Société Mokta El Hadid: Difference between revisions

Société Mokta El Hadid
	View of the mines in June 1865
Industry	Mining
Founded	1863
Founder	Paulin Talabot
Headquarters	Algeria
Products	Iron ore

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The Société Mokta El Hadid is an iron ore mining company in Algeria. From around 1865 until 1927 it was the largest mining company in Algeria, delivering ore of exceptional quality for processing in France. In 1878 the original Mokta El Hadid mine near Bône (now Annaba) was said to be capable of supporting 25% of Europe's steel production. Before this mine was exhausted the company opened other mines in different Algerian locations.

First discovery

Algeria in the 19th century did not have coking coal, so did not process its iron ore. Instead, the ore was shipped to the coast and sold to a shipper, who in turn sold it to European steel mills for about twice the price.^[1] The geologist Henri Fournel discovered deposits of magnetite near the port of Bône in 1843.^[2] The mine is about 22 miles (35 km) from Bone in the Mokta hill beside the Lake of Fetzara at the foot of a mountain chain that runs from south to north, then turns east of the port of Bone. The name "Mokta-el-Hadid" (the iron pass) indicates that the deposit of iron has long been known, but there is no sign that it was worked before the first small-scale attempts in 1840.^[3]

The businessman Paulin Talabot had a "Mediterranean dream" involving "the exploitation of the mines of the Bône region, which would feed his coal mines in the Grand-Combe by means of rapid transport in his ships of the Compagnie Générale Transatlantique, relayed by his Algerian railroad cars and those of the PLM." Before Fournel's survey was complete, in 1845 the Talabots or their associates had obtained three of the four concessions in the Bône region. Talabot thought of building an ironworks at Bône, but abandoned the idea in 1848 part due to the danger of attack by the Algerians and in part to a threatened boycott of Algerian iron ore by the Schneiders of Le Creusot.^[4]

Bône

Béni Saf

class=notpageimage|

Locations in Algeria

A report by Fournel to the Académie des sciences on 14 May 1848 said, "to the north of Lake F'Zara there is a whole mountain, the Mokta-el-Hadid (the quarry of iron) which emerges from the gneisses and literally presents from foot to top, that is to say over a height of more than one hundred meters, a mass of pure oxidized iron, with no admixture of rock. To the east of this deposit, which few deposits known elsewhere could parallel, the oxidized iron pierces several other points."^[5] Talabot asked the geologist Émilien Dumas to assess the deposit. He contacted the polytechnician and engineer of mines Alphonse Parran to form the new company and start exploitation.^[6]

Due to shortage of both labour and capital, little progress was made and in 1849 the government revoked the three Talabot concessions. In 1852 they were restored after Napoleon III had taken power. In 1857 the Mokta el Hadid mine was found, and the Talabots gained the concession. The ore was in a vein 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) long and 10 to 50 metres (33 to 164 ft) wide. The magnetite ore was 70% pure iron.^[4] This ore, free of sulfur and phosphorus, was much more suitable for the Bessemer and Martin processes than the poorer ores high in phosphorus that are typical of France, Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany.^[7]

Operations

Mokta el Hadid

Plans for a merger with the steelworks at Alais in the Gard were drawn up, possibly part of a larger merger with the mines of the Grand-Combe, but stalled. In 1863 the Société de Mokta el Hadid was established definitively. Plans were drawn up to combine the Mokta el Hadid mines with the Firminy, Loire, steelworks, the Gard coal mines and the Saut-du-Tarn steelworks near Albi, Tarn. 20 million francs of capital would be needed, including 8 million of fresh capital for upgrades at the various sites. These plans also dragged out.^[8]

A short railway line was built from the mine at Ain Mokra to the Bône docks.^[9] Extensive construction was undertaken at Bône in 1856–69 to build an 80 hectares (200 acres) sheltered port facility to handle the ore from Mokta el Hadid.^[10] Full-scale production began in 1865.^[11] Paulin Talabot founded the Société General Algérienne (SGA) in 1865 to promote economic growth in the colony of Algeria, which created five villages for French colonists. It was granted 100,000 hectares (250,000 acres) of land in exchange for a 100 million franc loan to Napoleon III, which was spent on Algerian public works. After experiencing some financial difficulties the SGA was reorganized as the Compagnie Algérienne in 1877.^[12]

The arrival in large volumes of Algerian ores from Mokta-el-Hadid upset the supply chain. The success at the Firminy plant in developing steel rails using only ore from the Algerian mines was a major argument for installation of furnaces based on the Martin process at Le Creusot. In 1865 Eugène Schneider had reached an agreement with Paulin Talabot to obtain a large supply of Algerian ore, making it possible to start intensive steel production.^[13]

In 1865 Napoleon III visited Algeria, including a trip to the mine and the city of Bône. A photograph survives of the emperor and his entourage taking refreshment under a tent at the mine site. In the 1870s 2/3 of all miners in Algeria were working the Mokta-el-Hadid mine.^[4] In 1875–76 the Bou Djima River, which was carrying silt into the port, was diverted to the Seybouse River. The railway could now be extended to the port, considerably reducing transport costs.^[10] In the 1870s the company planted many eucalyptus trees around the Lake of Fetzara, but they were all killed by salt water seeping from the lake.^[14] Alphonse Parran drained the Lake of Fetzara in an effort to eliminate the malaria that was infecting the miners and their families.^[6]

In 1865 the mine produced 22,000 tons, rising to 255,000 tons in 1869. The abundant ore was extracted from underground galleries and shipped from Bône to the main French steelworks.^[2] In 1870 Algeria as a whole exported 84,710 tons of iron ore.^[15] In 1874 the Mokta el Hadid mine alone shipped 430,000 tons of ore, containing 260,000 tons of iron. At this time Britain was producing a total of 500,000 tons of steel. The mine was said to be capable of supporting 25% of Europe's steel production.^[3] Output from the 14 iron ore mines in Algeria rose to 511,000 tons in 1876, then started to decline. In 1879 the country exported 400,000 tons, of which 320,000 tons came from Mokta-el-Hadid. Very little of the ore was smelted before export.^[15]

Other operations

File:179774-algerie-beni-saf-les-docks.jpg

The docks at Béni Saf

As of 1878 the company had also opened the Korezza, Bou-Hamra and Marouaina mines.^[3] Before the Mokta deposits started showing signs of running out Parran obtained the deposit of Rar El Baroud near Béni Saf in 1879.^[6] The ore in the Beni Saf region near Montagnac (now named Remchi) is hematite with 2% manganese. Between 1867 and 1947 the region produced 30 million metric tons of ore.^[16] Parran was also involved in the Kryvyi Rih iron ore mine in Russia in 1881 and the Gafsa phosphate deposits in Tunisia in 1886. The Mokta el Hadid iron ore mining company was responsible for creation of SACEM in 1929 and the operation of Imini mines from the same year.^[6]

In Tunisia as of 1893 the company owned concessions at Ras Radjid, Bou lanague, Dj Bellif and Ganara in the Kroumine between Tabarka and Cap Serrat. The ores, which had not yet been worked, were brown and red hematites with an average of 50% iron.^[17] By 1895 the company had bought all the iron ore beds in the Ouelhasses Cheragas ore district apart from Boukourdan. These included the Das rih and Bar el Baroud beds of Beni-saf, and the Ten Kreut, Djed el Haouraia and Sidi-safi groups of ore beds. Only the Bar el Baroud was being worked, using open-cut mining to extract ore with at least 55% iron. The port of Ben-saf was operated privately by the company, which had built it and had a 99-year lease. Estimated output was 291,547 metric tons in 1892 and 203,338 tons in 1893. Destinations, in order, were England, the Netherlands, France, the US and Belgium.^[18]

Philippe de Cerner, the company manager in Bône, convinced the government to extend the railway west from Ain Mokra to connect with the main line to Philippeville. He then persuaded the government to assume responsibility for running the line in the public interests. From 1908 to 1917 de Cerner directed the line himself.^[9] In 1912 the Compagnie des minérais de fer magnétique de Mokta-el-Hadid had a capital of 20 million and made a profit of 4.5 million.^[19] Mokta el Hadid was the largest mining company in Algeria until 1927, when it was overtaken by the Societe de l'Ouenza.^[20]

After World War II (1939–45) the Mokta El Hadid iron ore belonged to the Mirabaud Group. The Banque de l'Union Parisienne owned the El Ouenza mines and the Union des Mines owned the phosphate mines.^[21]

In 1965 the centenary of the company was celebrated in Abidjan in the presence of President Félix Houphouët-Boigny.^[6]

Notes

^ Prochaska 2002, p. 103.
^ ^a ^b Iron and Steel Institute 1880, p. 252.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mining Journal 1878, p. 438.
^ ^a ^b ^c Prochaska 2002, p. 81.
^ Fournel 1848.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Timkkit 2008.
^ Passaqui 2013, p. 17.
^ Gille 1968, p. 183.
^ ^a ^b Prochaska 2002, p. 109.
^ ^a ^b Prochaska 2002, p. 111.
^ Passaqui 2013, p. 3.
^ Watson 2003, p. 66.
^ Passaqui 2013, p. 7.
^ Davis 2007, p. 227.
^ ^a ^b Iron and Steel Institute 1880, p. 251.
^ Postel 1943, p. 16.
^ US Geological Survey 1895, p. 176–177.
^ US Geological Survey 1895, p. 175.
^ Holland & Porter 2012, p. 131.
^ Prochaska 2002, p. 108.
^ Bennoune 2002, p. 72.

Sources

Bennoune, Mahfoud (2002-08-22), The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-52432-2, retrieved 2017-08-13
Davis, Diana K. (2007-09-11), Resurrecting the Granary of Rome: Environmental History and French Colonial Expansion in North Africa, Ohio University Press, ISBN 978-0-8214-1751-5, retrieved 2017-08-13
Fournel, Henri (14 May 1848), "Richesses minérales de l'Algérie" (PDF), Le Journal des débats (Séances des 1er et 8 mai) (in French), Académie des sciences, retrieved 2017-08-12 – via Les entreprises coloniales françaises p=1/73
Gille, Bertrand (1968), La Sidérurgie française au XIXe siècle: Recherches histioriques (in French), Librairie Droz, ISBN 978-2-600-04046-4, retrieved 2017-08-13
Holland, R.F.; Porter, A.N. (2012-11-12), Money, Finance, and Empire, 1790-1960, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-28427-4, retrieved 2017-08-13
Iron and Steel Institute (1880), "Africa", The Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, The Institute, retrieved 2017-08-13
Mining Journal (1878), "Iron Ore", Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures and Mines, retrieved 2017-08-13
Passaqui, Jean-Philippe (2013), "Quand l'innovation engendre l'incertitude : réception et diffusion du procédé Martin", Marteau Pilon (in French), retrieved 2017-08-12
Postel, A. Williams (1943), The Mineral Resources of Africa, UPenn Museum of Archaeology, ISBN 978-0-686-24091-4, retrieved 2017-08-13
Prochaska, David (2002), Making Algeria French: Colonialism in Bône, 1870-1920, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-53128-3, retrieved 2017-08-12
Timkkit, Boutazoult Imini (13 April 2008), MOKTA EL HADID 1865 - 1965 (in French), retrieved 2017-08-12
US Geological Survey (1895), Mineral Resources of the United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, retrieved 2017-08-13
Watson, William E. (2003), Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-275-97470-1, retrieved 2017-08-13

[FOOTNOTEProchaska2002103-1] Prochaska 2002, p. 103.

[FOOTNOTEIron_and_Steel_Institute1880252-2] Iron and Steel Institute 1880, p. 252.

[FOOTNOTEMining_Journal1878438-3] Mining Journal 1878, p. 438.

[FOOTNOTEProchaska200281-4] Prochaska 2002, p. 81.

[FOOTNOTEFournel1848-5] Fournel 1848.

[FOOTNOTETimkkit2008-6] Timkkit 2008.

[FOOTNOTEPassaqui201317-7] Passaqui 2013, p. 17.

[FOOTNOTEGille1968183-8] Gille 1968, p. 183.

[FOOTNOTEProchaska2002109-9] Prochaska 2002, p. 109.

[FOOTNOTEProchaska2002111-10] Prochaska 2002, p. 111.

[FOOTNOTEPassaqui20133-11] Passaqui 2013, p. 3.

[FOOTNOTEWatson200366-12] Watson 2003, p. 66.

[FOOTNOTEPassaqui20137-13] Passaqui 2013, p. 7.

[FOOTNOTEDavis2007227-14] Davis 2007, p. 227.

[FOOTNOTEIron_and_Steel_Institute1880251-15] Iron and Steel Institute 1880, p. 251.

[FOOTNOTEPostel194316-16] Postel 1943, p. 16.

[FOOTNOTEUS_Geological_Survey1895176–177-17] US Geological Survey 1895, p. 176–177.

[FOOTNOTEUS_Geological_Survey1895175-18] US Geological Survey 1895, p. 175.

[FOOTNOTEHollandPorter2012131-19] Holland & Porter 2012, p. 131.

[FOOTNOTEProchaska2002108-20] Prochaska 2002, p. 108.

[FOOTNOTEBennoune200272-21] Bennoune 2002, p. 72.

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@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 | predecessor = <!-- or: | predecessors = -->
 | successor = <!-- or: | successors = -->
-| founded = 1845<!-- if known: {{Start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} in [[city]], [[state]], [[country]] -->
+| founded = 1863<!-- if known: {{Start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} in [[city]], [[state]], [[country]] -->
 | founder = [[Paulin Talabot]]<!-- or: | founders = -->
 | defunct = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 The '''Société Mokta El Hadid''' is an iron ore mining company in Algeria.
 From around 1865 until 1927 it was the largest mining company in Algeria, delivering ore of exceptional quality for processing in France.
+In 1878 the original Mokta El Hadid mine near Bône (now [[Annaba]]) was said to be capable of supporting 25% of Europe's steel production.
+Before this mine was exhausted the company opened other mines in different Algerian locations.
 ==First discovery==
@@ Line 30: / Line 32: @@
 Algeria in the 19th century did not have coking coal, so did not process its iron ore.
 Instead, the ore was shipped to the coast and sold to a shipper, who in turn sold it to European steel mills for about twice the price.{{sfn|Prochaska|2002|p=103}}
-The geologist Henri Fournel discovered iron ore deposits near the port of [[Bône]].{{sfn|Prochaska|2002|p=103}}
+The geologist Henri Fournel discovered deposits of [[magnetite]] near the port of [[Bône]] in 1843.{{sfn|Iron and Steel Institute|1880|p=252}}
+The mine is about {{convert|22|mi}} from Bone in the Mokta hill beside the [[Lake of Fetzara]] at the foot of a mountain chain that runs from south to north, then turns east of the port of Bone.
-The businessman [[Paulin Talabot]] had a "Mediterranean dream" involving "the exploitation of the mines of the Bône region, which would feed his coal mines in the Grand-Combe by means of rapid transport in his ships of the Compagnie generale transatlantique, relayed by his Algerian railroad cars and those of the PLM."
+The name "Mokta-el-Hadid" (the iron pass) indicates that the deposit of iron has long been known, but there is no sign that it was worked before the first small-scale attempts in 1840.{{sfn|Mining Journal|1878|p=438}}
+The businessman [[Paulin Talabot]] had a "Mediterranean dream" involving "the exploitation of the mines of the Bône region, which would feed his coal mines in [[La Grand-Combe|the Grand-Combe]] by means of rapid transport in his ships of the [[Compagnie Générale Transatlantique]], relayed by his Algerian railroad cars and those of the [[Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée|PLM]]."
 Before Fournel's survey was complete, in 1845 the Talabots or their associates had obtained three of the four concessions in the Bône region.
 Talabot thought of building an ironworks at Bône, but abandoned the idea in 1848 part due to the danger of attack by the Algerians and in part to a threatened boycott of Algerian iron ore by the Schneiders of [[Le Creusot]].{{sfn|Prochaska|2002|p=81}}
+{{Location map+|Algeria|| width=220|caption=Locations in Algeria|relief=y|places=
+ {{Location map~|Algeria|label=Bône|position= |lat_deg=36.9 |lon_deg=7.77}}
+ {{Location map~|Algeria|label=Béni Saf |position=left|lat_deg=35.3 |lon_deg=-1.38}}
+}}
 A report by Fournel to the Académie des sciences on 14 May 1848 said, "to the north of Lake F'Zara there is a whole mountain, the Mokta-el-Hadid (the quarry of iron) which emerges from the gneisses and literally presents from foot to top, that is to say over a height of more than one hundred meters, a mass of pure oxidized iron, with no admixture of rock. To the east of this deposit, which few deposits known elsewhere could parallel, the oxidized iron pierces several other points."{{sfn|Fournel|1848}}
 Talabot asked the geologist Émilien Dumas to assess the deposit.
@@ Line 43: / Line 52: @@
 In 1857 the Mokta el Hadid mine was found, and the Talabots gained the concession.
 The ore was in a vein {{convert|2500|m}} long and {{convert|10|to|50|m}} wide.
-The ore was [[magnetite]], 70% pure iron.{{sfn|Prochaska|2002|p=81}}
+The magnetite ore was 70% pure iron.{{sfn|Prochaska|2002|p=81}}
 This ore, free of sulfur and phosphorus, was much more suitable for the [[Bessemer process|Bessemer]] and [[Martin process|Martin]] processes than the poorer ores high in phosphorus that are typical of France, Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany.{{sfn|Passaqui|2013|p=17}}
 ==Operations==
+===Mokta el Hadid===
-[[File:Voyage de l'Empereur en Algerie Juin 1865 - Mines du Mokta Hadid - Pavillon.jpg|thumb|Napoleon III dining in a tent at the mine site (1965)]]
+Plans for a merger with the steelworks at [[Alais]] in the [[Gard]] were drawn up, possibly part of a larger merger with the mines of the Grand-Combe, but stalled.
+In 1863 the Société de Mokta el Hadid was established definitively.
+Plans were drawn up to combine the Mokta el Hadid mines with the [[Firminy]], Loire, steelworks, the [[Gard]] coal mines and the Saut-du-Tarn steelworks near [[Albi]], Tarn.
+million francs of capital would be needed, including 8 million of fresh capital for upgrades at the various sites.
+These plans also dragged out.{{sfn|Gille|1968|p=183}}
 A short railway line was built from the mine at Ain Mokra to the Bône docks.{{sfn|Prochaska|2002|p=109}}
 Extensive construction was undertaken at Bône in 1856–69 to build an {{convert|80|ha}} sheltered port facility to handle the ore from Mokta el Hadid.{{sfn|Prochaska|2002|p=111}}
 Full-scale production began in 1865.{{sfn|Passaqui|2013|p=3}}
+Paulin Talabot founded the Société General Algérienne (SGA) in 1865 to promote economic growth in the colony of Algeria, which created five villages for French colonists.
+It was granted {{convert|100000|ha}} of land in exchange for a 100 million franc loan to Napoleon III, which was spent on Algerian public works.
+After experiencing some financial difficulties the SGA was reorganized as the Compagnie Algérienne in 1877.{{sfn|Watson|2003|p=66}}
 The arrival in large volumes of Algerian ores from Mokta-el-Hadid upset the supply chain.
-The success at the [[Firminy]] plant in developing steel rails using only ore from the Algerian mines was a major argument for installation of furnaces based on the Martin process at Le Creusot.
+The success at the Firminy plant in developing steel rails using only ore from the Algerian mines was a major argument for installation of furnaces based on the Martin process at Le Creusot.
 In 1865 [[Eugène Schneider]] had reached an agreement with Paulin Talabot to obtain a large supply of Algerian ore, making it possible to start intensive steel production.{{sfn|Passaqui|2013|p=7}}
+[[File:Voyage de l'Empereur en Algerie Juin 1865 - Mines du Mokta Hadid - Pavillon.jpg|thumb|Napoleon III dining in a tent at the mine site (1965)]]
 In 1865 Napoleon III visited Algeria, including a trip to the mine and the city of Bône.
 A photograph survives of the emperor and his entourage taking refreshment under a tent at the mine site.
@@ Line 60: / Line 80: @@
 In 1875–76 the Bou Djima River, which was carrying silt into the port, was diverted to the [[Seybouse River]].
 The railway could now be extended to the port, considerably reducing transport costs.{{sfn|Prochaska|2002|p=111}}
+In the 1870s the company planted many eucalyptus trees around the Lake of Fetzara, but they were all killed by salt water seeping from the lake.{{sfn|Davis|2007|p=227}}
+Alphonse Parran drained the Lake of Fetzara in an effort to eliminate the [[malaria]] that was infecting the miners and their families.{{sfn|Timkkit|2008}}
+In 1865 the mine produced 22,000 tons, rising to 255,000 tons in 1869.
+The abundant ore was extracted from underground galleries and shipped from Bône to the main French steelworks.{{sfn|Iron and Steel Institute|1880|p=252}}
+In 1870 Algeria as a whole exported 84,710 tons of iron ore.{{sfn|Iron and Steel Institute|1880|p=251}}
+In 1874 the Mokta el Hadid mine alone shipped 430,000 tons of ore, containing 260,000 tons of iron.
+At this time Britain was producing a total of 500,000 tons of steel.
+The mine was said to be capable of supporting 25% of Europe's steel production.{{sfn|Mining Journal|1878|p=438}}
+Output from the 14 iron ore mines in Algeria rose to 511,000 tons in 1876, then started to decline.
+In 1879 the country exported 400,000 tons, of which 320,000 tons came from Mokta-el-Hadid.
+Very little of the ore was smelted before export.{{sfn|Iron and Steel Institute|1880|p=251}}
+===Other operations===
+[[File:179774-algerie-beni-saf-les-docks.jpg|thumb|The docks at [[Béni Saf]] ]]
+As of 1878 the company had also opened the Korezza, Bou-Hamra and Marouaina mines.{{sfn|Mining Journal|1878|p=438}}
+Before the Mokta deposits started showing signs of running out Parran obtained the deposit of Rar El Baroud near [[Béni Saf]] in 1879.{{sfn|Timkkit|2008}}
+The ore in the Beni Saf region near Montagnac (now named [[Remchi]]) is [[hematite]] with 2% manganese.
+Between 1867 and 1947 the region produced 30 million metric tons of ore.{{sfn|Postel|1943|p=16}}
+Parran was also involved in the [[Kryvyi Rih]] iron ore mine in Russia in 1881 and the [[Compagnie des phosphates de Gafsa|Gafsa phosphate deposits]] in Tunisia in 1886.
+The Mokta el Hadid iron ore mining company was responsible for creation of SACEM in 1929 and the operation of [[Imini]] mines from the same year.{{sfn|Timkkit|2008}}
+In Tunisia as of 1893 the company owned concessions at Ras Radjid, Bou lanague, Dj Bellif and Ganara in the Kroumine between [[Tabarka]] and [[Cap Serrat]].
+The ores, which had not yet been worked, were brown and red hematites with an average of 50% iron.{{sfn|US Geological Survey|1895|p=176–177}}
+By 1895 the company had bought all the iron ore beds in the Ouelhasses Cheragas ore district apart from Boukourdan.
+These included the Das rih and Bar el Baroud beds of Beni-saf, and the Ten Kreut, Djed el Haouraia and Sidi-safi groups of ore beds.
+Only the Bar el Baroud was being worked, using open-cut mining to extract ore with at least 55% iron.
+The port of Ben-saf was operated privately by the company, which had built it and had a 99-year lease.
+Estimated output was 291,547 metric tons in 1892 and 203,338 tons in 1893.
+Destinations, in order, were England, the Netherlands, France, the US and Belgium.{{sfn|US Geological Survey|1895|p=175}}
 Philippe de Cerner, the company manager in Bône, convinced the government to extend the railway west from Ain Mokra to connect with the main line to Philippeville.
 He then persuaded the government to assume responsibility for running the line in the public interests.
 From 1908 to 1917 de Cerner directed the line himself.{{sfn|Prochaska|2002|p=109}}
+In 1912 the Compagnie des minérais de fer magnétique de Mokta-el-Hadid had a capital of 20 million and made a profit of 4.5 million.{{sfn|Holland|Porter|2012|p=131}}
-After the deposits were exhausted the company found another rich source of iron ore in western Algeria near the sea at Beni Saf, where a port was built.{{sfn|Prochaska|2002|p=103}}
 Mokta el Hadid was the largest mining company in Algeria until 1927, when it was overtaken by the Societe de l'Ouenza.{{sfn|Prochaska|2002|p=108}}
+After [[World War II]] (1939–45) the Mokta El Hadid iron ore belonged to the [[Mirabaud Group]].
-Before the Mokta deposits started showing signs of running out Parran obtained the deposit of Rar El Baroud near Béni-Saf in 1879.
+The [[Banque de l'Union Parisienne]] owned the El Ouenza mines and the Union des Mines owned the phosphate mines.{{sfn|Bennoune|2002|p=72}}
-Parran was also involved in the [[Kryvyi Rih]] iron ore mine in Russia in 1881 and the [[Compagnie des phosphates de Gafsa|Gafsa phosphate deposits]] in Tunisia in 1886.
-Parran created the Bône-Philippeville railway line and drained the [[Lake of Fetzara]] in an effort to eliminate the [[malaria]] that was infecting the miners and their families.
+In 1965 the centenary of the company was celebrated in Abidjan in the presence of President [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]].{{sfn|Timkkit|2008}}
-The Mokta el Hadid iron ore mining company was responsible for creation of SACEM in 1929 and the operation of [[Imini]] mines from the same year.
-In 1965 the centenary of the company was celebrated in Abidjan in the presence of President [[Houphouët Boigny]].{{sfn|Timkkit|2008}}
 ==Notes==
@@ Line 79: / Line 128: @@
 ==Sources==
 {{refbegin}}
+*{{citation
+ |last=Bennoune|first=Mahfoud|title=The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4nXl7h8i5scC&pg=PA72|accessdate=2017-08-13
+ |date=2002-08-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52432-2}}
+*{{citation
+ |last=Davis|first=Diana K.|title=Resurrecting the Granary of Rome: Environmental History and French Colonial Expansion in North Africa
+ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hwu3S5i-2QQC&pg=PA227|accessdate=2017-08-13|date=2007-09-11|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-1751-5}}
 *{{citation |publisher=Académie des sciences|type=Séances des 1er et 8 mai|title=Richesses minérales de l’Algérie
  |last=Fournel|first=Henri |journal=Le Journal des débats|date=14 May 1848|language=fr|via=Les entreprises coloniales françaises p=1/73
  |url=http://www.entreprises-coloniales.fr/afrique-du-nord/Mokta-el-Hadid-Algerie.pdf|accessdate=2017-08-12}}
+*{{citation|language=fr
+ |last=Gille|first=Bertrand|title=La Sidérurgie française au XIXe siècle: Recherches histioriques|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llBjZ2sWmWMC&pg=PA183
+ |accessdate=2017-08-13|year=1968|publisher=Librairie Droz|isbn=978-2-600-04046-4}}
+*{{citation
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