Caucasian Iberians: Difference between revisions
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#REDIRECT [[Kingdom of Iberia]] |
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{{about|an ethnic group originating in the Caucasus|ancient people from the Iberian Peninsula|Iberians}} |
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[[File:Georgian States Colchis and Iberia (600-150BC)-en.svg|thumb|250px|right|Ancient Georgian kingdoms of [[Colchis]] and [[Caucasian Iberia|Iberia]]]] |
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'''Caucasian Iberians''' is a Greco-Roman designation for the population of [[Caucasian Iberia]], a [[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian]] ([[Old Georgian|Georgian]]) speaking people in the east and southeast [[Transcaucasus]] region in Antiquity and Middle Ages.<ref>''The Cambridge Ancient History'', John Anthony Crook, [[Elizabeth Rawson]], p. 255</ref> In the southwest, Iberians extended into [[Anatolia]], inhabiting interior lands beside [[Colchians]], who lived along the littoral area. |
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Ancient Caucasian Iberians are considered to be the ancestors of modern eastern [[Georgians]]<ref>''The Making of the Georgian Nation'', Ronald Grigor Suny, p. 13</ref><ref>''Readings in the History of the Ancient World'', William Coffman McDermott, Wallace Everett Caldwell, p. 404</ref> as well the [[Laz people]], another Kartvelian-speaking group.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[James S. Olson]]|editors=Lee Brigance Pappas, Nicholas Charles Pappas |year=1994|title=An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires |publisher=Greenwood|page=436}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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{{History of Georgia (country)}} |
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The area was inhabited in [[Ancient history|earliest times]] by several related tribes ([[Tibareni]], [[Mushki]], [[Saspers]], [[Gugars]], [[Diaokhi]], etc.) collectively called Iberians (the Eastern Iberians) by ancient [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] ([[Herodotus]], [[Strabo]], etc.) and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] authors. Iberians called their country [[Kartli]] after a mythic chief, [[Kartlos]]. One of the Iberian tribes of [[Mtskheta]] (the future capital of the Iberian kingdom) dominated the early Kingdom. The Mtskheta tribe was later ruled by a prince locally known as ''mamasakhlisi'' ({{Language with name/for||Georgian|“the father of the household”}}). |
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[[Image:RomanEmpire 117.svg|300px|left|thumb|Iberia during the Roman Empire]] |
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The [[Roman Empire|Roman]] general [[Pompey]] [[Pompey's Iberian campaign|invaded Iberia]] in 65 BC, during his war with [[Mithridates VI of Pontus]], and Armenia; but Rome did not establish her power permanently over Iberia. Nineteen years later, the Romans again marched (36 BC) on Iberia, forcing King [[Pharnavaz II of Iberia|Pharnavaz II]] to join their campaign against [[Caucasian Albania|Albania]] as their ally. While another kingdom of [[Colchis]] was administered as a Roman province, Iberia freely accepted the Roman Imperial protection and became her ally. |
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The Iberian king [[Mirian III of Iberia|Mirian III]] adopted Christianity as a [[state religion]] in AD 327 (this event is attributed to the mission of a [[Cappadocia]]n woman, [[Saint Nino]], who since 303 had preached Christianity in Iberia), and Iberia allied itself with the Roman Emperor [[Constantine the Great]]. The religion would become a strong tie between Iberia and Rome (later the [[Byzantine Empire]]), and would have a large scale impact on the state's culture and society. However, after [[Julian the Apostate|Emperor Julian]] was slain during his failed campaign in Persia in 363, Rome ceded control of Iberia to Persia, and [[Aspacures II of Iberia|King Varaz-Bakur I]] (363-365) became a Persian vassal — an outcome confirmed by the Peace of [[Hachdeanq|Acilisene]] in 387. |
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The early reign of the Iberian king [[Vakhtang I of Iberia|Vakhtang I dubbed ''Gorgasali'']] (447-502) was marked by relative revival of the kingdom. Formally a vassal of the Persians, he secured the northern borders by subjugating the Caucasian mountaineers, and brought the adjacent western and southern Iberian lands under his control. He established an [[autocephaly|autocephalic]] patriarchate at [[Mtskheta]], and made [[Tbilisi]] his capital. In 482, he led a general uprising against Persia. A desperate war for independence lasted for twenty years, but he could not get Byzantine support, and was defeated, dying in battle in 502. |
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The medieval Georgian chronicle ''Kartlis Tskhovreba'' (“History of Kartli”) claims that a Persian general Azo of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]’s army massacred a local ruling family and conquered the area, until being defeated at the end of the 4th century BC by Prince [[Pharnavaz I of Iberia|Pharnavaz]], who was at that time a local chief. Pharnavaz, victorious in the power struggle, became the first [[List of Kings of Iberia|king of Iberia]] (c. 302-c. 237 BC). Driving back an invasion, he subjugated the neighbouring areas, including a significant part of the western state of [[Colchis]] (locally known as [[Egrisi]]). Pharnavaz then focused on social projects, including the citadel of the capitol, the [[Armaztsikhe]], and the idol of the god [[Armazi]] (derived from the Iranian god Ahura-Mazda). He also reformed the [[Georgian alphabet|Georgian written language]] and created a new system of administration, subdividing the country in several counties called ''[[Eristavi|saeristavo]]s''. His successors managed to gain control over the mountainous passes of the [[Caucasus Mountains|Caucasus]], with the [[Daryal]] (also known as the Iberian Gates) being the most important of them. |
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==Origins== |
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It may be possible to trace the presence of Caucasian Iberians in the region for several millennia. The Iberian tribes were an [[indigenous people]] of the Caucasus region, united by a common language, the ancestor of the Ibero-Caucasian language group. There are multiple theories regarding the origin of the name ''Iberian''; one of the most commonplace is that it is derived from the tribe of [[Tibareni]] in the classical period, and possibly also from the even earlier state of [[Tabal]], known from the annals of the [[Assyrian Empire|Assyrian Kings]].{{cn|date=January 2015}} |
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The name ''Iberian'' in its own right appears in ancient Greek authors who identified early Georgian (Kartvelian) tribes as ''Iberoi'', as well as in the annals of the Greek [[Plutarch]]. The Iberians called their kingdom ''Kartli'', and their nation ''Kartlians''. |
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Some theories have proposed common ethnic and linguistic origins of ancient Caucasian Iberians with the [[Iberians]] of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], or the modern [[Basques]] in [[Spain]].<ref>''Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus'', Alain Danielou, p. 21</ref><ref>''Chambers's Encyclopaedia'', M. D. Law, p. 356</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Colchians]], western Georgians. |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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{{Ancient Georgians}} |
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[[Category:Ancient peoples of Georgia (country)]] |
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[[Category:Ancient peoples]] |
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Revision as of 16:35, 16 April 2017
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