Horseshoe Falls: Difference between revisions

Horseshoe Falls
Horseshoe Falls
Canadian Falls
Location	Border of Ontario, Canada, and New York, United States
Coordinates	43°04′38″N 79°04′32″W / 43.077305°N 79.07562°W
Type	Cataract
Total height	167 ft (51 m)
Total width	2,700 ft (820 m)
Watercourse	Niagara River

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Revision as of 13:52, 11 May 2017

Horseshoe Falls, also known as Canadian Falls, is one of three waterfalls which collectively form Niagara Falls on the Niagara River along the Canada-US Border. Approximately 90% of the Niagara River, after diversions for hydropower generation, flows over Horseshoe Falls. The remaining 10% flows over American Falls and Bridal Veil falls. It is located between Terrapin Point on Goat Island in the US state of New York, and Table Rock in the Canadian province of Ontario.^[2]^[3]^[4]

International Border

1819 Boundary Commission map of the International Boundary Line cutting through Horseshoe Falls

When the boundary line between the Niagara States and Canada was determined in 1819 based on the Treaty of Ghent, the northeastern end of the Horseshoe Falls was in New York, United States, flowing around the Terrapin Rocks, which was once connected to Goat Island by a series of long, brick bridges. In 1955 the area between the rocks and Goat Island was filled in, creating Terrapin Point.^[5] In the early 1980s the United States Army Corps of Engineers filled in more land and built diversion dams and retaining walls to force the water away from Terrapin Point. Altogether 400 feet (120 m) of the Horseshoe Falls was eliminated. Due to erosion, the falls will continue to move in relation to the boundary line in the future.

The official national maps for both Canada and the United States indicate that a small portion of the Horseshoe Falls is located within the United States.^[6]^[7]

Gallery

Horseshoe Falls at night
Horseshoe Falls, viewed from Table Rock Centre in Niagara Falls, Ontario
View from beside and behind Horseshoe Falls

References

^ ^a ^b "Niagara Falls". World Waterfalls Database. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
^ Staff report (June 23, 2006). Campaign blunder puts Yankee spin on Canada's national anthem. Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Regina Leader-Post
^ Lee, Matthew (October 29, 2007). Video claims Horseshoe Falls for U.S. Toronto Star
^ "The international boundary line may pass through the Horseshoe Falls just beyond Terrapin Tower Point, so that the United States are not entitled to as large a portion as Canada of the Horseshoe Falls, which is admittedly not all Canadian." Statement of Mr. J Boardman Scovell. Preservation of Niagara Falls: hearings on the subject of H.R. 26688, Sixty-first Congress, second session, relating to the control and regulation of the waters of Niagara River and the preservation of Niagara Falls, held before the Committee on Rivers and Harbors of the House of Representatives. U.S. G.P.O., 1911
^ Berton, Pierre (2009). Niagara: A History of the Falls. SUNY Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-1-4384-2928-1. Retrieved December 1, 2010.
^ "The Atlas of Canada". Government of Canada. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
^ "National Map of the United States". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved February 19, 2017.

[world-1] "Niagara Falls". World Waterfalls Database. Retrieved January 28, 2017.

[regina2006-2] Staff report (June 23, 2006). Campaign blunder puts Yankee spin on Canada's national anthem. Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Regina Leader-Post

[Lee2007-3] Lee, Matthew (October 29, 2007). Video claims Horseshoe Falls for U.S. Toronto Star

[1911hearings-4] "The international boundary line may pass through the Horseshoe Falls just beyond Terrapin Tower Point, so that the United States are not entitled to as large a portion as Canada of the Horseshoe Falls, which is admittedly not all Canadian." Statement of Mr. J Boardman Scovell. Preservation of Niagara Falls: hearings on the subject of H.R. 26688, Sixty-first Congress, second session, relating to the control and regulation of the waters of Niagara River and the preservation of Niagara Falls, held before the Committee on Rivers and Harbors of the House of Representatives. U.S. G.P.O., 1911

[berton-5] Berton, Pierre (2009). Niagara: A History of the Falls. SUNY Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-1-4384-2928-1. Retrieved December 1, 2010.

[6] "The Atlas of Canada". Government of Canada. Retrieved February 19, 2017.

[7] "National Map of the United States". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved February 19, 2017.

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@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 [[File:Niagara-boundary-1819.jpg|right|thumb|1819 Boundary Commission map of the International Boundary Line cutting through Horseshoe Falls]]
-When the boundary line between the United States and Canada was determined in 1819 based on the [[Treaty of Ghent]], the northeastern end of the Horseshoe Falls was in [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States]], flowing around the Terrapin Rocks, which was once connected to [[Goat Island (New York)|Goat Island]] by a series of bridges. In 1955 the area between the rocks and Goat Island was filled in, creating [[Terrapin Point]].<ref name=berton>{{cite book |last= Berton |first= Pierre |title= Niagara: A History of the Falls |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Rr06A2H6UC&pg=PA20 |accessdate= December 1, 2010 |year= 2009 |publisher= SUNY Press |isbn= 978-1-4384-2928-1 |pages=20–21}}</ref> In the early 1980s the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] filled in more land and built diversion dams and retaining walls to force the water away from Terrapin Point. Altogether {{convert|400|ft|m}} of the Horseshoe Falls was eliminated. Due to erosion, the falls will continue to move in relation to the boundary line in the future.
+When the boundary line between the Niagara States and Canada was determined in 1819 based on the [[Treaty of Ghent]], the northeastern end of the Horseshoe Falls was in [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States]], flowing around the Terrapin Rocks, which was once connected to [[Goat Island (New York)|Goat Island]] by a series of long, brick bridges. In 1955 the area between the rocks and Goat Island was filled in, creating [[Terrapin Point]].<ref name=berton>{{cite book |last= Berton |first= Pierre |title= Niagara: A History of the Falls |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Rr06A2H6UC&pg=PA20 |accessdate= December 1, 2010 |year= 2009 |publisher= SUNY Press |isbn= 978-1-4384-2928-1 |pages=20–21}}</ref> In the early 1980s the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] filled in more land and built diversion dams and retaining walls to force the water away from Terrapin Point. Altogether {{convert|400|ft|m}} of the Horseshoe Falls was eliminated. Due to erosion, the falls will continue to move in relation to the boundary line in the future.
 The official national maps for both Canada and the United States indicate that a small portion of the Horseshoe Falls is located within the United States.<ref>{{cite web | title = The Atlas of Canada | publisher = Government of Canada | url = http://atlas.gc.ca/toporama/en/index.html?id=map1&extent=1317001.3341982635,-501305.9605510465,1318807.9128114209,-500353.4586460427&legend=762eb7ed-0001-242f-6fcf-af08f5605eb1,0,0,1;e5511402-0002-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,0,0.7;cc7fde4c-0003-1cf2-8358-7ca86eefb13c,0,0,1;762eb7ed-cccc-242f-6fcf-af08f5605eb1,0,1,1;8a57b0ba-c004-f03d-7cd4-b3d9b35a8b83,0,0,1;4118b52e-66fe-6b4d-b826-a8f309338f76,0,0,1;e5511402-0029-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7dg,0,0,1;e5511402-0029-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0028-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,0,1;e5511402-0628-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0528-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;8a9bb0ab-0005-32b1-6715-be42194945aa,0,0,1;e5511402-0027-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0026-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0025-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;8a9bb0ab-0021-32b1-6715-be42194945aa,0,1,1;e5511402-0023-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0022-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;8a9bb0ab-0018-32b1-6715-be42194945aa,0,1,1;e5511402-0020-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0019-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;8a9bb0ab-0014-32b1-6715-be42194945aa,0,1,1;e5511402-0017-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0016-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0015-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;8a9bb0ab-0010-32b1-6715-be42194945aa,0,1,1;e5511402-0013-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0012-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0011-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7de,0,1,1;e5511402-0011-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0009-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0007-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1;e5511402-0004-5cbe-0d3c-f537c612b7df,0,1,1 | accessdate = February 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = National Map of the United States | publisher = United States Geological Survey | url = https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/basic/?basemap=b1&category=nbd,ned,nedsrc,histtopo,nhd,hro,naip,nbdmi,gnis,nlcd,smallscale,nsd,vectorcmb,ntd,ustopo,woodland&q=&zoom=17&bbox=-79.07926798,43.07932680,-79.07132864,43.08171686&preview=&avail=&refpoly= | accessdate = February 19, 2017}}</ref>

Revision as of 13:52, 11 May 2017

International Border

Gallery

See also

References