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The northern end of the building covers the site of Fort Fullerton, a [[fort]] built in 1829 to defend the settlement against any [[naval]] attacks. The fort consisted of an Artillery Barrack, a house for the officers, barracks for soldiers and a 68-pounder gun guarding the entrance to the river which used to stand on the location known as Fullerton square.<ref>Nhbgovsg. (2016). Nhbgovsg. Retrieved 28 February, 2016, from http://www.nhb.gov.sg/places/sites-and-monuments/national-monuments/former-fullerton-building</ref> In 1843, the fort was extended after a [[sandstone]] [[monolith]], the [[Singapore Stone]], with an [[inscription]] possibly dating back to the 13th century was demolished. The Singapore stone was, unfortunately, destroyed by the British.<ref>"Singapore Stone". Singapore Paranormal Investigators. 2000–2005. Retrieved 13 July 2007. The citation is from Rouffaer, G.P. (1921). "Was Malakka emporium voor 1400 A.D. genaamd Malajoer? En waar lag Woerawari, Ma-Hasin, Langka, Batoesawar? [Was the Trading Post of Malacca Named Malajoer before 1400 A.D.? And where were Woerawari, Ma-Hasin, Langka, Batoesawar?]". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indie [Contributions to the Linguistics, Geography and Anthropology of the Dutch East Indies] 77 (1): 58., referred to in Miksic, Forbidden Hill, above, at 42.</ref> A fragment of this monolith was salvaged and preserved in the collection of the [[National Museum, Singapore|National Museum]] at [[Stamford Road]].<ref>http://nationalmuseum.sg/nms/nms_html/nms_content_2.asp?content_template=2&content_id=8&tab_id=367</ref>However, there were several criticisms as well as apprehensions regarding the building of Fort Fullerton. Merchants thought that it was a waste to use the prime location of the city for military instead of trading purpose, which would have prevented Singapore from generating more revenue and boosting its trading business. They were also worried that they would be in the direct line of fire if there were any attacks on the fort because the offices along the Singapore River were situated within close proximity to the fort. The fort was also said to be incapable of deterring any potential attacks from the sea, and had very low efficacy. Following these criticisms, the fort was finally demolished in 1873 <ref>(Koh, 2015)</ref>. The fort gave way to the first General Post Office and the Exchange Building in 1874.<ref name=" Colin Tan"/> Plans to erect Fullerton Building were drawn up in 1920. However, due to a lack of funds, construction only began in February 1924.<ref name="National Heritage Board"/><ref name="The Straits Times May 1999">{{cite news | author = | title = New look for old' lady | publisher = [[The Straits Times]] | date = 29 May 1999| page=86}}</ref> During the initial groundwork, excavations revealed the gun casements of the old Fort Fullerton. In fact, the Fullerton Building was built over reclaimed land. Built at a cost of [[Straits dollar|$]]4.1 million and after delays of a few months, the building was completed in June 1928.<ref name="Vernon Cornelius-Takahama"/>
The northern end of the building covers the site of Fort Fullerton, a [[fort]] built in 1829 to defend the settlement against any [[naval]] attacks. The fort consisted of an Artillery Barrack, a house for the officers, barracks for soldiers and a 68-pounder gun guarding the entrance to the river which used to stand on the location known as Fullerton square.<ref>Nhbgovsg. (2016). Nhbgovsg. Retrieved 28 February, 2016, from http://www.nhb.gov.sg/places/sites-and-monuments/national-monuments/former-fullerton-building</ref> In 1843, the fort was extended after a [[sandstone]] [[monolith]], the [[Singapore Stone]], with an [[inscription]] possibly dating back to the 13th century was demolished. The Singapore stone was, unfortunately, destroyed by the British.<ref>"Singapore Stone". Singapore Paranormal Investigators. 2000–2005. Retrieved 13 July 2007. The citation is from Rouffaer, G.P. (1921). "Was Malakka emporium voor 1400 A.D. genaamd Malajoer? En waar lag Woerawari, Ma-Hasin, Langka, Batoesawar? [Was the Trading Post of Malacca Named Malajoer before 1400 A.D.? And where were Woerawari, Ma-Hasin, Langka, Batoesawar?]". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indie [Contributions to the Linguistics, Geography and Anthropology of the Dutch East Indies] 77 (1): 58., referred to in Miksic, Forbidden Hill, above, at 42.</ref> A fragment of this monolith was salvaged and preserved in the collection of the [[National Museum, Singapore|National Museum]] at [[Stamford Road]].<ref>http://nationalmuseum.sg/nms/nms_html/nms_content_2.asp?content_template=2&content_id=8&tab_id=367</ref>However, there were several criticisms as well as apprehensions regarding the building of Fort Fullerton. Merchants thought that it was a waste to use the prime location of the city for military instead of trading purpose, which would have prevented Singapore from generating more revenue and boosting its trading business. They were also worried that they would be in the direct line of fire if there were any attacks on the fort because the offices along the Singapore River were situated within close proximity to the fort. The fort was also said to be incapable of deterring any potential attacks from the sea, and had very low efficacy. Following these criticisms, the fort was finally demolished in 1873 <ref>(Koh, 2015)</ref>. The fort gave way to the first General Post Office and the Exchange Building in 1874.<ref name=" Colin Tan"/> Plans to erect Fullerton Building were drawn up in 1920. However, due to a lack of funds, construction only began in February 1924.<ref name="National Heritage Board"/><ref name="The Straits Times May 1999">{{cite news | author = | title = New look for old' lady | publisher = [[The Straits Times]] | date = 29 May 1999| page=86}}</ref> During the initial groundwork, excavations revealed the gun casements of the old Fort Fullerton. In fact, the Fullerton Building was built over reclaimed land. Built at a cost of [[Straits dollar|$]]4.1 million and after delays of a few months, the building was completed in June 1928.<ref name="Vernon Cornelius-Takahama"/>


=== Fullerton Building ===
The Fullerton Building was opened on 27 June 1928 by the Governor, Sir [[Hugh Clifford]], who suggested the building be named after Robert Fullerton.<ref name="Vernon Cornelius-Takahama"/> The building had five founding [[leasehold estate|tenant]]s: the General Post Office, The Exchange, Singapore Club (now Singapore Town Club), the Marine Department, and the Import and Export Department (later the [[Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)|Ministry of Trade and Industry]]).<ref name="Clara Chow">{{cite news | author = Clara Chow | title = It was more than just the GPO | publisher = [[The Straits Times]] | date = 31 October 2001| page=L5}}</ref> It also housed the Chamber of Commerce, and various government departments dealing with agriculture, [[fisheries]] and [[forestry]].<ref name="The Straits Times May 1999"/> One of the rooms in the Fullerton Building was where the late Finance Minister, Dr Goh Keng Swee, wrote many of his budget speeches for Singapore <ref>(Lim, 2015)</ref>.The building was designed to utilize natural ventilation, thus has four internal air-wells to cool the interiors.
The Fullerton Building was opened on 27 June 1928 by the Governor, Sir [[Hugh Clifford]], who suggested the building be named after Robert Fullerton.<ref name="Vernon Cornelius-Takahama"/> The building had five founding [[leasehold estate|tenant]]s: the General Post Office, The Exchange, Singapore Club (now Singapore Town Club), the Marine Department, and the Import and Export Department (later the [[Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)|Ministry of Trade and Industry]]).<ref name="Clara Chow">{{cite news | author = Clara Chow | title = It was more than just the GPO | publisher = [[The Straits Times]] | date = 31 October 2001| page=L5}}</ref> It also housed the Chamber of Commerce, and various government departments dealing with agriculture, [[fisheries]] and [[forestry]].<ref name="The Straits Times May 1999"/> One of the rooms in the Fullerton Building was where the late Finance Minister, Dr Goh Keng Swee, wrote many of his budget speeches for Singapore <ref>(Lim, 2015)</ref>.The building was designed to utilize natural ventilation, thus has four internal air-wells to cool the interiors.


Revision as of 11:19, 16 August 2017

1°17′10″N 103°51′10″E / 1.28611°N 103.85278°E / 1.28611; 103.85278

The Fullerton Hotel Singapore
Map
General information
LocationDowntown Core, Singapore
Coordinates1°17′10″N 103°51′10″E / 1.28611°N 103.85278°E / 1.28611; 103.85278
Opening2001
OwnerSino Land
ManagementSino Land
Technical details
Floor count9 (including 1 basement)
Design and construction
Architect(s)Keys & Dowdeswell
DeveloperFar East Organization
Sino Land Company Limited
Other information
Number of rooms400
Parking350
Website
fullertonhotels.com

The Fullerton Hotel Singapore is a six-star luxury hotel located near the mouth of the Singapore River, in the Downtown Core of Central Area, Singapore. It was originally known as The Fullerton Building, and also as the General Post Office Building.[1][2] The address is 1 Fullerton Square.

History

Fullerton Building

The Fullerton Building was named after Robert Fullerton, the first Governor of the Straits Settlements (1826–1829).[3] Commissioned in 1924 as part of the British colony's centennial celebrations, the building was designed as an office building by Major P.H. Keys of Keys & Dowdeswell, a Shanghai firm of architects, which won the project through an architectural design competition.[4][5][6][7][8] The architectural firm also designed the Capitol Theatre and the Singapore General Hospital.[9]

Fort Fullerton and the Singapore Stone

The northern end of the building covers the site of Fort Fullerton, a fort built in 1829 to defend the settlement against any naval attacks. The fort consisted of an Artillery Barrack, a house for the officers, barracks for soldiers and a 68-pounder gun guarding the entrance to the river which used to stand on the location known as Fullerton square.[10] In 1843, the fort was extended after a sandstone monolith, the Singapore Stone, with an inscription possibly dating back to the 13th century was demolished. The Singapore stone was, unfortunately, destroyed by the British.[11] A fragment of this monolith was salvaged and preserved in the collection of the National Museum at Stamford Road.[12]However, there were several criticisms as well as apprehensions regarding the building of Fort Fullerton. Merchants thought that it was a waste to use the prime location of the city for military instead of trading purpose, which would have prevented Singapore from generating more revenue and boosting its trading business. They were also worried that they would be in the direct line of fire if there were any attacks on the fort because the offices along the Singapore River were situated within close proximity to the fort. The fort was also said to be incapable of deterring any potential attacks from the sea, and had very low efficacy. Following these criticisms, the fort was finally demolished in 1873 [13]. The fort gave way to the first General Post Office and the Exchange Building in 1874.[5] Plans to erect Fullerton Building were drawn up in 1920. However, due to a lack of funds, construction only began in February 1924.[3][14] During the initial groundwork, excavations revealed the gun casements of the old Fort Fullerton. In fact, the Fullerton Building was built over reclaimed land. Built at a cost of $4.1 million and after delays of a few months, the building was completed in June 1928.[2]

The Fullerton Building was opened on 27 June 1928 by the Governor, Sir Hugh Clifford, who suggested the building be named after Robert Fullerton.[2] The building had five founding tenants: the General Post Office, The Exchange, Singapore Club (now Singapore Town Club), the Marine Department, and the Import and Export Department (later the Ministry of Trade and Industry).[15] It also housed the Chamber of Commerce, and various government departments dealing with agriculture, fisheries and forestry.[14] One of the rooms in the Fullerton Building was where the late Finance Minister, Dr Goh Keng Swee, wrote many of his budget speeches for Singapore [16].The building was designed to utilize natural ventilation, thus has four internal air-wells to cool the interiors.

Fullerton Square was a important commerce area in Singapore attracting many European immigrants and soon became the core of major business activity. Many European businesses were set up at Fullerton Square together with large banks such as the Chartered Bank and Hong Kong and Shanghai Banks. The Fullerton Building was built with Grandeur, Class and being the biggest structure built in Singapore displaying the authority and power of the British Colonial rule. In addition, The Fullerton Building operated with tax payers money meant as a government building, housed the Club for the Colonial Elite which was an exclusive club that took up almost 7,000 sq m of the upper floors which further elaborated the position and authority that the British has in Singapore.

There was also a lighthouse on the Fullerton Building, called the Fullerton Light, which was used to guide the ships ashore and to anchor along the piers. It was built to replace the Fort Canning Light, which was decommissioned in 1979 since it was gradually blocked because of globalization and the construction of more high-rise buildings in Singapore [17]. The location of the previous lighthouse is now being occupied by The Lighthouse Restaurant, to keep up with the modern style of the Fullerton Hotel.

General Post Office

The General Post Office (GPO) was the anchor tenant, which only moved in a fortnight after the Fullerton Building's official opening. GPO covered the two lower floors with postal halls, offices and sorting rooms. There were mail drops through which mail would fall to a band conveyor on the basement and dispatched up to the sorting room. The basement was connected to a 35-metre subway that ran underneath Fullerton Road to a pier, where overseas mail would be transferred to or picked up from ships.[2][3]

Singapore Club

The Fullerton Hotel Singapore as seen from across the Esplanade Bridge at sunset.
The Fullerton Hotel Singapore at Night.
Fullerton Hotel at dusk. In front is the Cavenagh Bridge

The exclusive Singapore Club rented premises on the upper floors of the building to provide for their members' need and comfort. It only allowed entry to top European tycoons and British civil servants [18].There were rooms where members dined, lounged, conferred, and played billiards and cards. Bedrooms on the attic storey provide accommodaton for members. When the Economic Development Board (EDB) was formed in 1961, it evicted the Singapore Club from the Fullerton Building. Subsequently, the Singapore Club relocated to Clifford House at Collyer Quay and then to Straits Trading Building on Battery Road near Boat Quay, vacating Fullerton Building for use by EDB and more government offices.[19][20]

World War II

In the last days before Britain's surrender to Japan in 1942, the building was used as a hospital, with makeshift operation rooms for wounded British soldiers.[21] During the Japanese Occupation of Singapore, Governor Sir Shenton Thomas and Lady Thomas sought refuge in the sleeping quarters of the Singapore Club.[20] The Fullerton Building was also where General Percival discussed with Sir Shenton the possibility of surrendering Singapore to the Japanese.[3] Subsequently, Fullerton Building became the headquarters of the Japanese military administration in Singapore.[2]

Post-war years

In 1950s, The Fullerton Building became recognised as the unofficial public monument. It stood out of the City’s Skyline as the most prominent feature of the waterfront. On its rooftop stood the lighthouse, whose beacon guided all ships approaching the harbour. In time, The Fullerton became the symbol of Singapore, appearing in every postcard, recognised by traveller and ship captains from all over the world. Singapore was remembered all around the world with the image of The Fullerton Building.[22]

From the 1970s to 1995, the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore used the building as its headquarters. The General Post Office, under Singapore Post, vacated the building in March 1996. Internal alterations were carried out on the building by the Public Works Department in 1985.[2][7] By 1980s, Singapore’s independence from colonial status to nationhood took place at Fullerton Square. From the majestic background of the Fullerton Building, crowds declared their support for merdeka independence. Though plans were initiated to conserve the Fullerton Building after that, it was only gazetted as a conservation building by the Singapore Government in 1997.[6][21]

Redevelopment

In 1997, Sino Land (Hong Kong) Company Ltd, a sister company of Far East Organization, acquired the Fullerton Building from the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA). It spent close to another S$300 million converting Fullerton Building into a hotel and building the two-storey commercial complex One Fullerton opposite Fullerton Road. Renovation works on the Fullerton Building were completed on 8 December 2000. The Fullerton Hotel Singapore was officially opened by then Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong on 1 January 2001.[23][24]

The site, sandwiched between the Civic District and the central business district, was sold together with an underpass and the seafront site on which One Fullerton now stands for S$110 million. The two are linked by an air-conditioned underground pedestrian walkway with travellators.[8] To ensure that the historical Fullerton Building continues to be visible from Marina Bay, URA specified a low building height for One Fullerton across the road. This also ensured that guests at The Fullerton Hotel would have unobstructed views of the sea.[24]

Architecture and conservation

The Architect

Keys and Dowdeswell was an established British international architecture company, their design works can be seen in buildings throughout China and South East Asia from 1920s to 1940s, some of the most prominent buildings in Kuala Lumpur and Singapore were designed by them. Their design works are usually with major significance to a historical period, geographical place and local culture tradition, with many of their buildings in the classical style.[25]

Major Keys & Dowdeswell were established and distinguished designers of grand interior spaces and classical façades. They followed the principals of 20th-century Beaux-Arts tradition of classicism. Relating to some of their core principals in design, they are largely Monumental and Ornamental.

Original design

Atrium of The Fullerton Hotel Singapore.

The grey Aberdeen granite Fullerton Building sits on 41,100 square metres (442,400 square feet) of land. The height of its walls measures 36.6 metres (120 ft) from the ground. The building has Neo-classical architectural features which include a two-storey fluted Doric colonnades on their heavy base, and the lofty portico over the main entrance with trophy designs and the Royal Coat of Arms, crafted by Italian Cavaliere Rudolfo Nolli. Originally, there were five distinct frontages, each treated in the Doric order. 14 elevators served the four floors plus the basement floors.[2] A hollow cellular raft foundation was proposed by the original contractors in the 1920s to save cost because bedrock lies directly below the building.[5] The Fullerton Building also possesses the one and only barrel-vaulted, coffered ceiling in Singapore.[26]

Restoration

The Fullerton Building restoration project from 1998 to 2000 was one of the few conservation projects in the world involving an institutional building.[14] Architects 61, together with DP Consultants, was engaged to convert it into a 400-room luxury hotel.[6] The hotel rooms were designed by Hirsch Bedner Associates.[9][23]

During its redevelopment, the historical building had most of its special architectural features retained and restored. The conservation work was coordinated by the URA, which had certain stipulations that the new owners had to comply with. Several features of the original building had to be restored faithfully. These included the General Post Office gallery area on the ground floor, with bays that corresponded with the building's towering Doric columns on the façade, and the Straits Club Billiard Room. The post office gallery no longer exists, but has been subdivided to provide a bar, a restaurant and the hotel foyer. The Straits Club Billiard Room was kept, but without its wood panelling.[6]

Exterior works

The building's neo-classical columns and high-ceiling verandas were retained. It was clad in Shanghai plaster panels, which have been restored. The owners converted the windows back to be housed in timber frames. Part of the tunnel under Fullerton Road, which was used to transfer mail onto ships waiting in the harbour, has also been kept.[6][21]

Interior works

While the building's exterior has been conserved, the architects had also to transform the interior into a five-star hotel. The room on the fourth storey, where the British Governor was first told of the British military's decision to surrender to the Japanese during World War II, was converted to an exclusive lounge. The room has a barrel-vaulted, coffered ceiling, which is the only one of its kind in Singapore.[21]

Fullerton Lighthouse at Harbour Front Tower

The building's historical lighthouse, which used to guide ships into the port, has been incorporated into a food and beverage outlet. The Fullerton Light, a revolving beacon of 540 kilocandelas mounted on the roof of the building, was installed in 1958 to replace the Fort Canning Lighthouse which was being demolished. The beacon could be seen by ships 29 kilometres (15.7 nautical miles) away.[3][4][21][23] The Lighthouse has been moved to a new location as an artefact near Harbour Front Tower.

The Fullerton Building was designed for natural ventilation before the age of air-conditioning; one of the architectural devices used to provide this was the internal air-wells. There were four air-wells along the central longitudinal axis, divided by three internal bays of offices, linking the front façade with the rear. It was the largest and the last example of this kind of architecture in Singapore. As air-conditioning became increasingly common, the air-wells became redundant.[6]

Two parallel sets of guest rooms now ring the hotel's central triangular sky-lit atrium. One row faces out towards the harbour and the tall buildings of the central business district. The rooms of the inner ring have views of the courtyard in the centre of the building. There is an indoor garden over the old Straits Club at the centre of the atrium which can double as a venue for cocktails. The main entrance into the hotel, where dignitaries and celebrities are received, is covered with a large glass canopy at the porch.[5][8][14]

Structural and foundation works

Construction work in the interior was carried out to reinforce the beams and columns, while retrofitting done on the exterior to restore the façade.[14]

Although studies carried out before the renovation work began showed most of the raft foundation was still in good condition, water from the adjacent Singapore River had seeped slowly into some of the foundation's cells over the years, flooding parts of the old basement. As a result, a new precast concrete platform was built over the cells, and waterproofing added. Pillars supporting the entire building now rest on the platform. The engineering team installed a new set of five drainage pumps to counteract the slow seepage of river water. As the building sits on solid rock foundation, no additional piling was required.[5][14]

Gazetting as National Monument

The building was officially gazetted on December 7, 2015 as Singapore's 71st national monument, by the country's National Heritage Board (NHB). With its new status, the building will be preserved under the Preservation of Monuments Act.[27] The former Fullerton Building is one of three icons to be given the national monument status this year. The other two are Jurong Town Hall and Istana Kampong Glam.

Facilities

The Fullerton Hotel Singapore has 400 rooms and suites which either overlook the atrium courtyard, or face downtown Singapore's skyline, the Singapore River promenade or the Marina Bay.[28]

The hotel has a 25-metre outdoor infinity swimming pool, fitness centre and a luxury spa. It also has five food and beverage outlets. For business travellers, the hotel has a 24-hour financial centre with the Bloomberg Professional service that provides financial reports and world news, and 15 meeting rooms equipped with conference facilities.[28]

Awards

The Fullerton Hotel Singapore won the Condé Nast Traveler Gold List award.[28] On 18 July 2001, the hotel received an architectural heritage award from the Urban Redevelopment Authority for its successful restoration of the former Fullerton Building.[6][29]

Notes and references

  1. ^ "Our History". The Fullerton Hotel Singapore. Archived from the original on 28 August 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Vernon Cornelius-Takahama (19 May 2001). "Fullerton Building". Singapore Infopedia, National Library Board. Retrieved 4 September 2007.
  3. ^ a b c d e National Heritage Board (2002). Singapore's 100 Historic Places. Singapore: Archipelago Press. ISBN 981-4068-23-3.
  4. ^ a b Tommy Koh, et al. (eds.) (2006). Singapore: The Encyclopedia. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet in association with the National Heritage Board. ISBN 981-4155-63-2. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e Colin Tan (14 December 2000). "Fullerton". The Straits Times. p. M12.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Arthur Sim (19 July 2001). "Fullerton wins heritage award". The Straits Times. p. L7.
  7. ^ a b Norman Edwards, Peter Keys (1996). Singapore – A Guide to Buildings, Streets, Places. Singapore: Times Books International. ISBN 9971-65-231-5.
  8. ^ a b c Wong Yunn Chii (2005). Singapore 1:1 City: A Gallery of Architecture & Urban Design. Singapore: Urban Redevelopment Authority. ISBN 981-05-4467-7.
  9. ^ a b Koh Boon Pin (6 June 2000). "A peek into the Fullerton". The Straits Times. p. 40.
  10. ^ Nhbgovsg. (2016). Nhbgovsg. Retrieved 28 February, 2016, from http://www.nhb.gov.sg/places/sites-and-monuments/national-monuments/former-fullerton-building
  11. ^ "Singapore Stone". Singapore Paranormal Investigators. 2000–2005. Retrieved 13 July 2007. The citation is from Rouffaer, G.P. (1921). "Was Malakka emporium voor 1400 A.D. genaamd Malajoer? En waar lag Woerawari, Ma-Hasin, Langka, Batoesawar? [Was the Trading Post of Malacca Named Malajoer before 1400 A.D.? And where were Woerawari, Ma-Hasin, Langka, Batoesawar?]". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indie [Contributions to the Linguistics, Geography and Anthropology of the Dutch East Indies] 77 (1): 58., referred to in Miksic, Forbidden Hill, above, at 42.
  12. ^ http://nationalmuseum.sg/nms/nms_html/nms_content_2.asp?content_template=2&content_id=8&tab_id=367
  13. ^ (Koh, 2015)
  14. ^ a b c d e f "New look for old' lady". The Straits Times. 29 May 1999. p. 86.
  15. ^ Clara Chow (31 October 2001). "It was more than just the GPO". The Straits Times. p. L5.
  16. ^ (Lim, 2015)
  17. ^ (Cornelius-Takahama, 2015)
  18. ^ Chia, Joshua, and Nor-Afidah Abd Rahman. "Singapore Club." Singapore Infopedia. January 1, 2006. http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1184_2006-06-17.html.
  19. ^ Edwin Lee (1990). Historic Buildings of Singapore. Singapore: Preservation of Monuments Board. ISBN 9971-88-224-8.
  20. ^ a b Joshua Chia, Nor-Afidah Abd Rahman (17 June 2006). "Singapore Club". Singapore Infopedia, National Library Board. Retrieved 4 September 2007.
  21. ^ a b c d e Pauline Leong (12 April 2001). "Hotel project preserves hallmarks of Fullerton Building". The Straits Times. p. 43.
  22. ^ Fullertonhotelcom. (2016). Fullertonhotelcom. Retrieved 1 March, 2016, from http://www.fullertonhotel.com/fullertonhistory-en.html In-text citation: (Fullertonhotelcom, 2016)
  23. ^ a b c Phyllis Wee (28 May 2001). "Fullerton Hotel". Singapore Infopedia, National Library Board. Retrieved 4 September 2007.
  24. ^ a b Tee Hun Ching (16 September 2001). "One Up: Its uncluttered sea view, mix of trendy joints and the bayside location of One Fullerton have pulled in the crowds". The Sunday Times. p. SP6.
  25. ^ Re-shaping Cities : How Global Mobility Transforms Architecture and Urban Form. 1 December 2014.
  26. ^ Nhbgovsg. (2016). Nhbgovsg. Retrieved 28 February, 2016, from http://www.nhb.gov.sg/places/sites-and-monuments/national-monuments/former-fullerton-building
  27. ^ http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A850a1104-4ec2-4e62-860c-2f4c138d08ef%20Depth%3A0%20ValidTime%3A23%2F02%2F2014%20TransactionTime%3A23%2F02%2F2014%20Status%3Ainforce;rec=0;whole=yes
  28. ^ a b c Aun Koh, Susan Leong (2006). Singapore chic. Singapore: Archipelago Press. ISBN 981-4155-74-8.
  29. ^ "The Fullerton Singapore wins 2001 URA Architectural Heritage Award" (PDF) (Press release). The Fullerton Hotel Singapore. 18 July 2001.

Further reading

  • Melanie Chew (2001). Memories of the Fullerton. Singapore: The Fullerton Hotel Singapore. ISBN 981-04-4777-9.
  • William Warren, Jill Gocher (2007). Asia's legendary hotels: the romance of travel. Singapore: Periplus Editions. ISBN 978-0-7946-0174-4.
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