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== Life ==
== Life ==
Brystiger was the daughter of a [[Jewish]] [[pharmacist]] from Stryj (now [[Ukraine]]). In 1920 she graduated from high school in [[Lwów]] (new [[Second Polish Republic]]) and married a [[Zionist]] activist Natan (Nathan) Brystiger. She studied history at the [[Lviv University|Lwów University]] while pregnant and a year later gave birth to a son, Michał Bristiger.<ref name="books.google.com">[[Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)|Tadeusz Piotrowski]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C&pg=PA60&dq=Julia+Brystygier ''Poland's holocaust: ethnic strife, collaboration with occupying forces and genocide...'' Page 60.] McFarland, 1998, ISBN 0-7864-0371-3. 437 pages.</ref>
Brystiger was the daughter of a [[Jewish]] [[pharmacist]] from Stryj (now [[Ukraine]]). In 1920 she graduated from high school in [[Lwów]] (new [[Second Polish Republic]]) and married a [[Zionist]] activist Natan (Nathan) Brystiger. She studied history at the [[Lviv University|Lwów University]] while pregnant and a year later gave birth to a son, Michał Bristiger.<ref name="books.google.com">[[Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)|Tadeusz Piotrowski]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C&pg=PA60&dq=Julia+Brystygier ''Poland's holocaust: ethnic strife, collaboration with occupying forces and genocide...'' Page 60.] McFarland, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7864-0371-3}}. 437 pages.</ref>


After graduating from University, Brystiger went to [[Paris]] where she continued her education, receiving a PhD in philosophy. Upon their return, in 1928–1929, she got a job at a high school in [[Vilnius]] and in a Jewish Teacher's College ''Tarbuch''. Since 1927, she was an active participant in the communist movement, and in 1929 was fired because of her communist agitation. Working for the [[Communist Party of Poland]], she was arrested several times, and in 1937 was sentenced to 2 years in prison.<ref name=D-D />
After graduating from University, Brystiger went to [[Paris]] where she continued her education, receiving a PhD in philosophy. Upon their return, in 1928–1929, she got a job at a high school in [[Vilnius]] and in a Jewish Teacher's College ''Tarbuch''. Since 1927, she was an active participant in the communist movement, and in 1929 was fired because of her communist agitation. Working for the [[Communist Party of Poland]], she was arrested several times, and in 1937 was sentenced to 2 years in prison.<ref name=D-D />
Line 33: Line 33:
After [[Polish September Campaign|the Nazi and Soviet attack on Poland]], Brystiger escaped to [[Samarkand]], accepted [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] citizenship and became an active member of the Soviet political administration. She created the so-called ''Committee of Political Prisoners'', which helped the [[NKVD]] to imprison several members of the prewar Polish opposition movements.<ref name="Z. Blazynski, Mowi Jozef Swiatlo 1955">Z. Blazynski, ''Mowi Jozef Swiatlo. Za kulisami bezpieki i partii 1950-1955'', London, 1986.</ref> She was "denouncing people on such scale, that she antagonized even Communist party members".<ref name="books.google.com" /> Ironically, at one point Brystiger oversaw the interrogation and persecution of Bela and Józef Goldberg – her future colleague, the UB interrogator known as [[Józef Różański]]. Różańskis had committed "a crime" of accepting Western food-aid in the form of two kilograms of rice and a bag of flour from the [[Polish Government in Exile]]'s embassy, in order to save their daughter from starvation. A few years later, Józef Różański joined the NKVD and eventually, became a high ranking functionary in the Polish secret police. He ended up working alongside Brystiger – his former interrogator – in the [[Ministry of Public Security of Poland]] under [[Stalinism]].<ref name=Terl>Ryszard Terlecki, "Miecz i Tarcza Komunizmu. Historia aparatu bezpieczenstwa w Polse, 1944-1990" (Sword and Shield of Communism. A history of the Polish security services, 1944-1990), [[Wydawnictwo Literackie]], [[Kraków]], 2007, pg. 72</ref>
After [[Polish September Campaign|the Nazi and Soviet attack on Poland]], Brystiger escaped to [[Samarkand]], accepted [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] citizenship and became an active member of the Soviet political administration. She created the so-called ''Committee of Political Prisoners'', which helped the [[NKVD]] to imprison several members of the prewar Polish opposition movements.<ref name="Z. Blazynski, Mowi Jozef Swiatlo 1955">Z. Blazynski, ''Mowi Jozef Swiatlo. Za kulisami bezpieki i partii 1950-1955'', London, 1986.</ref> She was "denouncing people on such scale, that she antagonized even Communist party members".<ref name="books.google.com" /> Ironically, at one point Brystiger oversaw the interrogation and persecution of Bela and Józef Goldberg – her future colleague, the UB interrogator known as [[Józef Różański]]. Różańskis had committed "a crime" of accepting Western food-aid in the form of two kilograms of rice and a bag of flour from the [[Polish Government in Exile]]'s embassy, in order to save their daughter from starvation. A few years later, Józef Różański joined the NKVD and eventually, became a high ranking functionary in the Polish secret police. He ended up working alongside Brystiger – his former interrogator – in the [[Ministry of Public Security of Poland]] under [[Stalinism]].<ref name=Terl>Ryszard Terlecki, "Miecz i Tarcza Komunizmu. Historia aparatu bezpieczenstwa w Polse, 1944-1990" (Sword and Shield of Communism. A history of the Polish security services, 1944-1990), [[Wydawnictwo Literackie]], [[Kraków]], 2007, pg. 72</ref>


Following German [[Operation Barbarossa]] Brystiger fled to [[Kharkiv|Kharkov]], then to [[Samarkand]] deep in the USSR. In 1943-44, she worked for the [[Union of Polish Patriots]], and in October 1944, joined the new [[Polish Workers' Party]]. In December 1944, after returning behind the Soviet front, Brystygier began working for the infamous [[Ministry of Public Security of Poland]], where she soon got promoted to the rank of Director of the Fifth Department created in July 1946 specifically for the purpose of persecution and torture of Polish religious personalities.<ref name=B-F>Barbara Fijałkowska, [http://www.abcnet.com.pl/node/2338 RÓŻAŃSKI "LIBERAŁEM"], 15 December 2002, Fundacja Orientacja ''abcnet''; see also: B. Fijałkowska, ''Borejsza i Różański. Przyczynek do dziejów stalinizmu w Polsce'', ISBN 83-85513-49-3. {{pl icon}}</ref> Her career is believed to have been so rapid also because she was intimate with such high functionaries as [[Jakub Berman]] and [[Hilary Minc]].<ref name="Z. Blazynski, Mowi Jozef Swiatlo 1955" /> In the Polish official archives, there is an instruction written by Brystygier to her subordinates, about the purpose of torture:
Following German [[Operation Barbarossa]] Brystiger fled to [[Kharkiv|Kharkov]], then to [[Samarkand]] deep in the USSR. In 1943-44, she worked for the [[Union of Polish Patriots]], and in October 1944, joined the new [[Polish Workers' Party]]. In December 1944, after returning behind the Soviet front, Brystygier began working for the infamous [[Ministry of Public Security of Poland]], where she soon got promoted to the rank of Director of the Fifth Department created in July 1946 specifically for the purpose of persecution and torture of Polish religious personalities.<ref name=B-F>Barbara Fijałkowska, [http://www.abcnet.com.pl/node/2338 RÓŻAŃSKI "LIBERAŁEM"], 15 December 2002, Fundacja Orientacja ''abcnet''; see also: B. Fijałkowska, ''Borejsza i Różański. Przyczynek do dziejów stalinizmu w Polsce'', {{ISBN|83-85513-49-3}}. {{pl icon}}</ref> Her career is believed to have been so rapid also because she was intimate with such high functionaries as [[Jakub Berman]] and [[Hilary Minc]].<ref name="Z. Blazynski, Mowi Jozef Swiatlo 1955" /> In the Polish official archives, there is an instruction written by Brystygier to her subordinates, about the purpose of torture:


<blockquote>In fact, the Polish intelligentsia as such is against the Communist system and basically, it is impossible to re-educate it. All that remains is to liquidate it. However, since we must not repeat the mistake of the Russians after the 1917 revolution, when all intelligentsia members were exterminated, and the country did not develop correctly afterwards, we have to create such a system of terror and pressure that the members of the intelligentsia would not dare to be politically active.<ref name=CL-KL>Czeslaw Leopold and Krzysztof Lechicki, "Political Prisoners in Poland 1945-1956", ''Mloda Polska'', [[Gdańsk]], page 20.</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>In fact, the Polish intelligentsia as such is against the Communist system and basically, it is impossible to re-educate it. All that remains is to liquidate it. However, since we must not repeat the mistake of the Russians after the 1917 revolution, when all intelligentsia members were exterminated, and the country did not develop correctly afterwards, we have to create such a system of terror and pressure that the members of the intelligentsia would not dare to be politically active.<ref name=CL-KL>Czeslaw Leopold and Krzysztof Lechicki, "Political Prisoners in Poland 1945-1956", ''Mloda Polska'', [[Gdańsk]], page 20.</ref></blockquote>

Revision as of 09:09, 19 June 2017

Julia Brystiger
Julia Brystiger
Julia Brystiger
BornNovember 25, 1902
Stryj, Austria-Hungary
DiedNovember 9, 1975
Warsaw, Poland
Other namesLuna Brystygier
CitizenshipPolish
OccupationInterrogator
Known forState Security Services (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa)
Personal details
EthnicityJewish
BeliefsPro-Soviet Communist

Julia Brystiger (née Prajs, born November 25, 1902, in Stryj – died November 9, 1975, in Warsaw) was a Polish Communist activist and member of the security apparatus in Stalinist Poland.[1] She was also known as Julia Brystygier, Bristiger, Brustiger, Briestiger, Brystygierowa, Bristigierowa, and by her nicknames – given by the victims of torture: Luna, Bloody Luna, Daria, Ksenia, and Maria. The nickname Bloody Luna was a direct reference of her Gestapo-like methods during interrogations. Her pen name was Julia Preiss.[2] Author of several books.

Life

Brystiger was the daughter of a Jewish pharmacist from Stryj (now Ukraine). In 1920 she graduated from high school in Lwów (new Second Polish Republic) and married a Zionist activist Natan (Nathan) Brystiger. She studied history at the Lwów University while pregnant and a year later gave birth to a son, Michał Bristiger.[3]

After graduating from University, Brystiger went to Paris where she continued her education, receiving a PhD in philosophy. Upon their return, in 1928–1929, she got a job at a high school in Vilnius and in a Jewish Teacher's College Tarbuch. Since 1927, she was an active participant in the communist movement, and in 1929 was fired because of her communist agitation. Working for the Communist Party of Poland, she was arrested several times, and in 1937 was sentenced to 2 years in prison.[2]

Stalinist agent

After the Nazi and Soviet attack on Poland, Brystiger escaped to Samarkand, accepted Soviet citizenship and became an active member of the Soviet political administration. She created the so-called Committee of Political Prisoners, which helped the NKVD to imprison several members of the prewar Polish opposition movements.[4] She was "denouncing people on such scale, that she antagonized even Communist party members".[3] Ironically, at one point Brystiger oversaw the interrogation and persecution of Bela and Józef Goldberg – her future colleague, the UB interrogator known as Józef Różański. Różańskis had committed "a crime" of accepting Western food-aid in the form of two kilograms of rice and a bag of flour from the Polish Government in Exile's embassy, in order to save their daughter from starvation. A few years later, Józef Różański joined the NKVD and eventually, became a high ranking functionary in the Polish secret police. He ended up working alongside Brystiger – his former interrogator – in the Ministry of Public Security of Poland under Stalinism.[5]

Following German Operation Barbarossa Brystiger fled to Kharkov, then to Samarkand deep in the USSR. In 1943-44, she worked for the Union of Polish Patriots, and in October 1944, joined the new Polish Workers' Party. In December 1944, after returning behind the Soviet front, Brystygier began working for the infamous Ministry of Public Security of Poland, where she soon got promoted to the rank of Director of the Fifth Department created in July 1946 specifically for the purpose of persecution and torture of Polish religious personalities.[6] Her career is believed to have been so rapid also because she was intimate with such high functionaries as Jakub Berman and Hilary Minc.[4] In the Polish official archives, there is an instruction written by Brystygier to her subordinates, about the purpose of torture:

In fact, the Polish intelligentsia as such is against the Communist system and basically, it is impossible to re-educate it. All that remains is to liquidate it. However, since we must not repeat the mistake of the Russians after the 1917 revolution, when all intelligentsia members were exterminated, and the country did not develop correctly afterwards, we have to create such a system of terror and pressure that the members of the intelligentsia would not dare to be politically active.[7]

Brystiger personally oversaw the first stages of each UB investigation at her place of employment. She would torture the captured persons using her own methods such as whipping male victims' genitals. One of her victims was a man named Szafarzynski – from the Olsztyn office of the Polish People's Party – who died as a result of interrogation carried out by Brystygier. One of the victims of her interrogation methods testified later: "She is a murderous monster, worse than German female guards of the concentration camps". Anna Roszkiewicz–Litwiniwiczowa, a former soldier of the Home Army, said about Brystygier: "She was famous for her sadistic tortures; she seemed to have been obsessed with sadistic treatment of genitalia and was fulfilling her libido in that way.".[8]

Brystiger became the head of the 5th Department of MBP sometime in the late 1940s. It specialized in the persecution of Polish religious leaders. Brystygier – a dogmatic Marxist – yearned to destroy all religion as an "opiate of the masses".[2] She directed the operation to arrest and detain the Primate of Poland, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski. The decision to arrest him had been made earlier in Moscow. Brystygier took an active part in the "war against religion" in the 1950s, in which only in 1950 (in one year), 123 Roman Catholic priests were imprisoned.

Further information: Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia

She also persecuted other congregations, such as the 2,000 jailed Jehovah's Witnesses.[1] Julia Brystygier left the Ministry of Public Security in 1956 and tried to become a writer, authoring a novel "Crooked Letters". She worked in a publishing house under Jewish communist Jerzy Borejsza (Różański's brother), and was a frequent visitor in a boarding school for vision impaired, in a village near Warsaw.

Works

  • Krzywe litery (1960)
  • Znak "H" : opowiadania (1962)
  • Przez ucho igielne (1965)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b David Dastych, ""Devil's Choice. High-ranking Communist Agents in the Polish Catholic Church."". Archived from the original on April 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) Canada Free Press CFP, January 10, 2007. Retrieved from the Internet Archive, January 14, 2013.
  2. ^ a b c CFP, "Devil's Choice. High-ranking Communist Agents in the Polish Catholic Church" Archived 2007-03-01 at the Wayback Machine By David Dastych, Canada Free Press, January 10, 2007
  3. ^ a b Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's holocaust: ethnic strife, collaboration with occupying forces and genocide... Page 60. McFarland, 1998, ISBN 0-7864-0371-3. 437 pages.
  4. ^ a b Z. Blazynski, Mowi Jozef Swiatlo. Za kulisami bezpieki i partii 1950-1955, London, 1986.
  5. ^ Ryszard Terlecki, "Miecz i Tarcza Komunizmu. Historia aparatu bezpieczenstwa w Polse, 1944-1990" (Sword and Shield of Communism. A history of the Polish security services, 1944-1990), Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków, 2007, pg. 72
  6. ^ Barbara Fijałkowska, RÓŻAŃSKI "LIBERAŁEM", 15 December 2002, Fundacja Orientacja abcnet; see also: B. Fijałkowska, Borejsza i Różański. Przyczynek do dziejów stalinizmu w Polsce, ISBN 83-85513-49-3. Template:Pl icon
  7. ^ Czeslaw Leopold and Krzysztof Lechicki, "Political Prisoners in Poland 1945-1956", Mloda Polska, Gdańsk, page 20.
  8. ^ A. Rószkiewicz-Litwinowiczowa, Trudne decyzje. Kontrwywiad Okregu Warszawa AK 1943-1944, wiezienie 1949-1954, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, Warszawa, 1991. Page 106.
  9. ^ Ryszard Bugajski Shooting Stalinist Drama in Warsaw, Film New Europe, http://www.filmneweurope.com/news/poland-news/item/110425-production-ryszard-bugajski-shooting-stalinist-drama-in-warsaw
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