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:* [[ARA Buenos Aires (1895)|''Buenos Aires'']] - This protected cruiser was completed in 1896 by Armstrong in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] for the Argentinian Navy. The primary armament was two Pattern S guns mounted on single, shielded, pedestal mounts fore and aft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navypedia.org/ships/argentina/arg_cr_buenos_aires.htm|title=Buenos Aires protected cruiser (1896) - Argentinean Navy (Argentina)|website=www.navypedia.org|access-date=2017-03-29}}</ref>
:* [[ARA Buenos Aires (1895)|''Buenos Aires'']] - This protected cruiser was completed in 1896 by Armstrong in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] for the Argentinian Navy. The primary armament was two Pattern S guns mounted on single, shielded, pedestal mounts fore and aft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navypedia.org/ships/argentina/arg_cr_buenos_aires.htm|title=Buenos Aires protected cruiser (1896) - Argentinean Navy (Argentina)|website=www.navypedia.org|access-date=2017-03-29}}</ref>
:* [[Chinese cruiser Hai Chi|''Hǎi Qí''-class]] - The two protected cruisers of the ''Hǎi Qí-class'' were completed in 1899 by Armstrong for the Chinese Navy. The primary armament of the class were two Pattern S guns mounted on single, shielded, pedestal mounts fore and aft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navypedia.org/ships/china/ch_cr_hai_chi.htm|title=Hai Chi protected cruisers (1899) - Chinese / People`s Liberation Army Navy (China / People`s Republic of China)|last=|first=|date=|website=www.navypedia.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-03-29}}</ref>
:* [[Chinese cruiser Hai Chi|''Hǎi Qí''-class]] - The two protected cruisers of the ''Hǎi Qí-class'' were completed in 1899 by Armstrong for the Chinese Navy. The primary armament of the class were two Pattern S guns mounted on single, shielded, pedestal mounts fore and aft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navypedia.org/ships/china/ch_cr_hai_chi.htm|title=Hai Chi protected cruisers (1899) - Chinese / People`s Liberation Army Navy (China / People`s Republic of China)|last=|first=|date=|website=www.navypedia.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-03-29}}</ref>
:* [[Kasagi-class cruiser|Kasagi-class]] - The two protected cruisers of the ''Kasagi-class'' were built in the United States for the Imperial Japanese Navy. [[Japanese cruiser Kasagi|Kasagi]] was built by [[William Cramp and Sons]] in [[Philadelphia]] and completed in 1898, while [[Japanese cruiser Chitose|Chitose]] was built by the [[Union Iron Works]] in [[San Francisco]] and completed in 1899. The primary armament of the class were two Pattern S guns mounted on single, shielded, pedestal mounts fore and aft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navypedia.org/ships/japan/jap_cr_chitose.htm|title=Chitose protected cruisers (1898 - 1899) - Imperial Japanese Navy (Japan)|website=www.navypedia.org|access-date=2017-03-29}}</ref>
:* [[Kasagi-class cruiser|''Kasagi''-class]] - The two protected cruisers of the ''Kasagi-class'' were built in the United States for the Imperial Japanese Navy. [[Japanese cruiser Kasagi|Kasagi]] was built by [[William Cramp and Sons]] in [[Philadelphia]] and completed in 1898, while [[Japanese cruiser Chitose|Chitose]] was built by the [[Union Iron Works]] in [[San Francisco]] and completed in 1899. The primary armament of the class were two Pattern S guns mounted on single, shielded, pedestal mounts fore and aft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navypedia.org/ships/japan/jap_cr_chitose.htm|title=Chitose protected cruisers (1898 - 1899) - Imperial Japanese Navy (Japan)|website=www.navypedia.org|access-date=2017-03-29}}</ref>
:* [[Japanese cruiser Takasago|Takasago]] - This protected cruiser was completed in 1898 by Armstrong for the Imperial Japanese Navy. The primary armament was two Pattern S guns mounted on single, shielded, pedestal mounts fore and aft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navypedia.org/ships/japan/jap_cr_takasago.htm|title=TAKASAGO protected cruiser (1898) - Imperial Japanese Navy (Japan)|website=www.navypedia.org|access-date=2017-03-29}}</ref>
:* [[Japanese cruiser Takasago|Takasago]] - This protected cruiser was completed in 1898 by Armstrong for the Imperial Japanese Navy. The primary armament was two Pattern S guns mounted on single, shielded, pedestal mounts fore and aft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navypedia.org/ships/japan/jap_cr_takasago.htm|title=TAKASAGO protected cruiser (1898) - Imperial Japanese Navy (Japan)|website=www.navypedia.org|access-date=2017-03-29}}</ref>


Revision as of 07:44, 16 August 2017

EOC 8 inch 45 caliber
8 inch gun as installed on the cruiser Takasago
TypeNaval gun
Coastal artillery
Siege artillery
Place of originUnited Kingdom
Service history
In service1896—1945
Used byArgentina
Chile
China
Italy
Japan
Spain
WarsSpanish-American War
Boxer Rebellion
Russo-Japanese War
Italo-Turkish War
World War I
World War II
Production history
DesignerElswick Ordnance Company
Designed1894
ManufacturerArmstrong Whitworth
Produced1895
VariantsPatterns: Q, S, U, W
Specifications
Mass19 t (19 long tons)
Length9.5 m (31 ft 2 in)
Barrel length7.8 m (25 ft 7 in) 45 caliber
ShellSeparate loading bagged charge and projectile
Shell weight116 kg (256 lb)
Calibre203 mm (8.0 in)
Rate of fire2 rpm
Muzzle velocity790 m/s (2,600 ft/s)
Maximum firing range18 km (11 mi) at 30°[1]

The EOC 8 inch 45 caliber were a family of related 8 inch (203 mm) 45 caliber naval guns designed by the Elswick Ordnance Company and manufactured by Armstrong for export customers before World War I. In addition to being produced in the United Kingdom licensed variants were produced in Italy and in Japan.[1] Users of this family of gun included the navies of Argentina, Chile, China, Italy, Japan and Spain. This family of guns saw action in the Spanish-American War, Boxer Rebellion, Russo-Japanese War, Italo-Turkish War, World War I and World War II. In addition to its naval role it was later used as Coastal artillery and Siege artillery after the ships it served on were decommissioned.[2]

History

The EOC 8 inch 45 caliber family of guns originated in 1894 from the Elswick Ordnance Company Pattern Q gun which was first produced for export in 1895. In addition to the Pattern Q there were S, U and W Pattern guns produced for export. Earlier Patterns A through P, R and T were shorter 35 or 40 caliber guns. While the Pattern Q, S, U and W were all 8 inch 45 caliber guns.[1] The weights and dimensions of each Pattern of gun were similar and their ammunition, bagged charges and their ballistic performance were also similar.[2][3]

Construction

The Armstrong Pattern Q was the first wire wound 8 inch EOC gun. I was constructed of an inner A tube, wire wound for 10.5 ft (3.2 m), with a jacket shrunk over the wire. It had a single-motion breech mechanism of cylindrical-conical style with five threaded and five smooth sectors.[1]

The Japanese 20.3 cm/45 Type 41 naval gun was based on the Pattern S guns from Armstrong first installed on the Takasago in 1898 with licensed production beginning in 1902. Existing S, U and W Pattern guns were later classified as Type 41 naval guns in Japanese service.[1] Type 41 guns were employed as Coastal Artillery during World War II after the ships they armed were decommissioned and disarmed.[3] Pattern S guns also armed protected cruisers of Argentine Navy and Chinese Navy.

Pattern S:
  • Buenos Aires - This protected cruiser was completed in 1896 by Armstrong in Newcastle upon Tyne for the Argentinian Navy. The primary armament was two Pattern S guns mounted on single, shielded, pedestal mounts fore and aft.[4]
  • Hǎi Qí-class - The two protected cruisers of the Hǎi Qí-class were completed in 1899 by Armstrong for the Chinese Navy. The primary armament of the class were two Pattern S guns mounted on single, shielded, pedestal mounts fore and aft.[5]
  • Kasagi-class - The two protected cruisers of the Kasagi-class were built in the United States for the Imperial Japanese Navy. Kasagi was built by William Cramp and Sons in Philadelphia and completed in 1898, while Chitose was built by the Union Iron Works in San Francisco and completed in 1899. The primary armament of the class were two Pattern S guns mounted on single, shielded, pedestal mounts fore and aft.[6]
  • Takasago - This protected cruiser was completed in 1898 by Armstrong for the Imperial Japanese Navy. The primary armament was two Pattern S guns mounted on single, shielded, pedestal mounts fore and aft.[7]

Pattern U guns from Armstrong armed both Japanese and Chilean protected and armored cruisers.[1]

Pattern U:
  • Asama-class - The two armored cruisers of the Asama-class were completed in 1899 by Armstrong for the Imperial Japanese Navy. The primary armament of the class were four Pattern U guns mounted in twin gun turrets fore and aft.[8]
  • Azuma - This armored cruiser was completed in 1900 by Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire, Saint-Nazaire, France for the Imperial Japanese Navy. The primary armament was four Pattern U guns mounted in twin gun turrets fore and aft.[9]
  • Chacabuco - This protected cruiser was the sister ship of Takasago and completed in 1902 by Armstrong for the Chilean Navy. The primary armament was two Pattern U guns mounted on single, shielded, pedestal mounts fore and aft.[10]
  • Izumo-class - The two armored cruisers of the Izumo-class were completed in 1900-1901 by Armstrong for the Imperial Japanese Navy. The primary armament of the class were four Pattern U guns mounted in twin gun turrets fore and aft.[11]
  • Yakumo - This armored cruiser was completed in 1900 by AG Vulcan Stettin, Stettin, Germany for the Imperial Japanese Navy. The primary armament was four Pattern U guns mounted in twin gun turrets fore and aft.[12]

The Italian Cannone da 203/45 Modello 1897 was based on the Pattern W gun from Armstrong and licensed production began in 1897 at the Armstrong factory in Pozzuoli, Italy. The Modello 1897 guns armed ships built in Italy for the Argentinian Navy, Italian Navy, Imperial Japanese Navy and the Spanish Navy.[1] Modello 1897 guns were later employed by the Italian Army as Siege Artillery during World War I and as Coastal Artillery during World War II after the ships they armed were decommissioned and disarmed.[2]

Pattern W:
  • Giuseppe Garibaldi-class
    • One of the four Garibaldi-class armored cruisers built for the Argentinian Navy, the ARA San Martín had four Pattern W guns as primary armament mounted in twin gun turrets fore and aft.[13]
    • The three Garibaldi-class armored cruisers built for the Italian Navy had a primary armament of one Armstrong Pattern R 10 inch gun in a single turret fore and two Pattern W guns mounted in twin gun turrets aft.[14]
    • There were two Kasuga-class armored cruisers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy. The Kasuga had a primary armament of one Armstrong Pattern R 10 inch gun in a single turret fore and two Pattern W guns mounted in a twin gun turret aft. The Nisshin had a primary armament of four Pattern W guns mounted in twin turrets fore and aft.[15]
    • The single Garibaldi-class armored cruiser built for the Spanish Navy, the Cristóbal Colón was designed to have a primary armament of one Armstrong Pattern R 10 inch gun in a single turret fore and two Pattern W guns mounted in a twin gun turret aft. However the 10 inch gun was found to be defective and was not installed.
  • Iwami - This ship originally the Oryol of the Imperial Russian Navy was a war prize from the Russo-Japanese war. In 1907 the ships original secondary armament of twelve, six inch guns, mounted in twin turrets, amidships were replaced by six, single gun, shielded, pedestal mounted, Pattern W guns.[16]
  • Regina Elena-class - The four semi-dreadnought battleships of this class had a secondary armament of twelve Pattern W guns, in three twin gun turrets per side, amidships.[17]
  • Regina Margherita-class - The two pre-dreadnought battleships of this class had a secondary armament of four Pattern W guns mounted in casemates amidships in the ships superstructure.[18]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Friedman, Norman (2011-01-01). Naval weapons of World War One. Seaforth. ISBN 9781848321007. OCLC 786178793.
  2. ^ a b c DiGiulian, Tony. "Italy 8"/45 (20.3 cm) EOC Pattern "W" - NavWeaps". www.navweaps.com. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  3. ^ a b DiGiulian, Tony. "Japan 8"/45 (20 cm) EOC Patterns S, U and W and 8"/45 (20.3 cm) 41st Year Type - NavWeaps". www.navweaps.com. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  4. ^ "Buenos Aires protected cruiser (1896) - Argentinean Navy (Argentina)". www.navypedia.org. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  5. ^ "Hai Chi protected cruisers (1899) - Chinese / People`s Liberation Army Navy (China / People`s Republic of China)". www.navypedia.org. Retrieved 2017-03-29. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  6. ^ "Chitose protected cruisers (1898 - 1899) - Imperial Japanese Navy (Japan)". www.navypedia.org. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  7. ^ "TAKASAGO protected cruiser (1898) - Imperial Japanese Navy (Japan)". www.navypedia.org. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  8. ^ "Asama armoured cruisers (1899) - Imperial Japanese Navy (Japan)". www.navypedia.org. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  9. ^ "Adzuma armoured cruiser (1900) - Imperial Japanese Navy (Japan)". www.navypedia.org. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
  10. ^ "Chacabuco protected cruiser (1902) - Chilean Navy (Chile)". www.navypedia.org. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  11. ^ "Idzumo armoured cruisers (1900-1901) - Imperial Japanese Navy (Japan)". www.navypedia.org. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  12. ^ "Yakumo armoured cruiser (1900) - Imperial Japanese Navy (Japan)". www.navypedia.org. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  13. ^ "Garibaldi armoured cruisers (1896-1898) - Argentinean Navy (Argentina)". www.navypedia.org. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  14. ^ "Giuseppe Garibaldi armoured cruisers (1901 - 1905) - Regia Marina (Italy)". www.navypedia.org. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  15. ^ "Kasuga armoured cruisers (1904) - Imperial Japanese Navy (Japan)". www.navypedia.org. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  16. ^ "Iwami battleship (1904 / 1907) - Imperial Japanese Navy (Japan)". www.navypedia.org. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  17. ^ "Regina Elena battleships (1907 - 1908) - Regia Marina (Italy)". www.navypedia.org. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
  18. ^ "REGINA MARGHERITA battleships (1904 - 1905) - Regia Marina (Italy)". www.navypedia.org. Retrieved 2017-03-29.

References

  • Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
  • Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1984). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
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