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== Open Microfluidics (section in main article Microfluidics) ==
== Open Microfluidics (section in main article Microfluidics) ==
In open [[microfluidics]], (open-surface [[microfluidics]], open-space [[microfluidics]]), one of the boundaries of a system is removed, and the system is exposed to air or another interface.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/941538295|title=Open Microfluidics.|last=Jean.|first=Berthier,|date=2016-01-01|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=1118720806|oclc=941538295}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=C.|last2=Boban|first2=M.|last3=Tuteja|first3=A.|date=2017-04-11|title=Open-channel, water-in-oil emulsification in paper-based microfluidic devices|url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C7LC00114B|journal=Lab Chip|language=en|volume=17|issue=8|pages=1436–1441|doi=10.1039/c7lc00114b|issn=1473-0189}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Pfohl|first=Thomas|last2=Mugele|first2=Frieder|last3=Seemann|first3=Ralf|last4=Herminghaus|first4=Stephan|date=2003-12-15|title=Trends in Microfluidics with Complex Fluids|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cphc.200300847/abstract|journal=ChemPhysChem|language=en|volume=4|issue=12|pages=1291–1298|doi=10.1002/cphc.200300847|issn=1439-7641}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Kaigala|first=Govind V.|last2=Lovchik|first2=Robert D.|last3=Delamarche|first3=Emmanuel|date=2012-11-05|title=Microfluidics in the “Open Space” for Performing Localized Chemistry on Biological Interfaces|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201201798/abstract|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|language=en|volume=51|issue=45|pages=11224–11240|doi=10.1002/anie.201201798|issn=1521-3773}}</ref>  One of the main advantages of open microfluidics is ease of accessibility and intervention to the flowing liquid in the system at any time, and this is helpful in adding or removing reagents. Compared to a closed system, when of the boundaries of a system is removed, a larger liquid-gas [[surface area]] exists, and this enables gas-liquid reactions to be performed.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=Bin|last2=Moore|first2=Jeffrey S.|last3=Beebe|first3=David J.|date=2001-02-09|title=Surface-Directed Liquid Flow Inside Microchannels|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/291/5506/1023|journal=Science|language=en|volume=291|issue=5506|pages=1023–1026|doi=10.1126/science.291.5506.1023|issn=0036-8075|pmid=11161212}}</ref> Further, open systems minimize and even eliminates bubbles formation, a problem commonly found in closed system.<ref name=":0" />
In open [[microfluidics]], (open-surface [[microfluidics]], open-space [[microfluidics]]), one of the boundaries of a system is removed, and the system is exposed to air or another interface.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/941538295|title=Open Microfluidics.|last=Jean.|first=Berthier,|date=2016-01-01|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=1118720806|oclc=941538295}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=C.|last2=Boban|first2=M.|last3=Tuteja|first3=A.|date=2017-04-11|title=Open-channel, water-in-oil emulsification in paper-based microfluidic devices|url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C7LC00114B|journal=Lab Chip|language=en|volume=17|issue=8|pages=1436–1441|doi=10.1039/c7lc00114b|issn=1473-0189}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Pfohl|first=Thomas|last2=Mugele|first2=Frieder|last3=Seemann|first3=Ralf|last4=Herminghaus|first4=Stephan|date=2003-12-15|title=Trends in Microfluidics with Complex Fluids|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cphc.200300847/abstract|journal=ChemPhysChem|language=en|volume=4|issue=12|pages=1291–1298|doi=10.1002/cphc.200300847|issn=1439-7641}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Kaigala|first=Govind V.|last2=Lovchik|first2=Robert D.|last3=Delamarche|first3=Emmanuel|date=2012-11-05|title=Microfluidics in the “Open Space” for Performing Localized Chemistry on Biological Interfaces|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201201798/abstract|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|language=en|volume=51|issue=45|pages=11224–11240|doi=10.1002/anie.201201798|issn=1521-3773}}</ref>  One of the main advantages of open microfluidics is ease of accessibility and intervention to the flowing liquid in the system at any time, and this is helpful in adding or removing reagents. Compared to a closed system, when of the boundaries of a system is removed, a larger liquid-gas [[surface area]] exists, and this enables gas-liquid reactions to be performed.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhao|first=Bin|last2=Moore|first2=Jeffrey S.|last3=Beebe|first3=David J.|date=2001-02-09|title=Surface-Directed Liquid Flow Inside Microchannels|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/291/5506/1023|journal=Science|language=en|volume=291|issue=5506|pages=1023–1026|doi=10.1126/science.291.5506.1023|issn=0036-8075|pmid=11161212}}</ref> Further, open systems minimize and even eliminates bubbles formation, a problem commonly found in closed system.<ref name=":0" />In closed system microfluidic systems, the main fluid flow in the channels is usually driven by pressure via pumps ([[Syringe driver|syringe pumps]]), external syringes or valves (trigger valves) and [[laminar flow]] is such an example.<ref name=":0" />Open system microfluidics on the other hand ennables passive driven flow. <ref name=":0" />


Examples of open microfluidics are open-channel microfluidics where the roof of a channel is removed, and when both the roof and bottom of the channel is removed, it is called suspended microfluidics.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Casavant|first=Benjamin P.|last2=Berthier|first2=Erwin|last3=Theberge|first3=Ashleigh B.|last4=Berthier|first4=Jean|last5=Montanez-Sauri|first5=Sara I.|last6=Bischel|first6=Lauren L.|last7=Brakke|first7=Kenneth|last8=Hedman|first8=Curtis J.|last9=Bushman|first9=Wade|date=2013-06-18|title=Suspended microfluidics|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/110/25/10111|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=110|issue=25|pages=10111–10116|doi=10.1073/pnas.1302566110|issn=0027-8424|pmc=PMC3690848|pmid=23729815}}</ref> Other examples are hanging droplet microfluidics in which droplets are hanging on wires (fiber/thread/yarn based microfluidics), rail-based microfluidics, and [[EWOD]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lorenceau|first=Élise|last2=Clanet|first2=Christophe|last3=Quéré|first3=David|date=2004-11-01|title=Capturing drops with a thin fiber|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021979704005727|journal=Journal of Colloid and Interface Science|volume=279|issue=1|pages=192–197|doi=10.1016/j.jcis.2004.06.054}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Satoh|first=Wataru|last2=Hosono|first2=Hiroki|last3=Suzuki|first3=Hiroaki|date=2005-11-01|title=On-Chip Microfluidic Transport and Mixing Using Electrowetting and Incorporation of Sensing Functions|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac050821s|journal=Analytical Chemistry|volume=77|issue=21|pages=6857–6863|doi=10.1021/ac050821s|issn=0003-2700}}</ref>
In closed system microfluidic systems, the main fluid flow in the channels is usually driven by pressure via pumps ([[Syringe driver|syringe pumps]]), external syringes or valves (trigger valves) and [[laminar flow]] is such an example.<ref name=":0" />Open system microfluidics on the other hand ennables passive driven flow. <ref name=":0" />


Examples of open microfluidics are open-channel microfluidics where the roof of a channel is removed, and when both the roof and bottom of the channel is removed, it is called suspended microfluidics.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Other examples are hanging droplet microfluidics in which droplets are hanging on wires (fiber/thread/yarn based microfluidics), rail-based microfluidics, and [[EWOD]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lorenceau|first=Élise|last2=Clanet|first2=Christophe|last3=Quéré|first3=David|date=2004-11-01|title=Capturing drops with a thin fiber|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021979704005727|journal=Journal of Colloid and Interface Science|volume=279|issue=1|pages=192–197|doi=10.1016/j.jcis.2004.06.054}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Satoh|first=Wataru|last2=Hosono|first2=Hiroki|last3=Suzuki|first3=Hiroaki|date=2005-11-01|title=On-Chip Microfluidic Transport and Mixing Using Electrowetting and Incorporation of Sensing Functions|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac050821s|journal=Analytical Chemistry|volume=77|issue=21|pages=6857–6863|doi=10.1021/ac050821s|issn=0003-2700}}</ref>
Like many microfluidics technolgies, open system microfluidics can be applied in nanotechnology, biotechnology, fuel cells and [[Point-of-care testing|Point of care]] (POC) systems.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Dak|first=Piyush|last2=Ebrahimi|first2=Aida|last3=Swaminathan|first3=Vikhram|last4=Duarte-Guevara|first4=Carlos|last5=Bashir|first5=Rashid|last6=Alam|first6=Muhammad A.|date=2016-04-14|title=Droplet-based Biosensing for Lab-on-a-Chip, Open Microfluidics Platforms|url=http://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/6/2/14|journal=Biosensors|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|pages=14|doi=10.3390/bios6020014|pmc=PMC4931474|pmid=27089377}}</ref> For cell-based studies, open channel microfluidics devices allow access to cells within the channel, enabling probing of single cells.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Hsu|first=Chia-Hsien|last2=Chen|first2=Chihchen|last3=Folch|first3=Albert|date=2004-10-07|title=“Microcanals” for micropipette access to single cells in microfluidic environments|url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=B404956J|journal=Lab Chip|language=en|volume=4|issue=5|pages=420–424|doi=10.1039/b404956j|issn=1473-0189}}</ref> Other applications of open microfluidics are open capillary gel electrophoresis, water-in-oil emulsification, and biosensors for Point of care systems.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" />Suspended microfluidic devices have been used to study cellular diffusion and migration of cancer cells, and rail-based microfluidics can be used for micropatterning and the study of cell communication.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />


⚫
=== Open-Channel Microfluidics ===
Like many microfluidics technolgies, open system microfluidics can be applied in nanotechnology, biotechnology, fuel cells and [[Point-of-care testing|Point of care]] (POC) systems.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> For cell-based studies, open channel microfluidics devices allow access to cells within the channel, enabling probing of single cells.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Hsu|first=Chia-Hsien|last2=Chen|first2=Chihchen|last3=Folch|first3=Albert|date=2004-10-07|title=“Microcanals” for micropipette access to single cells in microfluidic environments|url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=B404956J|journal=Lab Chip|language=en|volume=4|issue=5|pages=420–424|doi=10.1039/b404956j|issn=1473-0189}}</ref> Other applications of open microfluidics are open capillary gel electrophoresis, water-in-oil emulsification, and biosensors for Point of care systems.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dak|first=Piyush|last2=Ebrahimi|first2=Aida|last3=Swaminathan|first3=Vikhram|last4=Duarte-Guevara|first4=Carlos|last5=Bashir|first5=Rashid|last6=Alam|first6=Muhammad A.|date=2016-04-14|title=Droplet-based Biosensing for Lab-on-a-Chip, Open Microfluidics Platforms|url=http://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/6/2/14|journal=Biosensors|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|pages=14|doi=10.3390/bios6020014|pmc=PMC4931474|pmid=27089377}}</ref>
⚫
In open-channel microfluidics, the top part of the channel is removed, allowing the system to to be exposed to air.<ref name=":0" /> In an open channel microfluidics, the flow is mainly driven passively. One of the main flow in open channels is [[Capillary flow|spontaneous capillary flow]] (SCF).<ref name=":0" /> In closed-channel microfluidic system, SCF can occur if there is an inlet port filled with the carrier fluid, and the [[Laplace pressure]] in the inlet is negative.<ref name=":0" /> Surface wettability and [[surface modification]] control the flow of the liquid in the channel and allow the fluid to stay confined in the channel.<ref name=":1" /> One of the problems that could occur in an open channel is overflow, and this can be controlled by having the carrier fluid preferentially wet the surfca of the interior channel (ie., floor instread of walls.<ref name=":2" /> Another problem in an open system is [[evaporation]], especially a micrscoal voumes; however this can be managed by covering the carrier fluid with a film of oil, increasing the humidity of the surrounding enviroennt, and/or maitaining the local temperature.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Gutzweiler|first=Ludwig|last2=Gleichmann|first2=Tobias|last3=Tanguy|first3=Laurent|last4=Koltay|first4=Peter|last5=Zengerle|first5=Roland|last6=Riegger|first6=Lutz|date=2017-04-01|title=Open microfluidic gel electrophoresis: Rapid and low cost separation and analysis of DNA at the nanoliter scale|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elps.201700001/abstract|journal=ELECTROPHORESIS|language=en|pages=n/a–n/a|doi=10.1002/elps.201700001|issn=1522-2683}}</ref>

For example, suspended microfluidic devices have been used to study cellular diffusion and migration [in what kind of environment?], while rail-based microfluidics can be used for micropatterning and the study of cell communication. 

⚫
== Open-Channel Microfluidics (own sub-page) ==
In open-channel microfluidics, the top part of the channel is removed, allowing the system to to be exposed to air.<ref name=":0" /> The fluid flow in channels are measurements of the type of surface, contact angle, and geometry of the channels...

⚫
On the other hand, in an open channel system, the flow is mainly driven passively. One of the main flow for in open channels is by................... by [[Capillary flow|spontaneous capillary flow]] (SCF).<ref name=":0" /> The closed channel system will have an inlet port filled with the carrier fluid, and SCF occurs if the [[Laplace pressure]] in the inlet is negative.<ref name=":0" /> Chemical wettability and [[surface modification]] control the flow of the liquid in the channel and allow the fluid to stay confined in the channel.<ref name=":1" /> One of the problem that could occur in an open channel is overflow, and this can be controlled by surface wetting preferentiality where the carrier fluid for example prefers to wet the floor of the channel more than the side walls.<ref name=":2" /> Another problem in an open system is [[evaporation]], but this can be controlled for example by covering the carrier fluid with a film of oil and maintaining the surrounding temperature.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Gutzweiler|first=Ludwig|last2=Gleichmann|first2=Tobias|last3=Tanguy|first3=Laurent|last4=Koltay|first4=Peter|last5=Zengerle|first5=Roland|last6=Riegger|first6=Lutz|date=2017-04-01|title=Open microfluidic gel electrophoresis: Rapid and low cost separation and analysis of DNA at the nanoliter scale|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elps.201700001/abstract|journal=ELECTROPHORESIS|language=en|pages=n/a–n/a|doi=10.1002/elps.201700001|issn=1522-2683}}</ref>

The free boundary in open microfluidics allows liquid-liquid and liquid-air interactions, where [[Surface tension|interfacial]] tensions occurs.<ref name=":1" /> When two droplets of different sizes in the channel meet, they will fuse together forming one bigger droplet in the channel due to differences in [[Laplace pressure]].<ref name=":1" /> Therefore, the interfacial surface tensions in the open channel restricts the liquid to be of constant mean [[Curvature of a measure|curvature]] to be stable in the open channel.<ref name=":1" /> Droplet stability can be achieved by applying an [[Electric field|electrical field]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Weiqiang|last2=Jones|first2=Thomas B.|date=2015-05-05|title=Moving droplets between closed and open microfluidic systems|url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C5LC00014A|journal=Lab Chip|language=en|volume=15|issue=10|pages=2201–2212|doi=10.1039/c5lc00014a|issn=1473-0189}}</ref> On the other hand, certain drop shapes observed in closed channels allows for higher [[fluorescence]] sensitivity detection.<ref name=":6" />

Future direction Point of care . home care<ref name=":0" />


== Final Draft : Live on Wikipedia ==
== Final Draft : Live on Wikipedia ==

Revision as of 08:21, 15 May 2017

Critique an article

Gluten

Hi,

The first source from FDA is from 2007, it would be best to get an updated version if available since many changes could occur during 10 years of period. The information of source 14, 15, 19, 21 seem to from blog posts and webpages that could be replaced by peer-reviewed articles. The link to source 51,52,53 does not work. Another section that could be added to this article is how gluten is detected. For example an overview of immunological and spectroscopic methods such as gas chromatography, mass spectrometer, ELISA, and commercially available ELISA kit.

Jei1 08:43, 7 April 2017 (UTC)

Add to an article

Microfluidics

In open Microfluidics, (open-surface microfluidics or open-surface microfluidics one of the boundaries of a channel is removed, so that the system is exposed to air. One of the main advantages of open channels are ease of accessibility to the flowing liquid and large liquid-gas surface area. Open channels allow the ability of intervening the system at any time, and this is useful to add or remove reagents. In closed channels, air bubbls formation could be in an issue, but in open channels this is no longer the case. In open-channels, the main flow is driven by spontanous capillary flow. Problem that could arise is evaporation, but that can be solved by maintaining the temperature Droplets can be stabilized by applying an electrical field. When both the top and bottom of a device is removed we will have suspended microfluidics.

Draft your article

In open Microfluidics, (open-surface microfluidics or open-surface microfluidics one of the boundaries of a channel is removed, so that the system is exposed to air. One of the many advantages of open channels are ease of accessibility to the flowing liquid, large liquid-gas surface area, robustness, functionality, and ease of fabrication. Open channels allow the ability of intervening the system at any time, and this is useful to add or remove reagents and samples such as tissues and cells.

CE.

In closed channels, air bubles formation could be in an issue, but in open channels this is no longer the case. In open-channels, the main flow is driven by spontaneous capillary flow (SCF).

When both the ceiling and floor of a device are removed we will have suspended microfluidics. The fluid flow is still driven by SCF.

Open microfluidics when implemented in the biololyg field can simulate the environment better because of no consraints.

Microcanal.

moving droplets.

Draft 1: Before peer review

Draft 2 : After peer review

Open Microfluidics (section in main article Microfluidics)

In open microfluidics, (open-surface microfluidics, open-space microfluidics), one of the boundaries of a system is removed, and the system is exposed to air or another interface.[1][2][3][4]  One of the main advantages of open microfluidics is ease of accessibility and intervention to the flowing liquid in the system at any time, and this is helpful in adding or removing reagents. Compared to a closed system, when of the boundaries of a system is removed, a larger liquid-gas surface area exists, and this enables gas-liquid reactions to be performed.[1][5] Further, open systems minimize and even eliminates bubbles formation, a problem commonly found in closed system.[1]In closed system microfluidic systems, the main fluid flow in the channels is usually driven by pressure via pumps (syringe pumps), external syringes or valves (trigger valves) and laminar flow is such an example.[1]Open system microfluidics on the other hand ennables passive driven flow. [1]

Examples of open microfluidics are open-channel microfluidics where the roof of a channel is removed, and when both the roof and bottom of the channel is removed, it is called suspended microfluidics.[1][6] Other examples are hanging droplet microfluidics in which droplets are hanging on wires (fiber/thread/yarn based microfluidics), rail-based microfluidics, and EWOD.[1][7][8]

Like many microfluidics technolgies, open system microfluidics can be applied in nanotechnology, biotechnology, fuel cells and Point of care (POC) systems.[1][4][9] For cell-based studies, open channel microfluidics devices allow access to cells within the channel, enabling probing of single cells.[10] Other applications of open microfluidics are open capillary gel electrophoresis, water-in-oil emulsification, and biosensors for Point of care systems.[2][9]Suspended microfluidic devices have been used to study cellular diffusion and migration of cancer cells, and rail-based microfluidics can be used for micropatterning and the study of cell communication.[6][1]

Open-Channel Microfluidics

In open-channel microfluidics, the top part of the channel is removed, allowing the system to to be exposed to air.[1] In an open channel microfluidics, the flow is mainly driven passively. One of the main flow in open channels is spontaneous capillary flow (SCF).[1] In closed-channel microfluidic system, SCF can occur if there is an inlet port filled with the carrier fluid, and the Laplace pressure in the inlet is negative.[1] Surface wettability and surface modification control the flow of the liquid in the channel and allow the fluid to stay confined in the channel.[3] One of the problems that could occur in an open channel is overflow, and this can be controlled by having the carrier fluid preferentially wet the surfca of the interior channel (ie., floor instread of walls.[2] Another problem in an open system is evaporation, especially a micrscoal voumes; however this can be managed by covering the carrier fluid with a film of oil, increasing the humidity of the surrounding enviroennt, and/or maitaining the local temperature.[11]

Final Draft : Live on Wikipedia

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Jean., Berthier, (2016-01-01). Open Microfluidics. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 1118720806. OCLC 941538295.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c Li, C.; Boban, M.; Tuteja, A. (2017-04-11). "Open-channel, water-in-oil emulsification in paper-based microfluidic devices". Lab Chip. 17 (8): 1436–1441. doi:10.1039/c7lc00114b. ISSN 1473-0189.
  3. ^ a b Pfohl, Thomas; Mugele, Frieder; Seemann, Ralf; Herminghaus, Stephan (2003-12-15). "Trends in Microfluidics with Complex Fluids". ChemPhysChem. 4 (12): 1291–1298. doi:10.1002/cphc.200300847. ISSN 1439-7641.
  4. ^ a b Kaigala, Govind V.; Lovchik, Robert D.; Delamarche, Emmanuel (2012-11-05). "Microfluidics in the "Open Space" for Performing Localized Chemistry on Biological Interfaces". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 51 (45): 11224–11240. doi:10.1002/anie.201201798. ISSN 1521-3773.
  5. ^ Zhao, Bin; Moore, Jeffrey S.; Beebe, David J. (2001-02-09). "Surface-Directed Liquid Flow Inside Microchannels". Science. 291 (5506): 1023–1026. doi:10.1126/science.291.5506.1023. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 11161212.
  6. ^ a b Casavant, Benjamin P.; Berthier, Erwin; Theberge, Ashleigh B.; Berthier, Jean; Montanez-Sauri, Sara I.; Bischel, Lauren L.; Brakke, Kenneth; Hedman, Curtis J.; Bushman, Wade (2013-06-18). "Suspended microfluidics". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (25): 10111–10116. doi:10.1073/pnas.1302566110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3690848. PMID 23729815.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  7. ^ Lorenceau, Élise; Clanet, Christophe; Quéré, David (2004-11-01). "Capturing drops with a thin fiber". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 279 (1): 192–197. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2004.06.054.
  8. ^ Satoh, Wataru; Hosono, Hiroki; Suzuki, Hiroaki (2005-11-01). "On-Chip Microfluidic Transport and Mixing Using Electrowetting and Incorporation of Sensing Functions". Analytical Chemistry. 77 (21): 6857–6863. doi:10.1021/ac050821s. ISSN 0003-2700.
  9. ^ a b Dak, Piyush; Ebrahimi, Aida; Swaminathan, Vikhram; Duarte-Guevara, Carlos; Bashir, Rashid; Alam, Muhammad A. (2016-04-14). "Droplet-based Biosensing for Lab-on-a-Chip, Open Microfluidics Platforms". Biosensors. 6 (2): 14. doi:10.3390/bios6020014. PMC 4931474. PMID 27089377.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. ^ Hsu, Chia-Hsien; Chen, Chihchen; Folch, Albert (2004-10-07). ""Microcanals" for micropipette access to single cells in microfluidic environments". Lab Chip. 4 (5): 420–424. doi:10.1039/b404956j. ISSN 1473-0189.
  11. ^ Gutzweiler, Ludwig; Gleichmann, Tobias; Tanguy, Laurent; Koltay, Peter; Zengerle, Roland; Riegger, Lutz (2017-04-01). "Open microfluidic gel electrophoresis: Rapid and low cost separation and analysis of DNA at the nanoliter scale". ELECTROPHORESIS: n/a–n/a. doi:10.1002/elps.201700001. ISSN 1522-2683.
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