [[Bishkek]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=69287|title=Kyrgyzstan decorates Turkish PM with Danaker Order|work=World Bulletin|date=2 February 2011|accessdate=2 February 2011}}</ref>
* 25 October 2011: Palestinian International Award for Excellence and Creativity (PIA) 2011 for his support to the Palestinian people and cause.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-260972-prime-minister-erdogan-receives-palestinian-excellence-award.html|title=Prime Minister Erdoğan receives Palestinian excellence award|work=Today's Zaman|date=25 October 2011|accessdate=25 October 2011}}</ref>
* 21 January 2012: 'Gold Statue 2012 Special Award' by the Polish Business Center Club (BCC). Erdoğan was awarded for his systematic effort to clear barriers on the way to economic growth, striving to build democracy and free market relations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.pl/1/12/Artykul/83932,Turkish-PM-receives-Polish-business-award|title=Turkish PM receives Polish business award|work=[[Polskie Radio]]|date=23 January 2012|accessdate=25 January 2012}}</ref>

===Honorary citizenship===
* [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]], February 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=105645|title=Erdoğan: Our efforts are not enough|work=[[Radikal]]|date=10 February 2004|accessdate=10 February 2004}}</ref>
* [[Tehran]], [[Iran]], February 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=84446&sectionid=351020101|title=Erdogan becomes honorary Tehran citizen|work=[[Press TV]]|date=2 February 2009|accessdate=2 February 2009}}</ref>
* [[Prizren]], [[Kosovo]], November 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=65932|title=Erdogan in Kosovo vows to protect all historical traces|work=Worldbulletin|date=4 November 2010|accessdate=4 November 2010}}</ref>

==Literature==
(in German)
* Çiğdem Akyol: ''Generation Erdogan. Die Türkei – ein zerrissenes Land im 21. Jahrhundert.'' Kremayr & Scheriau, Wien 2015, ISBN 978-3-218-00969-0
* Çiğdem Akyol: ''Erdoğan. Die Biografie''. Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 2016, ISBN 978-3-451-32886-2.

== See also ==
* [[Reis (film)]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.tccb.gov.tr/en/ Official Website of the President of Turkey] {{en icon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100810120759/http://rte.com.tr:80/ Erdoğan's personal website] {{tr icon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110825221621/http://eng.akparti.org.tr/english/lifestory.html Profile] at [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]]
* [http://www.newsweek.com/authors/recep-tayyip-erdogan.html Column archive] at ''[[Newsweek]]''
* [http://www.project-syndicate.org/contributor/1514 Column archive] at [[Project Syndicate]]
* https://twitter.com/RT_Erdogan
* https://twitter.com/trpresidency
* https://twitter.com/tcbestepe

;Media coverage
* {{C-SPAN|receperdogan}}
* {{Charlie Rose view|5400}}
* {{Worldcat id|lccn-no2001-30279}}
* {{Aljazeeratopic|person/recep-tayyip-erdogan}}
* {{NYTtopic|people/e/recep_tayyip_erdogan}}
* {{WSJ topic}}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6900616.stm Profile: Recep Tayyip Erdogan], ''[[BBC News]]'', 18 July 2007

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{{s-ttl|title=Chairperson of the [[G20|Group of 20]]|years=2015}}
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{{Recep Tayyip Erdoğan}}
{{Presidents of Turkey}}
{{Prime Ministers of Turkey}}
{{Current G20 Leaders}}
{{List of Current Heads of State of G20}}
{{Leaders of the Next Eleven Economies}}
{{Cabinet Erdoğan III}}
{{Cabinet Erdoğan II}}
{{Cabinet Erdoğan I}}
{{Mayors of İstanbul}}
{{Party Leaders in Turkey}}
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[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Deputies of Istanbul]]
[[Category:Critics of Islamophobia]]
[[Category:Deputies of Siirt]]
[[Category:Erdoğan family]]
[[Category:Imam Hatip school alumni]]
[[Category:Justice and Development Party (Turkey) politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Turkish politicians]]
[[Category:King Faisal International Prize recipients for Service to Islam]]
[[Category:Leaders of political parties in Turkey]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marmara University alumni]]
[[Category:Mayors of Istanbul]]
[[Category:Members of the 24th Parliament of Turkey]]
[[Category:Members of the 23rd Parliament of Turkey]]
[[Category:Members of the 22nd Parliament of Turkey]]
[[Category:Naqshbandi order]]
[[Category:People from Istanbul]]
[[Category:People from Rize Province]]
[[Category:Presidents of Turkey]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Turkey]]
[[Category:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan| ]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Heydar Aliyev Order]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Nishan-e-Pakistan]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Golden Fleece (Georgia)]]
[[Category:Turkish Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Turkish people of Georgian descent]]
[[Category:Armenian Genocide deniers]]

Revision as of 15:11, 11 April 2017

Recipe 'Tayyip Erdoğan'


1 Block of hardened autism 1/2 spoon full of salt 80 ml of Mountain Dew 1 Tumor


Bake the block of hardened autism in the oven at 220 degrees Celcius for 8 minutes, untill it is a soft syrup. Add 1/2 spoon of salt and 80 ml of salt to the autistic syrup. Grind the tumor into a fine pulp. Add 100 ml of water to the pulp, then add the syrup into the pulp. Put the final mixture into a sealed bag, and throw it somewhere in Turkey. (takes about 3 months to grow)

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Pellentesque commodo eros a enim. Vestibulum turpis sem, aliquet eget, lobortis pellentesque, rutrum eu, nisl. Sed libero. Aliquam erat volutpat. Etiam vitae tortor. Morbi vestibulum volutpat enim. Aliquam eu nunc. Nunc sed turpis. Sed mollis, eros et ultrices tempus, mauris ipsum aliquam libero, non adipiscing dolor urna a orci. Nulla porta dolor. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos.

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Nam pretium turpis et arcu. Duis arcu tortor, suscipit eget, imperdiet nec, imperdiet iaculis, ipsum. Sed aliquam ultrices mauris. Integer ante arcu, accumsan a, consectetuer eget, posuere ut, mauris. Praesent adipiscing. Phasellus ullamcorper ipsum rutrum nunc. Nunc nonummy metus. Vestibulum volutpat pretium libero. Cras id dui. Aenean ut eros et nisl sagittis vestibulum. Nullam nulla eros, ultricies sit amet, nonummy id, imperdiet feugiat, pede. Sed lectus. Donec mollis hendrerit risus. Phasellus nec sem in justo pellentesque facilisis. Etiam imperdiet imperdiet orci. Nunc nec neque. Phasellus leo dolor, tempus non, auctor et, hendrerit quis, nisi.

Curabitur ligula sapien, tincidunt non, euismod vitae, posuere imperdiet, leo. Maecenas malesuada. Praesent congue erat at massa. Sed cursus turpis vitae tortor. Donec posuere vulputate arcu. Phasellus accumsan cursus velit. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Sed aliquam, nisi quis porttitor congue, elit erat euismod orci, ac placerat dolor lectus quis orci. Phasellus consectetuer vestibulum elit. Aenean tellus metus, bibendum sed, posuere ac, mattis non, nunc. Vestibulum fringilla pede sit amet augue. In turpis. Pellentesque posuere. Praesent turpis.

Aenean posuere, tortor sed cursus feugiat, nunc augue blandit nunc, eu sollicitudin urna dolor sagittis lacus. Donec elit libero, sodales nec, volutpat a, suscipit non, turpis. Nullam sagittis. Suspendisse pulvinar, augue ac venenatis condimentum, sem libero volutpat nibh, nec pellentesque velit pede quis nunc. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Fusce id purus. Ut varius tincidunt libero. Phasellus dolor. Maecenas vestibulum mollis diam. Pellentesque ut neque. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas.

In dui magna, posuere eget, vestibulum et, tempor auctor, justo. In ac felis quis tortor malesuada pretium. Pellentesque auctor neque nec urna. Proin sapien ipsum, porta a, auctor quis, euismod ut, mi. Aenean viverra rhoncus pede. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Ut non enim eleifend felis pretium feugiat. Vivamus quis mi. Phasellus a est. Phasellus magna.

In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Curabitur at lacus ac velit ornare lobortis. Curabitur a felis in nunc fringilla tristique. Morbi mattis ullamcorper velit. Phasellus gravida semper nisi. Nullam vel sem. Pellentesque libero tortor, tincidunt et, tincidunt eget, semper nec, quam. Sed hendrerit. Morbi ac felis. Nunc egestas, augue at pellentesque laoreet, felis eros vehicula leo, at malesuada velit leo quis pede. Donec interdum, metus et hendrerit aliquet, dolor diam sagittis ligula, eget egestas libero turpis vel mi. Nunc nulla. Fusce risus nisl, viverra et, tempor et, pretium in, sapien. Donec venenatis vulputate lorem.

Morbi nec metus. Phasellus blandit leo ut odio. Maecenas ullamcorper, dui et placerat feugiat, eros pede varius nisi, condimentum viverra felis nunc et lorem. Sed magna purus, fermentum eu, tincidunt eu, varius ut, felis. In auctor lobortis lacus. Quisque libero metus, condimentum nec, tempor a, commodo mollis, magna. Vestibulum ullamcorper mauris at ligula. Fusce fermentum. Nullam cursus lacinia erat. Praesent blandit laoreet nibh.

Fusce convallis metus id felis luctus adipiscing. Pellentesque egestas, neque sit amet convallis pulvinar, justo nulla eleifend augue, ac auctor orci leo non est. Quisque id mi. Ut tincidunt tincidunt erat. Etiam feugiat lorem non metus. Vestibulum dapibus nunc ac augue. Curabitur vestibulum aliquam leo. Praesent egestas neque eu enim. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Fusce a quam. Etiam ut purus mattis mauris sodales aliquam. Curabitur nisi. Quisque malesuada placerat nisl. Nam ipsum risus, rutrum vitae, vestibulum eu, molestie vel, lacus.

Sed augue ipsum, egestas nec, vestibulum et, malesuada adipiscing, dui. Vestibulum facilisis, purus nec pulvinar iaculis, ligula mi congue nunc, vitae euismod ligula urna in dolor. Mauris sollicitudin fermentum libero. Praesent nonummy mi in odio. Nunc interdum lacus sit amet orci. Vestibulum rutrum, mi nec elementum vehicula, eros quam gravida nisl, id fringilla neque ante vel mi. Morbi mollis tellus ac sapien. Phasellus volutpat, metus eget egestas mollis, lacus lacus blandit dui, id egestas quam mauris ut lacus. Fusce vel dui. Sed in libero ut nibh placerat accumsan. Proin faucibus arcu quis ante. In consectetuer turpis ut velit. Nulla sit amet est. Praesent metus tellus, elementum eu, semper a, adipiscing nec, purus. Cras risus ipsum, faucibus ut, ullamcorper id, varius ac, leo. Suspendisse feugiat. Suspendisse enim turpis, dictum sed, iaculis a, condimentum nec, nisi. Praesent nec nisl a purus blandit viverra. Praesent ac massa at ligula laoreet iaculis. Nulla neque dolor, sagittis eget, iaculis quis, molestie non, velit.

Mauris turpis nunc, blandit et, volutpat molestie, porta ut, ligula. Fusce pharetra convallis urna. Quisque ut nisi. Donec mi odio, faucibus at, scelerisque quis, convallis in, nisi. Suspendisse non nisl sit amet velit hendrerit rutrum. Ut leo. Ut a nisl id ante tempus hendrerit. Proin pretium, leo ac pellentesque mollis, felis nunc ultrices eros, sed gravida augue augue mollis justo. Suspendisse eu ligula. Nulla facilisi. Donec id justo. Praesent porttitor, nulla vitae posuere iaculis, arcu nisl dignissim dolor, a pretium mi sem ut ipsum. Curabitur suscipit suscipit tellus.

Praesent vestibulum dapibus nibh. Etiam iaculis nunc ac metus. Ut id nisl quis enim dignissim sagittis. Etiam sollicitudin, ipsum eu pulvinar rutrum, tellus ipsum laoreet sapien, quis venenatis ante odio sit amet eros. Proin magna. Duis vel nibh at velit scelerisque suscipit. Curabitur turpis. Vestibulum suscipit nulla quis orci. Fusce ac felis sit amet ligula pharetra condimentum. Maecenas egestas arcu quis ligula mattis placerat. Duis lobortis massa imperdiet quam. Suspendisse potenti.

Pellentesque commodo eros a enim. Vestibulum turpis sem, aliquet eget, lobortis pellentesque, rutrum eu, nisl. Sed libero. Aliquam erat volutpat. Etiam vitae tortor. Morbi vestibulum volutpat enim. Aliquam eu nunc. Nunc sed turpis. Sed mollis, eros et ultrices tempus, mauris ipsum aliquam libero, non adipiscing dolor urna a orci. Nulla porta dolor. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos.

Pellentesque dapibus hendrerit tortor. Praesent egestas tristique nibh. Sed a libero. Cras varius. Donec vitae orci sed dolor rutrum auctor. Fusce egestas elit eget lorem. Suspendisse nisl elit, rhoncus eget, elementum ac, condimentum eget, diam. Nam at tortor in tellus interdum sagittis. Aliquam lobortis. Donec orci lectus, aliquam ut, faucibus non, euismod id, nulla. Curabitur blandit mollis lacus. Nam adipiscing. Vestibulum eu odio.

Vivamus laoreet. Nullam tincidunt adipiscing enim. Phasellus tempus. Proin viverra, ligula sit amet ultrices semper, ligula arcu tristique sapien, a accumsan nisi mauris ac eros. Fusce neque. Suspendisse faucibus, nunc et pellentesque egestas, lacus ante convallis tellus, vitae iaculis lacus elit id tortor. Vivamus aliquet elit ac nisl. Fusce fermentum odio nec arcu. Vivamus euismod mauris. In ut quam vitae odio lacinia tincidunt. Praesent ut ligula non mi varius sagittis. Cras sagittis. Praesent ac sem eget est egestas volutpat. Vivamus consectetuer hendrerit lacus. Cras non dolor. Vivamus in erat ut urna cursus vestibulum. Fusce commodo aliquam arcu. Nam commodo suscipit quam. Quisque id odio. Praesent venenatis metus at tortor pulvinar varius. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem. Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, venenatis vitae, justo. Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis pretium. Integer tincidunt. Cras dapibus. Vivamus elementum semper nisi. Aenean vulputate eleifend tellus. Aenean leo ligula, porttitor eu, consequat vitae, eleifend ac, enim. Aliquam lorem ante, dapibus in, viverra quis, feugiat a, tellus. Phasellus viverra nulla ut metus varius laoreet. Quisque rutrum. Aenean imperdiet. Etiam ultricies nisi vel augue. Curabitur ullamcorper ultricies nisi. Nam eget dui.

Etiam rhoncus. Maecenas tempus, tellus eget condimentum rhoncus, sem quam semper libero, sit amet adipiscing sem neque sed ipsum. Nam quam nunc, blandit vel, luctus pulvinar, hendrerit id, lorem. Maecenas nec odio et ante tincidunt tempus. Donec vitae sapien ut libero venenatis faucibus. Nullam quis ante. Etiam sit amet orci eget eros faucibus tincidunt. Duis leo. Sed fringilla mauris sit amet nibh. Donec sodales sagittis magna. Sed consequat, leo eget bibendum sodales, augue velit cursus nunc, quis gravida magna mi a libero. Fusce vulputate eleifend sapien. Vestibulum purus quam, scelerisque ut, mollis sed, nonummy id, metus. Nullam accumsan lorem in dui. Cras ultricies mi eu turpis hendrerit fringilla. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; In ac dui quis mi consectetuer lacinia.

Nam pretium turpis et arcu. Duis arcu tortor, suscipit eget, imperdiet nec, imperdiet iaculis, ipsum. Sed aliquam ultrices mauris. Integer ante arcu, accumsan a, consectetuer eget, posuere ut, mauris. Praesent adipiscing. Phasellus ullamcorper ipsum rutrum nunc. Nunc nonummy metus. Vestibulum volutpat pretium libero. Cras id dui. Aenean ut eros et nisl sagittis vestibulum. Nullam nulla eros, ultricies sit amet, nonummy id, imperdiet feugiat, pede. Sed lectus. Donec mollis hendrerit risus. Phasellus nec sem in justo pellentesque facilisis. Etiam imperdiet imperdiet orci. Nunc nec neque. Phasellus leo dolor, tempus non, auctor et, hendrerit quis, nisi.

Curabitur ligula sapien, tincidunt non, euismod vitae, posuere imperdiet, leo. Maecenas malesuada. Praesent congue erat at massa. Sed cursus turpis vitae tortor. Donec posuere vulputate arcu. Phasellus accumsan cursus velit. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Sed aliquam, nisi quis porttitor congue, elit erat euismod orci, ac placerat dolor lectus quis orci. Phasellus consectetuer vestibulum elit. Aenean tellus metus, bibendum sed, posuere ac, mattis non, nunc. Vestibulum fringilla pede sit amet augue. In turpis. Pellentesque posuere. Praesent turpis.

Aenean posuere, tortor sed cursus feugiat, nunc augue blandit nunc, eu sollicitudin urna dolor sagittis lacus. Donec elit libero, sodales nec, volutpat a, suscipit non, turpis. Nullam sagittis. Suspendisse pulvinar, augue ac venenatis condimentum, sem libero volutpat nibh, nec pellentesque velit pede quis nunc. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Fusce id purus. Ut varius tincidunt libero. Phasellus dolor. Maecenas vestibulum mollis diam. Pellentesque ut neque. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas.

In dui magna, posuere eget, vestibulum et, tempor auctor, justo. In ac felis quis tortor malesuada pretium. Pellentesque auctor neque nec urna. Proin sapien ipsum, porta a, auctor quis, euismod ut, mi. Aenean viverra rhoncus pede. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Ut non enim eleifend felis pretium feugiat. Vivamus quis mi. Phasellus a est. Phasellus magna.

In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Curabitur at lacus ac velit ornare lobortis. Curabitur a felis in nunc fringilla tristique. Morbi mattis ullamcorper velit. Phasellus gravida semper nisi. Nullam vel sem. Pellentesque libero tortor, tincidunt et, tincidunt eget, semper nec, quam. Sed hendrerit. Morbi ac felis. Nunc egestas, augue at pellentesque laoreet, felis eros vehicula leo, at malesuada velit leo quis pede. Donec interdum, metus et hendrerit aliquet, dolor diam sagittis ligula, eget egestas libero turpis vel mi. Nunc nulla. Fusce risus nisl, viverra et, tempor et, pretium in, sapien. Donec venenatis vulputate lorem.

Morbi nec metus. Phasellus blandit leo ut odio. Maecenas ullamcorper, dui et placerat feugiat, eros pede varius nisi, condimentum viverra felis nunc et lorem. Sed magna purus, fermentum eu, tincidunt eu, varius ut, felis. In auctor lobortis lacus. Quisque libero metus, condimentum nec, tempor a, commodo mollis, magna. Vestibulum ullamcorper mauris at ligula. Fusce fermentum. Nullam cursus lacinia erat. Praesent blandit laoreet nibh.

Fusce convallis metus id felis luctus adipiscing. Pellentesque egestas, neque sit amet convallis pulvinar, justo nulla eleifend augue, ac auctor orci leo non est. Quisque id mi. Ut tincidunt tincidunt erat. Etiam feugiat lorem non metus. Vestibulum dapibus nunc ac augue. Curabitur vestibulum aliquam leo. Praesent egestas neque eu enim. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Fusce a quam. Etiam ut purus mattis mauris sodales aliquam. Curabitur nisi. Quisque malesuada placerat nisl. Nam ipsum risus, rutrum vitae, vestibulum eu, molestie vel, lacus.

Sed augue ipsum, egestas nec, vestibulum et, malesuada adipiscing, dui. Vestibulum facilisis, purus nec pulvinar iaculis, ligula mi congue nunc, vitae euismod ligula urna in dolor. Mauris sollicitudin fermentum libero. Praesent nonummy mi in odio. Nunc interdum lacus sit amet orci. Vestibulum rutrum, mi nec elementum vehicula, eros quam gravida nisl, id fringilla neque ante vel mi. Morbi mollis tellus ac sapien. Phasellus volutpat, metus eget egestas mollis, lacus lacus blandit dui, id egestas quam mauris ut lacus. Fusce vel dui. Sed in libero ut nibh placerat accumsan. Proin faucibus arcu quis ante. In consectetuer turpis ut velit. Nulla sit amet est. Praesent metus tellus, elementum eu, semper a, adipiscing nec, purus. Cras risus ipsum, faucibus ut, ullamcorper id, varius ac, leo. Suspendisse feugiat. Suspendisse enim turpis, dictum sed, iaculis a, condimentum nec, nisi. Praesent nec nisl a purus blandit viverra. Praesent ac massa at ligula laoreet iaculis. Nulla neque dolor, sagittis eget, iaculis quis, molestie non, velit.

Mauris turpis nunc, blandit et, volutpat molestie, porta ut, ligula. Fusce pharetra convallis urna. Quisque ut nisi. Donec mi odio, faucibus at, scelerisque quis, convallis in, nisi. Suspendisse non nisl sit amet velit hendrerit rutrum. Ut leo. Ut a nisl id ante tempus hendrerit. Proin pretium, leo ac pellentesque mollis, felis nunc ultrices eros, sed gravida augue augue mollis justo. Suspendisse eu ligula. Nulla facilisi. Donec id justo. Praesent porttitor, nulla vitae posuere iaculis, arcu nisl dignissim dolor, a pretium mi sem ut ipsum. Curabitur suscipit suscipit tellus.

Praesent vestibulum dapibus nibh. Etiam iaculis nunc ac metus. Ut id nisl quis enim dignissim sagittis. Etiam sollicitudin, ipsum eu pulvinar rutrum, tellus ipsum laoreet sapien, quis venenatis ante odio sit amet eros. Proin magna. Duis vel nibh at velit scelerisque suscipit. Curabitur turpis. Vestibulum suscipit nulla quis orci. Fusce ac felis sit amet ligula pharetra condimentum. Maecenas egestas arcu quis ligula mattis placerat. Duis lobortis massa imperdiet quam. Suspendisse potenti.

Pellentesque commodo eros a enim. Vestibulum turpis sem, aliquet eget, lobortis pellentesque, rutrum eu, nisl. Sed libero. Aliquam erat volutpat. Etiam vitae tortor. Morbi vestibulum volutpat enim. Aliquam eu nunc. Nunc sed turpis. Sed mollis, eros et ultrices tempus, mauris ipsum aliquam libero, non adipiscing dolor urna a orci. Nulla porta dolor. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos.

Pellentesque dapibus hendrerit tortor. Praesent egestas tristique nibh. Sed a libero. Cras varius. Donec vitae orci sed dolor rutrum auctor. Fusce egestas elit eget lorem. Suspendisse nisl elit, rhoncus eget, elementum ac, condimentum eget, diam. Nam at tortor in tellus interdum sagittis. Aliquam lobortis. Donec orci lectus, aliquam ut, faucibus non, euismod id, nulla. Curabitur blandit mollis lacus. Nam adipiscing. Vestibulum eu odio.

Vivamus laoreet. Nullam tincidunt adipiscing enim. Phasellus tempus. Proin viverra, ligula sit amet ultrices semper, ligula arcu tristique sapien, a accumsan nisi mauris ac eros. Fusce neque. Suspendisse faucibus, nunc et pellentesque egestas, lacus ante convallis tellus, vitae iaculis lacus elit id tortor. Vivamus aliquet elit ac nisl. Fusce fermentum odio nec arcu. Vivamus euismod mauris. In ut quam vitae odio lacinia tincidunt. Praesent ut ligula non mi varius sagittis. Cras sagittis. Praesent ac sem eget est egestas volutpat. Vivamus consectetuer hendrerit lacus. Cras non dolor. Vivamus in erat ut urna cursus vestibulum. Fusce commodo aliquam arcu. Nam commodo suscipit quam. Quisque id odio. Praesent venenatis metus at tortor pulvinar varius. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem. Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, venenatis vitae, justo. Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis pretium. Integer tincidunt. Cras dapibus. Vivamus elementum semper nisi. Aenean vulputate eleifend tellus. Aenean leo ligula, porttitor eu, consequat vitae, eleifend ac, enim. Aliquam lorem ante, dapibus in, viverra quis, feugiat a, tellus. Phasellus viverra nulla ut metus varius laoreet. Quisque rutrum. Aenean imperdiet. Etiam ultricies nisi vel augue. Curabitur ullamcorper ultricies nisi. Nam eget dui.

Etiam rhoncus. Maecenas tempus, tellus eget condimentum rhoncus, sem quam semper libero, sit amet adipiscing sem neque sed ipsum. Nam quam nunc, blandit vel, luctus pulvinar, hendrerit id, lorem. Maecenas nec odio et ante tincidunt tempus. Donec vitae sapien ut libero venenatis faucibus. Nullam quis ante. Etiam sit amet orci eget eros faucibus tincidunt. Duis leo. Sed fringilla mauris sit amet nibh. Donec sodales sagittis magna. Sed consequat, leo eget bibendum sodales, augue velit cursus nunc, quis gravida magna mi a libero. Fusce vulputate eleifend sapien. Vestibulum purus quam, scelerisque ut, mollis sed, nonummy id, metus. Nullam accumsan lorem in dui. Cras ultricies mi eu turpis hendrerit fringilla. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; In ac dui quis mi consectetuer lacinia.

Nam pretium turpis et arcu. Duis arcu tortor, suscipit eget, imperdiet nec, imperdiet iaculis, ipsum. Sed aliquam ultrices mauris. Integer ante arcu, accumsan a, consectetuer eget, posuere ut, mauris. Praesent adipiscing. Phasellus ullamcorper ipsum rutrum nunc. Nunc nonummy metus. Vestibulum volutpat pretium libero. Cras id dui. Aenean ut eros et nisl sagittis vestibulum. Nullam nulla eros, ultricies sit amet, nonummy id, imperdiet feugiat, pede. Sed lectus. Donec mollis hendrerit risus. Phasellus nec sem in justo pellentesque facilisis. Etiam imperdiet imperdiet orci. Nunc nec neque. Phasellus leo dolor, tempus non, auctor et, hendrerit quis, nisi.

Curabitur ligula sapien, tincidunt non, euismod vitae, posuere imperdiet, leo. Maecenas malesuada. Praesent congue erat at massa. Sed cursus turpis vitae tortor. Donec posuere vulputate arcu. Phasellus accumsan cursus velit. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Sed aliquam, nisi quis porttitor congue, elit erat euismod orci, ac placerat dolor lectus quis orci. Phasellus consectetuer vestibulum elit. Aenean tellus metus, bibendum sed, posuere ac, mattis non, nunc. Vestibulum fringilla pede sit amet augue. In turpis. Pellentesque posuere. Praesent turpis.

Aenean posuere, tortor sed cursus feugiat, nunc augue blandit nunc, eu sollicitudin urna dolor sagittis lacus. Donec elit libero, sodales nec, volutpat a, suscipit non, turpis. Nullam sagittis. Suspendisse pulvinar, augue ac venenatis condimentum, sem libero volutpat nibh, nec pellentesque velit pede quis nunc. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Fusce id purus. Ut varius tincidunt libero. Phasellus dolor. Maecenas vestibulum mollis diam. Pellentesque ut neque. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas.

In dui magna, posuere eget, vestibulum et, tempor auctor, justo. In ac felis quis tortor malesuada pretium. Pellentesque auctor neque nec urna. Proin sapien ipsum, porta a, auctor quis, euismod ut, mi. Aenean viverra rhoncus pede. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Ut non enim eleifend felis pretium feugiat. Vivamus quis mi. Phasellus a est. Phasellus magna.

In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Curabitur at lacus ac velit ornare lobortis. Curabitur a felis in nunc fringilla tristique. Morbi mattis ullamcorper velit. Phasellus gravida semper nisi. Nullam vel sem. Pellentesque libero tortor, tincidunt et, tincidunt eget, semper nec, quam. Sed hendrerit. Morbi ac felis. Nunc egestas, augue at pellentesque laoreet, felis eros vehicula leo, at malesuada velit leo quis pede. Donec interdum, metus et hendrerit aliquet, dolor diam sagittis ligula, eget egestas libero turpis vel mi. Nunc nulla. Fusce risus nisl, viverra et, tempor et, pretium in, sapien. Donec venenatis vulputate lorem.

Morbi nec metus. Phasellus blandit leo ut odio. Maecenas ullamcorper, dui et placerat feugiat, eros pede varius nisi, condimentum viverra felis nunc et lorem. Sed magna purus, fermentum eu, tincidunt eu, varius ut, felis. In auctor lobortis lacus. Quisque libero metus, condimentum nec, tempor a, commodo mollis, magna. Vestibulum ullamcorper mauris at ligula. Fusce fermentum. Nullam cursus lacinia erat. Praesent blandit laoreet nibh.

Fusce convallis metus id felis luctus adipiscing. Pellentesque egestas, neque sit amet convallis pulvinar, justo nulla eleifend augue, ac auctor orci leo non est. Quisque id mi. Ut tincidunt tincidunt erat. Etiam feugiat lorem non metus. Vestibulum dapibus nunc ac augue. Curabitur vestibulum aliquam leo. Praesent egestas neque eu enim. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Fusce a quam. Etiam ut purus mattis mauris sodales aliquam. Curabitur nisi. Quisque malesuada placerat nisl. Nam ipsum risus, rutrum vitae, vestibulum eu, molestie vel, lacus.

Sed augue ipsum, egestas nec, vestibulum et, malesuada adipiscing, dui. Vestibulum facilisis, purus nec pulvinar iaculis, ligula mi congue nunc, vitae euismod ligula urna in dolor. Mauris sollicitudin fermentum libero. Praesent nonummy mi in odio. Nunc interdum lacus sit amet orci. Vestibulum rutrum, mi nec elementum vehicula, eros quam gravida nisl, id fringilla neque ante vel mi. Morbi mollis tellus ac sapien. Phasellus volutpat, metus eget egestas mollis, lacus lacus blandit dui, id egestas quam mauris ut lacus. Fusce vel dui. Sed in libero ut nibh placerat accumsan. Proin faucibus arcu quis ante. In consectetuer turpis ut velit. Nulla sit amet est. Praesent metus tellus, elementum eu, semper a, adipiscing nec, purus. Cras risus ipsum, faucibus ut, ullamcorper id, varius ac, leo. Suspendisse feugiat. Suspendisse enim turpis, dictum sed, iaculis a, condimentum nec, nisi. Praesent nec nisl a purus blandit viverra. Praesent ac massa at ligula laoreet iaculis. Nulla neque dolor, sagittis eget, iaculis quis, molestie non, velit.

Mauris turpis nunc, blandit et, volutpat molestie, porta ut, ligula. Fusce pharetra convallis urna. Quisque ut nisi. Donec mi odio, faucibus at, scelerisque quis, convallis in, nisi. Suspendisse non nisl sit amet velit hendrerit rutrum. Ut leo. Ut a nisl id ante tempus hendrerit. Proin pretium, leo ac pellentesque mollis, felis nunc ultrices eros, sed gravida augue augue mollis justo. Suspendisse eu ligula. Nulla facilisi. Donec id justo. Praesent porttitor, nulla vitae posuere iaculis, arcu nisl dignissim dolor, a pretium mi sem ut ipsum. Curabitur suscipit suscipit tellus.

Praesent vestibulum dapibus nibh. Etiam iaculis nunc ac metus. Ut id nisl quis enim dignissim sagittis. Etiam sollicitudin, ipsum eu pulvinar rutrum, tellus ipsum laoreet sapien, quis venenatis ante odio sit amet eros. Proin magna. Duis vel nibh at velit scelerisque suscipit. Curabitur turpis. Vestibulum suscipit nulla quis orci. Fusce ac felis sit amet ligula pharetra condimentum. Maecenas egestas arcu quis ligula mattis placerat. Duis lobortis massa imperdiet quam. Suspendisse potenti.

Pellentesque commodo eros a enim. Vestibulum turpis sem, aliquet eget, lobortis pellentesque, rutrum eu, nisl. Sed libero. Aliquam erat volutpat. Etiam vitae tortor. Morbi vestibulum volutpat enim. Aliquam eu nunc. Nunc sed turpis. Sed mollis, eros et ultrices tempus, mauris ipsum aliquam libero, non adipiscing dolor urna a orci. Nulla porta dolor. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos.

Pellentesque dapibus hendrerit tortor. Praesent egestas tristique nibh. Sed a libero. Cras varius. Donec vitae orci sed dolor rutrum auctor. Fusce egestas elit eget lorem. Suspendisse nisl elit, rhoncus eget, elementum ac, condimentum eget, diam. Nam at tortor in tellus interdum sagittis. Aliquam lobortis. Donec orci lectus, aliquam ut, faucibus non, euismod id, nulla. Curabitur blandit mollis lacus. Nam adipiscing. Vestibulum eu odio.

Vivamus laoreet. Nullam tincidunt adipiscing enim. Phasellus tempus. Proin viverra, ligula sit amet ultrices semper, ligula arcu tristique sapien, a accumsan nisi mauris ac eros. Fusce neque. Suspendisse faucibus, nunc et pellentesque egestas, lacus ante convallis tellus, vitae iaculis lacus elit id tortor. Vivamus aliquet elit ac nisl. Fusce fermentum odio nec arcu. Vivamus euismod mauris. In ut quam vitae odio lacinia tincidunt. Praesent ut ligula non mi varius sagittis. Cras sagittis. Praesent ac sem eget est egestas volutpat. Vivamus consectetuer hendrerit lacus. Cras non dolor. Vivamus in erat ut urna cursus vestibulum. Fusce commodo aliquam arcu. Nam commodo suscipit quam. Quisque id odio. Praesent venenatis metus at tortor pulvinar varius. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem. Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, venenatis vitae, justo. Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis pretium. Integer tincidunt. Cras dapibus. Vivamus elementum semper nisi. Aenean vulputate eleifend tellus. Aenean leo ligula, porttitor eu, consequat vitae, eleifend ac, enim. Aliquam lorem ante, dapibus in, viverra quis, feugiat a, tellus. Phasellus viverra nulla ut metus varius laoreet. Quisque rutrum. Aenean imperdiet. Etiam ultricies nisi vel augue. Curabitur ullamcorper ultricies nisi. Nam eget dui.

Etiam rhoncus. Maecenas tempus, tellus eget condimentum rhoncus, sem quam semper libero, sit amet adipiscing sem neque sed ipsum. Nam quam nunc, blandit vel, luctus pulvinar, hendrerit id, lorem. Maecenas nec odio et ante tincidunt tempus. Donec vitae sapien ut libero venenatis faucibus. Nullam quis ante. Etiam sit amet orci eget eros faucibus tincidunt. Duis leo. Sed fringilla mauris sit amet nibh. Donec sodales sagittis magna. Sed consequat, leo eget bibendum sodales, augue velit cursus nunc, quis gravida magna mi a libero. Fusce vulputate eleifend sapien. Vestibulum purus quam, scelerisque ut, mollis sed, nonummy id, metus. Nullam accumsan lorem in dui. Cras ultricies mi eu turpis hendrerit fringilla. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; In ac dui quis mi consectetuer lacinia.

Nam pretium turpis et arcu. Duis arcu tortor, suscipit eget, imperdiet nec, imperdiet iaculis, ipsum. Sed aliquam ultrices mauris. Integer ante arcu, accumsan a, consectetuer eget, posuere ut, mauris. Praesent adipiscing. Phasellus ullamcorper ipsum rutrum nunc. Nunc nonummy metus. Vestibulum volutpat pretium libero. Cras id dui. Aenean ut eros et nisl sagittis vestibulum. Nullam nulla eros, ultricies sit amet, nonummy id, imperdiet feugiat, pede. Sed lectus. Donec mollis hendrerit risus. Phasellus nec sem in justo pellentesque facilisis. Etiam imperdiet imperdiet orci. Nunc nec neque. Phasellus leo dolor, tempus non, auctor et, hendrerit quis, nisi.

Curabitur ligula sapien, tincidunt non, euismod vitae, posuere imperdiet, leo. Maecenas malesuada. Praesent congue erat at massa. Sed cursus turpis vitae tortor. Donec posuere vulputate arcu. Phasellus accumsan cursus velit. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Sed aliquam, nisi quis porttitor congue, elit erat euismod orci, ac placerat dolor lectus quis orci. Phasellus consectetuer vestibulum elit. Aenean tellus metus, bibendum sed, posuere ac, mattis non, nunc. Vestibulum fringilla pede sit amet augue. In turpis. Pellentesque posuere. Praesent turpis.

Aenean posuere, tortor sed cursus feugiat, nunc augue blandit nunc, eu sollicitudin urna dolor sagittis lacus. Donec elit libero, sodales nec, volutpat a, suscipit non, turpis. Nullam sagittis. Suspendisse pulvinar, augue ac venenatis condimentum, sem libero volutpat nibh, nec pellentesque velit pede quis nunc. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Fusce id purus. Ut varius tincidunt libero. Phasellus dolor. Maecenas vestibulum mollis diam. Pellentesque ut neque. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas.

In dui magna, posuere eget, vestibulum et, tempor auctor, justo. In ac felis quis tortor malesuada pretium. Pellentesque auctor neque nec urna. Proin sapien ipsum, porta a, auctor quis, euismod ut, mi. Aenean viverra rhoncus pede. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Ut non enim eleifend felis pretium feugiat. Vivamus quis mi. Phasellus a est. Phasellus magna.

In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Curabitur at lacus ac velit ornare lobortis. Curabitur a felis in nunc fringilla tristique. Morbi mattis ullamcorper velit. Phasellus gravida semper nisi. Nullam vel sem. Pellentesque libero tortor, tincidunt et, tincidunt eget, semper nec, quam. Sed hendrerit. Morbi ac felis. Nunc egestas, augue at pellentesque laoreet, felis eros vehicula leo, at malesuada velit leo quis pede. Donec interdum, metus et hendrerit aliquet, dolor diam sagittis ligula, eget egestas libero turpis vel mi. Nunc nulla. Fusce risus nisl, viverra et, tempor et, pretium in, sapien. Donec venenatis vulputate lorem.

Morbi nec metus. Phasellus blandit leo ut odio. Maecenas ullamcorper, dui et placerat feugiat, eros pede varius nisi, condimentum viverra felis nunc et lorem. Sed magna purus, fermentum eu, tincidunt eu, varius ut, felis. In auctor lobortis lacus. Quisque libero metus, condimentum nec, tempor a, commodo mollis, magna. Vestibulum ullamcorper mauris at ligula. Fusce fermentum. Nullam cursus lacinia erat. Praesent blandit laoreet nibh.

Fusce convallis metus id felis luctus adipiscing. Pellentesque egestas, neque sit amet convallis pulvinar, justo nulla eleifend augue, ac auctor orci leo non est. Quisque id mi. Ut tincidunt tincidunt erat. Etiam feugiat lorem non metus. Vestibulum dapibus nunc ac augue. Curabitur vestibulum aliquam leo. Praesent egestas neque eu enim. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Fusce a quam. Etiam ut purus mattis mauris sodales aliquam. Curabitur nisi. Quisque malesuada placerat nisl. Nam ipsum risus, rutrum vitae, vestibulum eu, molestie vel, lacus.

Sed augue ipsum, egestas nec, vestibulum et, malesuada adipiscing, dui. Vestibulum facilisis, purus nec pulvinar iaculis, ligula mi congue nunc, vitae euismod ligula urna in dolor. Mauris sollicitudin fermentum libero. Praesent nonummy mi in odio. Nunc interdum lacus sit amet orci. Vestibulum rutrum, mi nec elementum vehicula, eros quam gravida nisl, id fringilla neque ante vel mi. Morbi mollis tellus ac sapien. Phasellus volutpat, metus eget egestas mollis, lacus lacus blandit dui, id egestas quam mauris ut lacus. Fusce vel dui. Sed in libero ut nibh placerat accumsan. Proin faucibus arcu quis ante. In consectetuer turpis ut velit. Nulla sit amet est. Praesent metus tellus, elementum eu, semper a, adipiscing nec, purus. Cras risus ipsum, faucibus ut, ullamcorper id, varius ac, leo. Suspendisse feugiat. Suspendisse enim turpis, dictum sed, iaculis a, condimentum nec, nisi. Praesent nec nisl a purus blandit viverra. Praesent ac massa at ligula laoreet iaculis. Nulla neque dolor, sagittis eget, iaculis quis, molestie non, velit.

Mauris turpis nunc, blandit et, volutpat molestie, porta ut, ligula. Fusce pharetra convallis urna. Quisque ut nisi. Donec mi odio, faucibus at, scelerisque quis, convallis in, nisi. Suspendisse non nisl sit amet velit hendrerit rutrum. Ut leo. Ut a nisl id ante tempus hendrerit. Proin pretium, leo ac pellentesque mollis, felis nunc ultrices eros, sed gravida augue augue mollis justo. Suspendisse eu ligula. Nulla facilisi. Donec id justo. Praesent porttitor, nulla vitae posuere iaculis, arcu nisl dignissim dolor, a pretium mi sem ut ipsum. Curabitur suscipit suscipit tellus.

Praesent vestibulum dapibus nibh. Etiam iaculis nunc ac metus. Ut id nisl quis enim dignissim sagittis. Etiam sollicitudin, ipsum eu pulvinar rutrum, tellus ipsum laoreet sapien, quis venenatis ante odio sit amet eros. Proin magna. Duis vel nibh at velit scelerisque suscipit. Curabitur turpis. Vestibulum suscipit nulla quis orci. Fusce ac felis sit amet ligula pharetra condimentum. Maecenas egestas arcu quis ligula mattis placerat. Duis lobortis massa imperdiet quam. Suspendisse potenti.

Pellentesque commodo eros a enim. Vestibulum turpis sem, aliquet eget, lobortis pellentesque, rutrum eu, nisl. Sed libero. Aliquam erat volutpat. Etiam vitae tortor. Morbi vestibulum volutpat enim. Aliquam eu nunc. Nunc sed turpis. Sed mollis, eros et ultrices tempus, mauris ipsum aliquam libero, non adipiscing dolor urna a orci. Nulla porta dolor. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos.

Pellentesque dapibus hendrerit tortor. Praesent egestas tristique nibh. Sed a libero. Cras varius. Donec vitae orci sed dolor rutrum auctor. Fusce egestas elit eget lorem. Suspendisse nisl elit, rhoncus eget, elementum ac, condimentum eget, diam. Nam at tortor in tellus interdum sagittis. Aliquam lobortis. Donec orci lectus, aliquam ut, faucibus non, euismod id, nulla. Curabitur blandit mollis lacus. Nam adipiscing. Vestibulum eu odio.

Vivamus laoreet. Nullam tincidunt adipiscing enim. Phasellus tempus. Proin viverra, ligula sit amet ultrices semper, ligula arcu tristique sapien, a accumsan nisi mauris ac eros. Fusce neque. Suspendisse faucibus, nunc et pellentesque egestas, lacus ante convallis tellus, vitae iaculis lacus elit id tortor. Vivamus aliquet elit ac nisl. Fusce fermentum odio nec arcu. Vivamus euismod mauris. In ut quam vitae odio lacinia tincidunt. Praesent ut ligula non mi varius sagittis. Cras sagittis. Praesent ac sem eget est egestas volutpat. Vivamus consectetuer hendrerit lacus. Cras non dolor. Vivamus in erat ut urna cursus vestibulum. Fusce commodo aliquam arcu. Nam commodo suscipit quam. Quisque id odio. Praesent venenatis metus at tortor pulvinar varius.

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