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==Background==
==Background==
{{main|Amtrak#1970s: the Rainbow Era}}
{{main|Amtrak#1970s: the Rainbow Era}}
Amtrak took over operation of most intercity rail passenger service in the [[United States]] on May 1, 1971; up until then such services were run by [[List of railroads eligible to participate in the formation of Amtrak|various private railroads]]. The private railroads chose to retain their most modern passenger locomotives to operate the various [[commuter rail|commuter]] services which, by law, did not pass to Amtrak. To operate these intercity services the company had to buy or lease from the private railroads whatever whatever locomotives remained. This left Amtrak with an aging and mechanically-incompatible fleet of diesel locomotives. The mainstays of Amtrak's road diesel fleet were veteran [[EMD E8]]s and [[EMD E9]]s, which were all 10–20 years old and due for replacement.<ref name="Holland-2009-57">{{Harvnb|Holland|2009|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Thoms|1973|pp=38–39}}</ref>
Amtrak took over operation of most intercity rail passenger service in the [[United States]] on May 1, 1971; up until then such services were run by [[List of railroads eligible to participate in the formation of Amtrak|various private railroads]]. The private railroads chose to retain their most modern passenger locomotives to operate the various [[commuter rail|commuter]] services which, by law, did not pass to Amtrak. To operate these intercity services the company had to buy or lease from the private railroads whatever locomotives remained. This left Amtrak with an aging and mechanically-incompatible fleet of diesel locomotives. The mainstays of Amtrak's road diesel fleet were veteran [[EMD E8]]s and [[EMD E9]]s, which were all 10–20 years old and due for replacement.<ref name="Holland-2009-57">{{Harvnb|Holland|2009|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Thoms|1973|pp=38–39}}</ref>


==Design==
==Design==

Revision as of 02:38, 10 August 2017

EMD SDP40F
SDP40F No. 621 leads the San Francisco Zephyr over the Truckee River at Verdi, Nevada in 1975
Type and origin
Power typeDiesel–electric
BuilderGM Electro-Motive Division (EMD)
Build dateJune 1973 – August 1974
Total produced150
Specifications
Configuration:
​
 • AARC-C
Gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)
Wheelbase:​
 • TruckHT-C
Length72 ft 4 in (22.0 m)
Width10 ft 4 in (3.1 m)
Fuel capacity2,500 US gal (9,463.5 L; 2,081.7 imp gal)
Water cap.3,500 US gal (13,248.9 L; 2,914.4 imp gal)
Prime moverEMD 645E3
Engine typeV16 diesel
Cylinders16
Loco brakestraight air, dynamic brakes
Train brakesair
Performance figures
Maximum speed94–100 mph (151.3–160.9 km/h)
Power output3,000 hp (2.2 MW)
Career
OperatorsAmtrak
Number in class150
Numbers500–649
LocaleUnited States

The EMD SDP40F was a six-axle 3,000 hp (2.2 MW) C-C diesel–electric locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division (EMD) from 1973–1974. EMD built 150 for Amtrak, the operator of most intercity passenger trains in the United States. Amtrak, a private company but funded by the United States government, had begun operation in 1971 with a fleet of aging diesel locomotives inherited from various private railroads. The SDP40F was the first diesel locomotive built new for Amtrak and for a brief time they formed the backbone of the company's long-distance fleet.

A series of derailments in the mid-1970s shattered Amtrak's confidence in the locomotive, and many railroads banned it from their tracks. Multiple investigations pointed to issues with the locomotive's trucks, the weight of the water and steam generators used for train heating, or the vibration of baggage cars behind the locomotive. In 1977 Amtrak decided to move on from the SDP40F in favor of the EMD F40PH, which was already in use on short-distance routes. Amtrak traded most of its fleet into EMD; the components were incorporated into new F40PHs. The remainder were traded to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (ATSF) for use in freight service. The Santa Fe rebuilt the locomotives and designated them SDF40-2. The Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway (BNSF), successor to the Santa Fe, retired them in 2002.

Background

Main article: Amtrak § 1970s: the Rainbow Era

Amtrak took over operation of most intercity rail passenger service in the United States on May 1, 1971; up until then such services were run by various private railroads. The private railroads chose to retain their most modern passenger locomotives to operate the various commuter services which, by law, did not pass to Amtrak. To operate these intercity services the company had to buy or lease from the private railroads whatever locomotives remained. This left Amtrak with an aging and mechanically-incompatible fleet of diesel locomotives. The mainstays of Amtrak's road diesel fleet were veteran EMD E8s and EMD E9s, which were all 10–20 years old and due for replacement.[1][2]

Design

Red and silver locomotive
No. 551 at Newhall Yard in San Jose, California, with the Coast Starlight in 1975. The later SDP40Fs were distinguished from the first 40 by lower-profile cooling fans.

The SDP40F was a full-width cowl unit. Visually it resembled the EMD FP45 passenger locomotive; internally it was based on the ubiquitous EMD SD40-2 freight locomotive. All three shared the EMD 645E3 diesel prime mover, which developed 3,000 hp (2.2 MW).[3][4] The locomotive had a gear ratio of 57:20. Maximum speed at full horsepower was 94 mph (151.3 km/h);[5] the locomotive exceeded 100 miles per hour (160.9 km/h) in tests.[6] There were doubts at the time about Amtrak's long-term viability, so the locomotives were designed for easy conversion to freight locomotives should Amtrak cease operation.[7][1]

In the early 1970s Amtrak's passenger car fleet was still steam-heated; Amtrak's requirement called for two steam generators.[8] These were located at the rear of the locomotive. Forward of the generators was a 1,350-US-gallon (5,110.3 L; 1,124.1 imp gal) water tank. Critically, this tank rested above the carbody; the lateral motion of the water within would later be implicated in a string of derailments. The primary underbody tank was split between water and diesel fuel, carrying 2,150 US gallons (8,138.6 L; 1,790.2 imp gal) of water and 2,500 US gallons (9,463.5 L; 2,081.7 imp gal) of diesel.[9][note 1] Provision was made for eventual conversion to head-end power (HEP), but it was never carried out.[12]

EMD based the SDP40F name on the existing SDP40. Several years earlier, EMD had made similar versions of the SDP45 and SD45 in a full-width cowl unit, which it named FP45 and F45. Although the SDP40F was externally nearly identical to the FP45,[13] EMD chose not to give the new locomotive a similar name such as FP40. EMD wanted to avoid adding a new locomotive type to their catalog due to price controls in effect in the early 1970s.[14] The following year, the F40C name was used for a similar locomotive ordered by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (the "Milwaukee Road"), equipped with HEP instead of steam generators.[15]

There were several minor differences between the first 40 locomotives built and later examples. The most important was the installation of lower-profile cooling fans and air horns in order to avoid clearance problems in the Eastern United States.[16]

History

An EMD E8 heads up the Coast Starlight in 1974. Amtrak planned to replace its aging E-units with the EMD SDP40F
An EMD F40PHR, rebuilt from an SDP40F, with an SDP40F on the head of the Southwest Limited 1981. The SDP40Fs time with Amtrak was drawing to a close

Amtrak ordered a total of 150 SDP40Fs, in two batches. The first order, placed on November 2, 1972, was for 40 locomotives, at a cost of $18 million. A second order, for 110 locomotives at $50 million, followed on October 12, 1973.[17] These orders were Amtrak's first for new-build locomotives.[18] Amtrak deployed the original 40 locomotives on long-distance trains in the Western United States. The first locomotives entered revenue service on June 22, 1973, hauling the Super Chief from Chicago to Los Angeles over the tracks of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. SDP40Fs were also used on the Burlington Northern Railroad.[19] The arrival of the second order enabled Amtrak to deploy the SDP40Fs throughout the country, displacing the inherited E-units.[20]

Derailments

In late 1975 J. David Ingles called the SDP40Fs the "stars of Amtrak's long-distance trains,"[21] but operating crews reported that the locomotives rode poorly compared to the E-units they had replaced.[22] Even as Amtrak and EMD investigated the ride quality, the SDP40F was involved in a series of derailments which would culminate in an abrupt end to its career as a passenger locomotive. Between 1974–1976 the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) identified thirteen separate incidents for which the locomotive was responsible. While none of the incidents were serious, their frequency was a major concern. Most of the derailments occurred on trains with two SDP40Fs on the front and at least one trailing baggage car; the rear truck of the second locomotive and the front truck of the baggage car were pinpointed as the source of the derailment. Less clear was the cause of the derailments.[6]

EMD, Amtrak, the Association of American Railroads (AAR), and the FRA tested the locomotive thoroughly, with suspicion falling on the "hollow bolster" truck design. In the end, the investigators theorized that the steam generators and water tank may have made the rear of the engine too heavy and created too much lateral motion.[23] Later FRA investigations concluded that the actual culprit was the light weight of the baggage cars, which caused harmonic vibrations when placed directly behind the much heavier SDP40F.[24] A contributing factor was the sometimes poor quality of track the locomotive operated over.[25]

Amtrak took several corrective measures, including operating with a reduced speed on curves, emptying the smaller of the two water tanks in order to reduce lateral motion, and making various alterations to the trucks themselves.[26][6][27] The measures helped, but the trouble continued. Several railroads, including the Burlington and the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O), banned the "rail breakers" from their tracks.[28] For the Chicago–Seattle Empire Builder, the speed restrictions added 6 hours to what had been a 46-hour schedule.[29] Another important development was the unusually harsh winter of 1976–1977, which sidelined many of Amtrak's aging steam-heated coaches. Amtrak suspended numerous routes and pressed the new HEP-equipped Amfleet I coaches, designed for short runs, into service. The new EMD F40PH, intended for short-distance service and equipped with HEP, handled these trains.[30]

In the spring of 1977 Amtrak faced a power crisis. In addition to the SDP40Fs derailing, Amtrak was having trouble two other six-axle designs. The GE E60CP and E60CH electric locomotives were having derailment problems as well; the GE P30CH had the same truck design as E60s and rode poorly, although it did not exhibit the same tendency to derail.[31] Amtrak decided to abandon the SDP40F in favor of the F40PH, a four-axle design with none of the riding problems of the six-axle locomotives. Amtrak traded 40 SDP40Fs back to EMD; components including the prime mover were installed into an F40PH's frame.[32] Between 1977–1987 Amtrak would trade 132 of the SDP40Fs back to EMD for F40PHRs. The SDP40F remained in service on the Santa Fe longer than anywhere else, although the arrival of HEP-equipped Superliner cars on the Western routes displaced them from there as well. The last SDP40Fs left the Amtrak roster in 1987.[33]

Freight use

Santa Fe SDF40-2 No. 5261 in California in the late 1980s.

In 1984 Amtrak, low on light-duty power, traded 18 SDP40Fs to the Santa Fe for 43 switchers: 25 CF7s and 18 SSB1200s. Santa Fe rebuilt the traded locomotives for freight use. Modifications included removing the steam generators and regearing for lower speed.[34] The locomotives were also given front steps and platforms, and notched noses in order to improve boarding access. The rebuilt locomotives were designated SDF40-2.[35] The SDF40-2s continued in service with the BNSF Railway, successor to the Santa Fe, until their retirement in 2002.[36] One SDF40-2, ex-Amtrak No. 644, was acquired by Dynamic Rail Preservation Inc. and is on display in Ogden, Utah.[37]

Notes

  1. ^ Sources agree on a 6,000-US-gallon (22,712.5 L; 4,996.0 imp gal) total tank capacity and 3,500-US-gallon (13,248.9 L; 2,914.4 imp gal) water capacity, but some give a higher figure of 1,500 US gallons (5,678.1 L; 1,249.0 imp gal) for the carbody tank.[10][11][6]

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Holland 2009, p. 57
  2. ^ Thoms 1973, pp. 38–39
  3. ^ Pinkepank 1973, p. 125
  4. ^ McDonnell 2015, p. 155
  5. ^ NTSB 1976, p. 19
  6. ^ a b c d Cook 1991b, p. 44
  7. ^ Solomon 2000, p. 162
  8. ^ Ingles 1975, p. 25
  9. ^ Cook 1991a, p. 64
  10. ^ Holland 2009, p. 58
  11. ^ NTSB 1976, p. 17
  12. ^ Cook 1991b, p. 47
  13. ^ McDonnell 2015, pp. 154–155
  14. ^ Graham-White 2002, pp. 97–98
  15. ^ McDonnell 2015, p. 156
  16. ^ Cook 1991b, p. 42
  17. ^ Congress 1974, p. 41
  18. ^ Ingles 1975, p. 23
  19. ^ Cook 1991b, p. 42
  20. ^ Ingles 1975, pp. 26–27
  21. ^ Ingles 1975, p. 24
  22. ^ Cook 1991b, pp. 43–44
  23. ^ McDonnell 2015, p. 155
  24. ^ Graham-White 2002, pp. 105, 107
  25. ^ Sanders 2006, p. 126
  26. ^ Holland 2009, p. 58
  27. ^ "Safety Recommendations: R-77-36" (PDF). November 7, 1977. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  28. ^ Cook 1991b, p. 46
  29. ^ Sanders 2006, p. 160
  30. ^ Graham-White & Weil 1999, p. 56
  31. ^ Holland 2009, p. 59
  32. ^ Cook 1991b, p. 49
  33. ^ Cook 1991b, p. 50
  34. ^ Danneman 1986, p. 52
  35. ^ Foster 1996, p. 88
  36. ^ Lustig 2003, p. 29
  37. ^ Franz, Justin (May 22, 2014). "With the torches fired up, railfans hope to save F45 in the eleventh hour". Trains News Wire. Retrieved April 2, 2017. (subscription required)

References

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