Beryllium-10: Difference between revisions
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'''Beryllium-10''' (<sup>10</sup>Be) is a [[radioactivity|radioactive]] [[Isotopes of beryllium|isotope]] of [[beryllium]]. It is formed mainly by the [[cosmic ray spallation]] of oxygen. Beryllium-10 has a [[half-life]] of 1.39 × 10<sup>6</sup> years,<ref name=" |
'''Beryllium-10''' (<sup>10</sup>Be) is a [[radioactivity|radioactive]] [[Isotopes of beryllium|isotope]] of [[beryllium]]. It is formed mainly by the [[cosmic ray spallation]] of oxygen. Beryllium-10 has a [[half-life]] of 1.39 × 10<sup>6</sup> years,<ref name="Korschinek">{{cite journal|author1=G. Korschinek|author2=A. Bergmaier|author3=T. Faestermann|author4=U. C. Gerstmann|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms| volume=268| year=2010| pages=187-191|title=A new value for the half-life of 10Be by Heavy-Ion Elastic Recoil Detection and liquid scintillation counting|doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.09.020}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Chmeleff">{{cite journal|author1=J. Chmeleff|author2=F. von Blanckenburg|author3=K. Kossert|author4=D. Jakob|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms| volume=268| year=2010| pages=192-199|title=Determination of the <sup>10</sup>Be half-life by multicollector ICP-MS and liquid scintillation counting| doi=10.1016/j.nimb.2009.09.012}}</ref> and decays by [[beta decay]] to stable [[isotopes of boron|boron-10]] with a maximum energy of 556.2 keV. It decays through the reaction <sup>10</sup>Be→<sup>10</sup>B+e. Light elements in the atmosphere react with high energy [[galactic cosmic ray]] particles. The [[spallation]] of the reaction products is the source of <sup>10</sup>Be (t, u particles like n or p): |
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:<sup>14</sup>N(t,5u)<sup>10</sup>Be; Example: <sup>14</sup>N(n,p α)<sup>10</sup>Be |
:<sup>14</sup>N(t,5u)<sup>10</sup>Be; Example: <sup>14</sup>N(n,p α)<sup>10</sup>Be |
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:<sup>16</sup>O(t,7u)<sup>10</sup>Be |
:<sup>16</sup>O(t,7u)<sup>10</sup>Be |
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Because beryllium tends to exist in [[solution]]s below about [[pH]] 5.5 (and rainwater above many industrialized areas can have a pH less than 5), it will dissolve and be transported to the Earth's surface via rainwater. As the [[precipitation (chemistry)|precipitation]] quickly becomes more [[alkaline]], beryllium drops out of solution. Cosmogenic <sup>10</sup>Be thereby accumulates at the [[soil]] surface, where its relatively long [[half-life]] (1.387 million years) permits a long residence time before decaying to <sup>10</sup>[[boron|B]]. |
Because beryllium tends to exist in [[solution]]s below about [[pH]] 5.5 (and rainwater above many industrialized areas can have a pH less than 5), it will dissolve and be transported to the Earth's surface via rainwater. As the [[precipitation (chemistry)|precipitation]] quickly becomes more [[alkaline]], beryllium drops out of solution. Cosmogenic <sup>10</sup>Be thereby accumulates at the [[soil]] surface, where its relatively long [[half-life]] (1.387 million years) permits a long residence time before decaying to <sup>10</sup>[[boron|B]]. |
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<sup>10</sup>Be and its daughter product have been used to examine [[soil erosion]], [[soil formation]] from [[regolith]], the development of [[laterite|lateritic soils]] and the age of [[ice core]]s |
<sup>10</sup>Be and its daughter product have been used to examine [[soil erosion]], [[soil formation]] from [[regolith]], the development of [[laterite|lateritic soils]] and the age of [[ice core]]s<ref name="BalcoShuster2009">{{cite journal|last1= Balco|first1= Greg|last2= Shuster|first2= David L.|year= 2009|title= <sup>26</sup>Al-<sup>10</sup>Be–<sup>21</sup>Ne burial dating|journal= [[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]]|volume= 286|pages= 570–575|doi= 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.025|url= http://www.bgc.org/shuster/BalcoShuster(2009b)_Al_Be_Ne_burial_dating.pdf|bibcode = 2009E&PSL.286..570B }}</ref> It is also formed in nuclear explosions by a reaction of fast neutrons with <sup>13</sup>C in the carbon dioxide in air, and is one of the historical indicators of past activity at nuclear test sites. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 13:01, 15 May 2017
| General | |
|---|---|
| Symbol | 10Be |
| Names | beryllium-10, 10Be, Be-10 |
| Protons (Z) | 4 |
| Neutrons (N) | 6 |
| Nuclide data | |
| Natural abundance | trace |
| Half-life (t1/2) | 1.387*106 12 y [1] |
| Spin | 0+ |
| Binding energy | 6497.6318 keV |
| Decay modes | |
| Decay mode | Decay energy (MeV) |
| β− | 0.5560[1] |
| Isotopes of beryllium Complete table of nuclides | |
Beryllium-10 (10Be) is a radioactive isotope of beryllium. It is formed mainly by the cosmic ray spallation of oxygen. Beryllium-10 has a half-life of 1.39 × 106 years,[2] · [3] and decays by beta decay to stable boron-10 with a maximum energy of 556.2 keV. It decays through the reaction 10Be→10B+e. Light elements in the atmosphere react with high energy galactic cosmic ray particles. The spallation of the reaction products is the source of 10Be (t, u particles like n or p):
- 14N(t,5u)10Be; Example: 14N(n,p α)10Be
- 16O(t,7u)10Be
Because beryllium tends to exist in solutions below about pH 5.5 (and rainwater above many industrialized areas can have a pH less than 5), it will dissolve and be transported to the Earth's surface via rainwater. As the precipitation quickly becomes more alkaline, beryllium drops out of solution. Cosmogenic 10Be thereby accumulates at the soil surface, where its relatively long half-life (1.387 million years) permits a long residence time before decaying to 10B.
10Be and its daughter product have been used to examine soil erosion, soil formation from regolith, the development of lateritic soils and the age of ice cores[4] It is also formed in nuclear explosions by a reaction of fast neutrons with 13C in the carbon dioxide in air, and is one of the historical indicators of past activity at nuclear test sites.
See also
References
- ^ a b National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Chart of Nuclides: 10Be information, Accessed 16-Oct-2013.
- ^ G. Korschinek; A. Bergmaier; T. Faestermann; U. C. Gerstmann (2010). "A new value for the half-life of 10Be by Heavy-Ion Elastic Recoil Detection and liquid scintillation counting". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 268: 187–191. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2009.09.020.
- ^ J. Chmeleff; F. von Blanckenburg; K. Kossert; D. Jakob (2010). "Determination of the 10Be half-life by multicollector ICP-MS and liquid scintillation counting". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 268: 192–199. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2009.09.012.
- ^ Balco, Greg; Shuster, David L. (2009). "26Al-10Be–21Ne burial dating" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 286: 570–575. Bibcode:2009E&PSL.286..570B. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.025.