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Coordinates: 27°01′59″S 68°17′46″W / 27.033°S 68.296°W / -27.033; -68.296
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=== Local ===
=== Local ===


Incahuasi is formed by a [[caldera]] {{convert|3.5|km}} wide. Two coalesced [[stratovolcano]]es formed within the caldera<ref name="GVP" /> and have a diametre of {{convert|15|km}}.<ref name="GrosseOrihashi2014" /> A {{convert|6|x|4|km}} wide [[lava dome]] is located on the eastern flank.<ref name="GrosseOrihashi2014" /> The volcano has a volume of about {{convert|231|km3}}.<ref name="Aravena2015" /> With a height of {{convert|6621|m}} Incahuasi is the 12th highest mountain in [[South America]].{{sfn|Rundel|Kleier|2014|p=3}}
Incahuasi is formed by a [[caldera]] {{convert|3.5|km}} wide. Two coalesced [[stratovolcano]]es formed within the caldera<ref name="GVP" /> and have a diameter of {{convert|15|km}}.<ref name="GrosseOrihashi2014" /> A {{convert|6|x|4|km}} wide [[lava dome]] is located on the eastern flank.<ref name="GrosseOrihashi2014" /> The volcano has a volume of about {{convert|231|km3}}.<ref name="Aravena2015" /> With a height of {{convert|6621|m}} Incahuasi is the 12th highest mountain in [[South America]].{{sfn|Rundel|Kleier|2014|p=3}}


Incahuasi has two [[Volcanic crater|crater]]s, a summit crater and an arcuate crater on the eastern slope that contains a [[lava dome]].<ref name="GVP" /> The summit crater has dimensions of {{convert|750|x|900|m}}.<ref name="GrosseOrihashi2014" /> Subsidiary vents conversely are associated with [[fissure vent]]s.<ref name="SeggiaroHongn1999" />
Incahuasi has two [[Volcanic crater|crater]]s, a summit crater and an arcuate crater on the eastern slope that contains a [[lava dome]].<ref name="GVP" /> The summit crater has dimensions of {{convert|750|x|900|m}}.<ref name="GrosseOrihashi2014" /> Subsidiary vents conversely are associated with [[fissure vent]]s.<ref name="SeggiaroHongn1999" />

Revision as of 21:26, 23 April 2017

This article is about a volcano on the border between Argentina and Chile. For other uses, see Inka Wasi.
Incahuasi
View at the Incahuasi volcan from the route 60, Fiambala, Argentina
Highest point
Elevation6,621 or 6,638 m (21,722 or 21,778 ft)[1][2]
Prominence1,518 m (4,980 ft)[1]
ListingUltra
Coordinates27°01′59″S 68°17′46″W / 27.033°S 68.296°W / -27.033; -68.296[2]
Geography
Incahuasi is located in Argentina
Incahuasi
Incahuasi
Location in Argentina, on the border with Chile
LocationCatamarca, Argentina -
Atacama, Chile
Parent rangeAndes
Geology
Mountain type(s)stratovolcanoes and caldera
Last eruptionUnknown
Climbing
First ascent1913 by Walther Penck

Incahuasi (Template:IPA-es; Quechua Inkawasi or Inka Wasi, inka Inca, wasi house,[3][4] "Inca house") is a volcanic mountain in the Andes of South America. It lies on the border of the Argentine province of Catamarca, and the Atacama Region of Chile. Incahuasi has a summit elevation of 6,621 metres (21,722 ft) above sea level.

The volcano consists of a 3.5-kilometre-wide (2.2 mi) caldera and two stratovolcanoes. Four pyroclastic cones are located 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) to the north-east and produced basalt-andesite lava flows that cover an area of 10 square kilometres (4 sq mi).[5]

Geography and geology

Incahuasi lies on the border between Chile and Argentina,[2] close to Paso San Francisco.[6] A major road crosses the border there.[7]

Regional

Incahuasi is located northeast of Ojos del Salado,[2] the highest volcano in the world.[8] Both volcanoes are found at the southern end of the Central Volcanic Zone.[9] They together with El Fraile, El Muerto, Nevado Tres Cruces and El Solo form a 50 kilometres (31 mi) long volcanic chain.[10]

The area is dominated by volcanoes that were active after 1.5 million years ago.[11] Also located close to Incahuasi are Falso Azufre and Nevado San Francisco.[6] It has been suggested that a perpendicular chain of volcanoes including Ojos del Salado may be the consequence of the Juan Fernandez Ridge subducting in the Peru-Chile Trench.[12]

Volcanism in the area goes back to the Oligocene and Miocene, when the main volcanic arc was located 40 kilometres (25 mi) west in the Maricunga Belt. Between 9 and 6 million years ago volcanic activity in the Maricunga Belt decreased and eventually ceased. Simultaneously, the back-arc experienced increased volcanic activity.[9]

Local

Incahuasi is formed by a caldera 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) wide. Two coalesced stratovolcanoes formed within the caldera[2] and have a diameter of 15 kilometres (9.3 mi).[13] A 6 by 4 kilometres (3.7 mi × 2.5 mi) wide lava dome is located on the eastern flank.[13] The volcano has a volume of about 231 cubic kilometres (55 cu mi).[14] With a height of 6,621 metres (21,722 ft) Incahuasi is the 12th highest mountain in South America.[15]

Incahuasi has two craters, a summit crater and an arcuate crater on the eastern slope that contains a lava dome.[2] The summit crater has dimensions of 750 by 900 metres (2,460 ft × 2,950 ft).[13] Subsidiary vents conversely are associated with fissure vents.[16]

The western and southwestern slopes of Incahuasi are dotted with lava domes,[2] which are more subdued than on other volcanoes in the region.[17] Less than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) wide and 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) long[13] lava flows extend down the volcano.[2] They reach the Las Coladas salar east of Incahuasi.[18] Two 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) long coulees extend north and east of the main crater.[13]

7 kilometres (4.3 mi) northeast of Incahuasi four pyroclastic cones can be found. They have covered 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi) with lava.[2] Incahuasi volcano rises over a surface with elevations of 4,300–4,700 metres (14,100–15,400 ft).[19]

  • Incahuasi is the volcano at the left and El Fraile immediately right. The green lake is Laguna Verde
    Incahuasi is the volcano at the left and El Fraile immediately right. The green lake is Laguna Verde
  • Incahuasi from Las Grutas. The eastern lava domes and the northeastern monogenetic volcanoes are clearly visible.
    Incahuasi from Las Grutas. The eastern lava domes and the northeastern monogenetic volcanoes are clearly visible.

Composition

Like many Andean volcanoes, Incahuasi has erupted andesite containing hornblende and pyroxene.[6] Lava flows on the main stratovolcano are dacitic.[2]

The four cones northeast of the principal volcano have erupted basaltic andesite.[2] Likewise, parasitic cones have erupted magnesium-rich basaltic andesite.[20] Minerals contained in these rocks include clinopyroxene and olivine.[6]

The occurrence of such basic magmas in a volcanic setting dominated by dacites appears to be a consequence of local tectonics, which involve the extension of the crust compared to the compressional regime farther west.[11] Originating in the mantle, the magmas quickly ascended in faults and were contaminated by crustal material.[6] The mantle itself had been modified before by crustal material added by delamination of the lower crust and subduction erosion.[21]

Climate

Incahuasi does not have glaciers,[19] but it does have at least temporary snowpack.[2] Even the crater does not support the development of glaciers.[22]

Average precipitation at Incahuasi is about 300–500 millimetres per year (0.37–0.62 in/Ms). The volcano lies south of the so-called "Arid Diagonal", and most precipitation falls during winter.[19] This aridity is caused by the rain shadow effect of the Subandean Ranges, which block moisture from the Atlantic Ocean.[23]

Eruptive history

One andesitic lava flow on the northwestern slope of Incahuasi has yielded two ages, one of 1.15 ± 0.5 million years ago and another of 710,000 ± 80,000 years ago.[24] Based on their preservations, the lava flows appear to be of roughly comparable ages.[13]

Parasitic cones were active over 500,000 years ago.[20]

Volcanic activity at Incahuasi may have continued into the Holocene, considering the young appearance of its eruption products.[2] There are reports of fumarolic activity. The volcano is considered a potential geological hazard to Argentina[25] and Chile, where the SERNAGEOMIN hazard maps identify it as a potential threat.[26]

  • View from Las Grutas
    View from Las Grutas

Climbing history

The mountain was first climbed by Inka people. In 1912 Walter Penck climbed the mountain. Legend has it that a railway engineer named Edward Flint between 1854-1859 ascended the mountain.[27]

Archeology

In 1913, an Inka ceremonial structure was found on the summit of Incahuasi.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Argentina and Chile North: Ultra-Prominences" Peaklist.org. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Nevado de Incahuasi". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  3. ^ Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)
  4. ^ Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)
  5. ^ http://www.volcanolive.com/incahuasi.html
  6. ^ a b c d e Kay, Coira & Mpodozis 2008, p. 163.
  7. ^ Gspurning, Lazar & Sulzer 2006, p. 60.
  8. ^ Gonzalez-Ferran, Baker & Rex 1985, p. 434.
  9. ^ a b Kay, Coira & Mpodozis 2008, p. 160.
  10. ^ Kay, Mpodozis & Gardeweg 2014, p. 310.
  11. ^ a b Kay, Coira & Mpodozis 2008, p. 162.
  12. ^ Gonzalez-Ferran, Baker & Rex 1985, p. 425.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Grosse, P.; Orihashi, Y.; Guzman, S.; Petrinovic, I. (2014). "Volcanismo Cuaternario en la Zona del Paso San Francisco, Catamarca". conicet.gov.ar (in Spanish).
  14. ^ Aravena, Diego; Villalón, Ignacio; Sánchez, Pablo (April 2015). "Igneous Related Geothermal Resources in the Chilean Andes" (PDF). pangea.stanford.edu. p. 5.
  15. ^ a b Rundel & Kleier 2014, p. 3.
  16. ^ Seggiaro, R. E.; Hongn, F. D. (1999-01-01). "Influencia tectónica en el volcanismo Cenozoico del Noroeste argentino". Acta geológica hispánica. 34 (2): 229. ISSN 2173-6537.
  17. ^ Gonzalez-Ferran, Baker & Rex 1985, p. 436.
  18. ^ Valero-Garcés et al. 2000, p. 345.
  19. ^ a b c Gspurning, Lazar & Sulzer 2006, p. 61.
  20. ^ a b Mpodozis, Constantino; Cornejo, Paula; Kay, Suzanne M.; Tittler, Andrew (1995-12-01). "La Franja de Maricunga: sintesis de la evolucion del Frente Volcanico Oligoceno-Mioceno de la zona sur de los Andes Centrales". Andean Geology (in Spanish). 22 (2): 308. doi:10.5027/andgeoV22n2-a10. ISSN 0718-7106.
  21. ^ Kay, Mpodozis & Gardeweg 2014, p. 324.
  22. ^ Gspurning, Lazar & Sulzer 2006, p. 63.
  23. ^ Valero-Garcés et al. 2000, p. 344.
  24. ^ Gonzalez-Ferran, Baker & Rex 1985, p. 435.
  25. ^ Perucca, Laura P.; Moreiras, Stella M. (2009-01-01). Latrubesse, Edgardo M. (ed.). Developments in Earth Surface Processes. Natural Hazards and Human-Exacerbated Disasters in Latin America. Vol. 13. Elsevier. p. 292.
  26. ^ "Peligros Volcanicos" (PDF). sernageomin.cl. 2011. ISSN 0717-7305.
  27. ^ Echevarria, Evelio (1987). "Early British Ascents in the Andes (1831-1946)" (PDF). Alpine Journal: 64–65.

Sources

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