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{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
| name = Moorland clouded yellow
| name = Moorland clouded yellow
| image = Colias palaeno.jpg
| image = Pieridae - Colias palaeno (female).JPG
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''Colias palaeno'', female
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
Line 15: Line 17:
| subdivision = Several, see [[#Subspecies|text]]
| subdivision = Several, see [[#Subspecies|text]]
}}
}}
'''''Colias palaeno''''', known by the common names '''moorland clouded yellow''', '''palaeno sulphur''', and '''pale Arctic clouded yellow''',<ref>[http://www.pohjankonna.fi/jouko/tag/pale-arctic-clouded-yellow/]</ref> is a [[Holarctic]] [[butterfly]] in the family [[Pieridae]]. As most ''Colias''-species, it is an avid flyer. Though the species is normally restricted to the habitats, occasionally it is found far from suitable breeding grounds. The larva is found on bog bilberry (''[[Vaccinium uliginosum]]'').
'''''Colias palaeno''''', known by the common names '''moorland clouded yellow''', '''palaeno sulphur''', and '''pale Arctic clouded yellow''', is a [[butterfly]] in the family [[Pieridae]].

⚫
==Description==
[[File:Palaeno Sulphur, Coppermine River.jpg|thumb|left|[[Coppermine River]], [[Nunavut]]]]
⚫
Upperside of male pale yellow with blackish brown distal margins, pale-centred dark middle spot to the forewing and light middle pot to the hindwing; fringes red. Underside of forewing pale yellow with white-centred dark middle spot,the costal and distal edges being red; hindwing yellow, strongly dusted with fuscous, the large middle spot being mother-of-pearl colour, and the fringes red. The female has a white ground colour above, the underside of the forewing being white proximally, yellow at apex, the hindwing being somewhat paler in the female than in the male.

⚫
The larva is sea-green, velvety, bearing minute black dots; a lateral stripe bright yellow edged with black beneath, below the same the white black-edged spiracles; underside and abdominal legs dull green, thoracical legs yellowish, head green. The Pupa is greenish yellow, the back being strongly convex.


==Subspecies==
==Subspecies==
[[Subspecies]] include: <ref name=Funet> [http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/pieridae/coliadinae/colias/#palaeno Funet] at Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms'' </ref>
* ''Colias palaeno palaeno'' – [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Finland]], and [[Estonia]]
* ''Colias palaeno palaeno'' – [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Finland]], and [[Estonia]]
* ''Colias palaeno aias'' <small>Fruhstorfer, 1903</small> – [[Japan]] the largest form of ''palaeno'', the marginal band of the forewing being very broad and the underside rich green
* ''Colias palaeno aias'' <small>Fruhstorfer, 1903</small> – [[Japan]] the largest form of ''palaeno'', the marginal band of the forewing being very broad and the underside rich green
Line 29: Line 26:
*''Colias palaeno chippewa'' <small>W.H. Edwards, 1870</small> – northern North America,<ref>[http://butterfliesofamerica.com/colias_palaeno_chippewa.htm ''Colias palaeno chippewa''], Butterflies of America</ref> may be a separate species (''[[Colias chippewa|C. chippewa]]'')<ref>[http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/pieridae/coliadinae/colias/index.html#chippewa ''Colias chippewa''] at Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms''</ref>
*''Colias palaeno chippewa'' <small>W.H. Edwards, 1870</small> – northern North America,<ref>[http://butterfliesofamerica.com/colias_palaeno_chippewa.htm ''Colias palaeno chippewa''], Butterflies of America</ref> may be a separate species (''[[Colias chippewa|C. chippewa]]'')<ref>[http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/pieridae/coliadinae/colias/index.html#chippewa ''Colias chippewa''] at Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms''</ref>
* ''Colias palaeno europome'' <small>(Esper, 1778)</small> – [[Belgium]], [[Germany]], [[Slovakia]], [[Romania]], and [[Ukraine]]
* ''Colias palaeno europome'' <small>(Esper, 1778)</small> – [[Belgium]], [[Germany]], [[Slovakia]], [[Romania]], and [[Ukraine]]
* ''Colias palaeno europomene'' <small>Ochsenheimer, 1808</small> – high altitude in the [[Alps]].<ref>[http://www.cg49.fr/meteo/medias/PDF/publications/2002/2002-Aubert.pdf lignées boréo-alpines]</ref> This form is somewhat larger than the nominate, the male lemon-yellow above, being below deeper yellow, as is also the female.
* ''Colias palaeno europomene'' <small>Ochsenheimer, 1808</small> – high altitude in the [[Alps]]. This form is somewhat larger than the nominate, the male lemon-yellow above, being below deeper yellow, as is also the female.
* ''Colias palaeno orientalis'' <small>Staudinger, 1892</small> – [[Kamchatka]] very similar to ''europomene'', being dark greenish on the underside of the hindwing
* ''Colias palaeno orientalis'' <small>Staudinger, 1892</small> – [[Kamchatka]] very similar to ''europomene'', being dark greenish on the underside of the hindwing
* ''Colias palaeno poktusani'' <small>O. Bang-Haas, 1934</small> – [[North Korea]]
* ''Colias palaeno poktusani'' <small>O. Bang-Haas, 1934</small> – [[North Korea]]
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''Colias aias'' is treated as a full species by some authors.<ref>{{citation/core|Surname1=Josef Grieshuber|Surname2=Bob Worthy|Surname3=Gerardo Lamas|EditorSurname1=Münchner Entomologische Gesellschaft|Title=The Genus Colias Fabricius, 1807: Jan Haugum'S Annotated Catalogue Of The Old World Colias (Lepidoptera, Pieridae)|Publisher=Tshikolovets Publications|PublicationPlace=Pardubice|Year=2012|ISBN=978-80-904900-2-4|Date= 2012|language=German}}</ref>
''Colias aias'' is treated as a full species by some authors.<ref>{{citation/core|Surname1=Josef Grieshuber|Surname2=Bob Worthy|Surname3=Gerardo Lamas|EditorSurname1=Münchner Entomologische Gesellschaft|Title=The Genus Colias Fabricius, 1807: Jan Haugum'S Annotated Catalogue Of The Old World Colias (Lepidoptera, Pieridae)|Publisher=Tshikolovets Publications|PublicationPlace=Pardubice|Year=2012|ISBN=978-80-904900-2-4|Date= 2012|language=German}}</ref>


==References==
==Distribution==
''Colias palaeno'' is a [[Holarctic]] species, widespread through Europe, Asia and North America. It is present in central and northern Europe from eastern France to the Baltic States and northern [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Finland]] and to the eastern Europe, then in eastern [[Siberia]], in the [[Chukchi Peninsula]], in [[Japan]] and in northern areas of North America. <ref name=Funet/><ref> Delachaux et Niestlé, Tom Tolman, Richard Lewington, Guide des papillons d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord (ISBN 978-2-603-01649-7) </ref><ref>[https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/7c292e7f-7b6e-4083-82a3-3899568f230d Fauna europaea] </ref>

==Habitat==
This species inhabits various types of moorland, <ref name=Russian> [http://rusinsects.com/c-palae.htm Russian Insects]</ref> forest meadows, open coniferous forests<ref>[http://pisum.bionet.nsc.ru/kosterin/korgor/pier2.htm Butterflies of the Asian part of Russia] </ref> and open areas which may contain scrub. In the southern areas of its range it is a high alpine species reaching an elevation over {{convert|1500|m}} above sea level , but it can be found on upland bogs at an elevation of about {{convert|1000|m}}. <ref> Matt Rowlings [http://www.eurobutterflies.com/sp/palaeno.php Eurobutterflies] </ref> Though the species is normally restricted to these habitats, occasionally it is found far from suitable breeding grounds.

⚫
==Description==
[[File: Colias palaeno 2.jpg|thumb|240px|left|''Colias palaeno'']]
⚫
''Colias palaeno'' has a [[wingspan]] of {{convert|46|-|50|mm}} in males, of {{convert|50|-|52|mm}} in females. <ref>[http://www.ukbutterflies.co.uk/species.php?species=palaeno UK Butterfies] </ref> Upperside of male pale yellow with blackish brown distal margins, pale-centred dark middle spot to the forewing and light middle pot to the hindwing; fringes red. Underside of forewing pale yellow with white-centred dark middle spot,the costal and distal edges being red; hindwing yellow, strongly dusted with fuscous, the large middle spot being mother-of-pearl colour, and the fringes red. The female has a white ground colour above, the underside of the forewing being white proximally, yellow at apex, the hindwing being somewhat paler in the female than in the male.

⚫
The larva is sea-green, velvety, bearing minute black dots; a lateral stripe bright yellow edged with black beneath, below the same the white black-edged spiracles; underside and abdominal legs dull green, thoracical legs yellowish, head green. The Pupa is greenish yellow, the back being strongly convex.<ref> Kimmo Silvonen [http://www.kolumbus.fi/silvonen/lnel/pap/Colpalae.htm Larvae of North-European Lepidoptera] </ref>

==Biology==
It is an [[Voltinism|univoltine]] species. Flight period extends from June to August. <ref name=Russian/> As most ''Colias''-species, ''Colias palaeno'' is an avid flyer. The larva is found on bog bilberry (''[[Vaccinium uliginosum]]''), on ''[[Vaccinium myrtillus]]'' and on ''[[Vaccinium caespitosum]]''. <ref name=Funet/>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="240" heights="180">
File: Colias palaeno poktussani male Syntype 01 dorsal side ZSM.jpg|''Colias palaeno poktussani ''. Male, dorsal side
File: Colias palaeno poktussani female Syntype 01 dorsal side ZSM.jpg|Female, dorsal side
File: Colias palaeno poktussani male Syntype 01 ventral side ZSM.jpg|Male, ventral side
File: Colias palaeno poktussani female Syntype 01 ventral side ZSM.jpg|Female, ventral side</gallery>


== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{wikispecies}}
*[http://rusinsects.com/c-palae.htm ''Colias palaeno''], Rusinects
{{commons}}
* Paolo Mazzei, Daniel Morel, Raniero Panfili [http://www.leps.it/indexjs.htm?SpeciesPages/ColiasPalae.htmMoths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa]
* [http://szmn.eco.nsc.ru/old/picts/butterfly/Pieridae/Colias_palaeno.htm Lepidoptera collection]
* [https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Colias-palaeno Butterflies and Moths of North America]
* [http://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Colias_Palaeno Lepiforum]
* [http://www.lepinet.fr/especes/nation/lep/?e=p&id=29310 Lepi Net]
*[http://www.turtlepuddle.org/alaskan/butterfly17.html Palaeno sulphur], Butterflies Along Alaska's Hiking Trails
*[http://www.turtlepuddle.org/alaskan/butterfly17.html Palaeno sulphur], Butterflies Along Alaska's Hiking Trails
*[http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR/nhic/elements/el_report.cfm?elid=180928 Palaeno sulphur], Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
*[http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/5393CDA8-E382-4CA8-A1EA-0CB90784D07B ''Colias palaeno (Linnaeus 1761) (Papilio)''], ZooBank
*[http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/5393CDA8-E382-4CA8-A1EA-0CB90784D07B ''Colias palaeno (Linnaeus 1761) (Papilio)''], ZooBank


Revision as of 11:56, 10 August 2017

Moorland clouded yellow
Colias palaeno, female
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Family:
Pieridae
Genus:
Colias
Species:
C. palaeno
Binomial name
Colias palaeno
(Linnaeus, 1761)
Subspecies

Several, see text

Colias palaeno, known by the common names moorland clouded yellow, palaeno sulphur, and pale Arctic clouded yellow, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae.

Subspecies

Subspecies include: [1]

  • Colias palaeno palaeno – Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Estonia
  • Colias palaeno aias Fruhstorfer, 1903 – Japan the largest form of palaeno, the marginal band of the forewing being very broad and the underside rich green
  • Colias palaeno baffinensis Ebner & Ferris, [1978] – northern North America[2]
  • Colias palaeno chippewa W.H. Edwards, 1870 – northern North America,[3] may be a separate species (C. chippewa)[4]
  • Colias palaeno europome (Esper, 1778) – Belgium, Germany, Slovakia, Romania, and Ukraine
  • Colias palaeno europomene Ochsenheimer, 1808 – high altitude in the Alps. This form is somewhat larger than the nominate, the male lemon-yellow above, being below deeper yellow, as is also the female.
  • Colias palaeno orientalis Staudinger, 1892 – Kamchatka very similar to europomene, being dark greenish on the underside of the hindwing
  • Colias palaeno poktusani O. Bang-Haas, 1934 – North Korea
  • Colias palaeno sachalinensis Matsumura, 1919 – Sakhalin
  • Colias palaeno synonyma Bryk, 1923 – Sweden, Denmark[5]

Colias aias is treated as a full species by some authors.[6]

Distribution

Colias palaeno is a Holarctic species, widespread through Europe, Asia and North America. It is present in central and northern Europe from eastern France to the Baltic States and northern Sweden, Norway, Finland and to the eastern Europe, then in eastern Siberia, in the Chukchi Peninsula, in Japan and in northern areas of North America. [1][7][8]

Habitat

This species inhabits various types of moorland, [9] forest meadows, open coniferous forests[10] and open areas which may contain scrub. In the southern areas of its range it is a high alpine species reaching an elevation over 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) above sea level , but it can be found on upland bogs at an elevation of about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). [11] Though the species is normally restricted to these habitats, occasionally it is found far from suitable breeding grounds.

Description

Colias palaeno

Colias palaeno has a wingspan of 46–50 millimetres (1.8–2.0 in) in males, of 50–52 millimetres (2.0–2.0 in) in females. [12] Upperside of male pale yellow with blackish brown distal margins, pale-centred dark middle spot to the forewing and light middle pot to the hindwing; fringes red. Underside of forewing pale yellow with white-centred dark middle spot,the costal and distal edges being red; hindwing yellow, strongly dusted with fuscous, the large middle spot being mother-of-pearl colour, and the fringes red. The female has a white ground colour above, the underside of the forewing being white proximally, yellow at apex, the hindwing being somewhat paler in the female than in the male.

The larva is sea-green, velvety, bearing minute black dots; a lateral stripe bright yellow edged with black beneath, below the same the white black-edged spiracles; underside and abdominal legs dull green, thoracical legs yellowish, head green. The Pupa is greenish yellow, the back being strongly convex.[13]

Biology

It is an univoltine species. Flight period extends from June to August. [9] As most Colias-species, Colias palaeno is an avid flyer. The larva is found on bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum), on Vaccinium myrtillus and on Vaccinium caespitosum. [1]

  • Colias palaeno poktussani . Male, dorsal side
    Colias palaeno poktussani . Male, dorsal side
  • Female, dorsal side
    Female, dorsal side
  • Male, ventral side
    Male, ventral side
  • Female, ventral side
    Female, ventral side


References

  1. ^ a b c Funet at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
  2. ^ Colias palaeno baffinensis, Butterflies of America
  3. ^ Colias palaeno chippewa, Butterflies of America
  4. ^ Colias chippewa at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
  5. ^ Colias at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
  6. ^ Josef Grieshuber; Bob Worthy; Gerardo Lamas (2012), Münchner Entomologische Gesellschaft, ed. (in German), The Genus Colias Fabricius, 1807: Jan Haugum'S Annotated Catalogue Of The Old World Colias (Lepidoptera, Pieridae), Pardubice: Tshikolovets Publications, ISBN 978-80-904900-2-4 
  7. ^ Delachaux et Niestlé, Tom Tolman, Richard Lewington, Guide des papillons d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord (ISBN 978-2-603-01649-7)
  8. ^ Fauna europaea
  9. ^ a b Russian Insects
  10. ^ Butterflies of the Asian part of Russia
  11. ^ Matt Rowlings Eurobutterflies
  12. ^ UK Butterfies
  13. ^ Kimmo Silvonen Larvae of North-European Lepidoptera
Wikispecies has information related to Colias palaeno.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colias palaeno.
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