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[[File:Chaine Citroen typea.jpg|thumb|[[Citroën]] assembly line in 1918]]
[[File:Chaine Citroen typea.jpg|thumb|[[Citroën]] assembly line in 1918]]


The automotive industry began in the 1890s with hundreds of manufacturers that pioneered the [[Brass Era car|horseless carriage]]. For many decades, the [[United States]] led the world in total automobile production. In 1929, before the [[Great Depression]], the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, and the U.S. automobile industry produced over 90% of them. At that time the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons.<ref>{{cite journal|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA84&dq=U.S.+makes+ninety+percent+of+world's+automobiles |title=U.S. Makes Ninety Percent of World's Automobiles |journal=Popular Science |date=November 1929 |page=84 |volume=115 |issue=5 |accessdate=6 August 2013 }}</ref> After [[World War II]], the U.S. produced about 75 percent of world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and became world's leader again in 1994. In 2006, Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units. With 19.3 million units manufactured in 2012, China almost doubled the U.S. production, with 10.3 million units, while Japan was in third place with 9.9 million units.<ref name="Production Statistics">{{cite web|publisher=OICA |url= http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/ |title=2012 Production Statistics |accessdate=6 August 2013 }}</ref> From 1970 (140 models) over 1998 (260 models) to 2012 (684 models), the number of automobile models in the U.S. has grown exponentially.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aichner|first1=T.|last2=Coletti|first2= P|date=2013|title=Customers' online shopping preferences in mass customization|journal=Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice|volume=15|issue=1|pages=20–35}}</ref>
The automotive industry began in the 1890s with hundreds of manufacturers that pioneered the [[Brass Era car|horseless carriage]]. For many decades, the [[United States]] led the world in total automobile production. In 1929, before the [[Great Depression]], the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, and the U.S. automobile industry produced over 90% of them. At that time the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons.<ref>{{cite journal|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA84&dq=U.S.+makes+ninety+percent+of+world's+automobiles |title=U.S. Makes Ninety Percent of World's Automobiles |journal=Popular Science |date=November 1929 |page=84 |volume=115 |issue=5 |accessdate=6 August 2013 }}</ref> After [[World War II]], the U.S. produced about 75 percent of world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and became world's leader again in 1994. In 2006, Japan narrowly passed the U.S.Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals. It is thus important in human development. It is a type of mitogen which is specific only to certain kinds of cells. Growth hormone is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide that is synthesized, in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units. With 19.3 million units manufactured in 2012, China almost doubled the U.S. production, with 10.3 million units, while Japan was in third place with 9.9 million units.<ref name="Production Statistics">{{cite web|publisher=OICA |url= http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/ |title=2012 Production Statistics |accessdate=6 August 2013 }}</ref> From 1970 (140 models) over 1998 (260 models) to 2012 (684 models), the number of automobile models in the U.S. has grown exponentially.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aichner|first1=T.|last2=Coletti|first2= P|date=2013|title=Customers' online shopping preferences in mass customization|journal=Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice|volume=15|issue=1|pages=20–35}}</ref>


==Safety==
==Safety==

Revision as of 21:28, 28 August 2017

Modern assembly line
A video showing new SEAT, Škoda & Volkswagen cars being transported by rail at Kutná Hora město train station in the Czech Republic

The automotive industry is a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles,[1] some of them are called automakers. It is one of the world's most important economic sectors by revenue. The automotive industry does not include industries dedicated to the maintenance of automobiles following delivery to the end-user, such as automobile repair shops and motor fuel filling stations.

The term automotive was created from Greek autos (self), and Latin motivus (of motion) to represent any form of self-powered vehicle. This term was proposed by Elmer Sperry.[2]

History

Main article: History of the automobile
Thomas B. Jeffery automobile factory in Kenosha, Wisconsin, c.1916
Citroën assembly line in 1918

The automotive industry began in the 1890s with hundreds of manufacturers that pioneered the horseless carriage. For many decades, the United States led the world in total automobile production. In 1929, before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, and the U.S. automobile industry produced over 90% of them. At that time the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons.[3] After World War II, the U.S. produced about 75 percent of world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and became world's leader again in 1994. In 2006, Japan narrowly passed the U.S.Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals. It is thus important in human development. It is a type of mitogen which is specific only to certain kinds of cells. Growth hormone is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide that is synthesized, in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units. With 19.3 million units manufactured in 2012, China almost doubled the U.S. production, with 10.3 million units, while Japan was in third place with 9.9 million units.[4] From 1970 (140 models) over 1998 (260 models) to 2012 (684 models), the number of automobile models in the U.S. has grown exponentially.[5]

Safety

Main article: Automobile safety

Safety is a state that implies to be protected from any risk, danger, damage or cause of injury. In the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators or manufacturers do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the autmobiles themselves, implies that there is no risk of damage.

Safety in the automotive industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated. Automobiles and other motor vehicles have to comply with a certain number of norms and regulations, whether local or international, in order to be accepted on the market. The standard ISO 26262, is considered as one of the best practice framework for achieving automotive functional safety.[6]

In case of safety issues, danger, product defect or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle, the maker can request to return either a batch or the entire production run. This procedure is called product recall. Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from the raw material.

Product and operation tests and inspections at different stages of the value chain are made to avoid these product recalls by ensuring end-user security and safety and compliance with the automotive industry requirements. However, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences.

Economy

See also: Automotive industry by country

Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007, consuming over 980 billion litres (980,000,000 m3) of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly.[7] The automobile is a primary mode of transportation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicts that, by 2014, one-third of world demand will be in the four BRIC markets (Brazil, Russia, India and China). Meanwhile, in the developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed down.[8] It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the younger generations of people (in highly urbanized countries) no longer want to own a car anymore, and prefer other modes of transport.[9] Other potentially powerful automotive markets are Iran and Indonesia.[10] Emerging auto markets already buy more cars than established markets. According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of the global light-vehicle sales in 2010. The study, performed in 2010 expected this trend to accelerate.[11][12] However, more recent reports (2012) confirmed the opposite; namely that the automotive industry was slowing down even in BRIC countries.[8] In the United States, vehicle sales peaked in 2000, at 17.8 million units.[13]

World motor vehicle production

World Motor Vehicle Production[14]
Production volume (1000 vehicles)

1960s; Post war increase

1970s; Oil crisis and tighter safety and emission regulation.

1990s; production started in NICs

2000s; rise of China as top producer

Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010
to 1950; USA had produced more than 80% of motor vehicles.[15]

1950s; UK, Germany and France restarted production.

1960s; Japan started production and increased volume through the 1980s. US, Japan, Germany, France and UK produced about 80% of motor vehicles through the 1980s.

1990s; Korea became a volume producer. In 2004, Korea became No. 5 passing France.

2000s; China increased its production drastically, and 2009 became the world largest producing country.

2013; The share of China (25.4%), Korea, India, Brazil and Mexico rose to 43%, while the share of USA (12.7%), Japan, Germany, France and UK fell to 34%.

By year

See also: List of countries by motor vehicle production
[35]
Year Production Change Source
1997 54,434,000   [16]
1998 52,987,000 -2.7% [16]
1999 56,258,892 6.2% [17]
2000 58,374,162 3.8% [18]
2001 56,304,925 -3.5% [19]
2002 58,994,318 4.8% [20]
2003 60,663,225 2.8% [21]
2004 64,496,220 6.3% [22]
2005 66,482,439 3.1% [23]
2006 69,222,975 4.1% [24]
2007 73,266,061 5.8% [25]
2008 70,520,493 -3.7% [26]
2009 61,791,868 -12.4% [27]
2010 77,857,705 26.0% [28]
2011 79,989,155 3.1% [29]
2012 84,141,209 5.3% [30]
2013 87,300,115 3.7% [31]
2014 89,747,430 2.6% [32]
2015 90,086,346 0.4% [33]
2016 94,976,569 4.5% [34]
Car Exports by Country (2014) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity
Global automobile import and export in 2011

By country

Main article: Automotive industry by country

The OICA counts over 50 countries which assemble or manufacture automobiles. Of that figure, only 13, boldfaced in the list below, possess the capability to design automobiles from the ground up.[36]

Top 20 motor vehicle producing countries 2016
Country Motor vehicle production (units)
 China
28,118,794
 United States
12,198,137
 Japan
9,204,590
 Germany
6,062,562
 India
4,488,965
 South Korea
4,228,509
 Mexico
3,597,462
 Spain
2,885,922
 Canada
2,370,271
 Brazil
2,156,356
 France
2,082,000
 Thailand
1,944,417
 United Kingdom
1,816,622
 Turkey
1,485,927
 Czech Republic
1,349,896
 Russia
1,303,989
 Indonesia
1,177,389
 Iran
1,164,710
 Italy
1,103,516
 Slovakia
1,040,000

"Production Statistics". OICA.

By manufacturer

See also: List of manufacturers by motor vehicle production

This is a list of the 15 largest manufacturers by production in 2015[35]

Rank Group Country Vehicles
1 Toyota  Japan 10,083,831
2 Volkswagen Group  Germany 9,872,424
3 General Motors
(with SAIC-GM)		  United States 7,485,587
(9,490,835)[a]
4 Hyundai / Kia  South Korea 7,988,479
5 Ford  United States 6,396,369
6 Nissan  Japan 5,170,074
7 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles  Italy /  United States 4,865,233
8 Honda  Japan 4,543,838
9 Suzuki  Japan 3,034,081
10 Renault  France 3,032,652
11 PSA  France 2,982,035
12 BMW  Germany 2,279,503
13 SAIC  China 2,260,579
14 Daimler  Germany 2,134,645
15 Mazda  Japan 1,540,576

Company relationships

Stake holding

It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.

Notable current relationships include:[citation needed]

Joint ventures

Top vehicle manufacturing groups by volume

The table below shows the world's 10 largest motor vehicle manufacturing groups, along with the marques produced by each one. The table is ranked by 2015 production figures from the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA) for the parent group, and then alphabetically by marque. Joint ventures are not reflected in this table. Production figures of joint ventures are typically included in OICA rankings, which can become a source of controversy.[42][43]

Marque Country of origin Ownership Markets
1. Toyota ( Japan)
Daihatsu Japan Subsidiary Europe, Asia (except South Korea), Africa, South America
Hino Japan Subsidiary South East Asia, Japan, North America, Central America, South America, Caribbean
Lexus Japan Business Unit South East Asia, China, Japan, South Korea, Middle East, United States, Canada, Europe, Brazil, Costa Rica, Panama, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India
Toyota Japan Division Global, except Iran
2. Volkswagen AG ( Germany)
Audi Germany Subsidiary Global, except Iran
Bentley United Kingdom Subsidiary Global
Bugatti France Subsidiary Global, except Australia
Ducati Italy Subsidiary Global
Lamborghini Italy Subsidiary Global
MAN Germany Subsidiary Global, except North America
Navistar International United States Subsidiary North America, South America, Russia, UK, Greece, Eastern Europe, India, Middle East, China, Singapore, South Korea
Porsche Germany Subsidiary Global, except Iran, North Korea, Syria, Cuba
Scania Sweden Subsidiary Global, except North America
SEAT Spain Subsidiary Europe, China, Singapore, Mexico, Central America, South America, Middle East, Northern Africa
Škoda Czech Republic Subsidiary Europe, Asia (Except Indonesia, The Philippines, Iran, Japan, South Korea, North Korea), Central America, South America, Dominican Republic, Northern Africa, Western Africa, Australia, New Zealand
Volkswagen Germany Division Global
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Germany Subsidiary Global
VTB Brazil Business Unit Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, South Africa
3. General Motors ( United States)
Buick United States Business Unit North America, China, Israel
Cadillac United States Business Unit North America, Middle East, China, Japan, South Korea
Chevrolet United States Business Unit Global, except Australia, New Zealand
GMC United States Business Unit North America, Middle East (except Israel)
Holden Australia Subsidiary Australia, New Zealand
JieFang China Business Unit China
Opel[b] Germany Business Unit Europe (except United Kingdom), North Africa, South Africa, Middle East, China, Singapore, Chile
SAIC-GM China Business Unit China
Vauxhall[b] United Kingdom Business Unit United Kingdom
UzDaewoo Uzbekistan Business Unit Central Asia, Russia
4. Hyundai / Kia ( South Korea)
Genesis South Korea Business Unit South Korea, Russia, United States, Canada, Middle East
Hyundai South Korea Division Global
Kia South Korea Subsidiary Global, except Japan
5. Ford ( United States)
Ford United States Division Global
Lincoln United States Business Unit North America, Middle East, Japan, South Korea, China
Troller Veículos Especiais Brazil Subsidiary South America, Africa, Australia, Europe
6. Nissan ( Japan)
Datsun Japan Division Indonesia, India, Russia, South Africa
Infiniti Japan Subsidiary Global, except Japan, South America (excluding Chile), Africa (excluding South Africa)
Nissan Japan Division Global
7. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles ( Italy)
Abarth Italy Subsidiary Global, except Iran
Alfa Romeo Italy Subsidiary Global, except Iran, China, Taiwan, the Philippines
Chrysler United States Division Global, except Europe (excluding United Kingdom, Ireland), Africa (excluding South Africa, Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia
Dodge United States Division Global, except Europe, Africa (excluding South Africa, Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia
Fiat Italy Subsidiary Global, except Africa (excluding South Africa), Iran, South East Asia
Fiat Professional Italy Business Unit Global, except Africa (excluding South Africa), Iran, South East Asia, United States, Canada
Jeep United States Division Global, except Africa (excluding South Africa, Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia
Lancia Italy Division Europe (excluding United Kingdom, Ireland)
Maserati Italy Subsidiary Global
Ram United States Division North America, Brazil, Middle East, Peru
8. Honda ( Japan)
Acura Japan Division China, Kuwait, North America, Russia
Honda Japan Division Global
9. Suzuki ( Japan)
Suzuki Japan Division Global, except United States, Canada, North Korea, South Korea
Maruti Suzuki India Subsidiary India, Middle East, South America
10. Renault ( France)
Alpine France Subsidiary
AvtoVAZ Russia Joint venture ownership
Dacia Romania Subsidiary
Renault France Subsidiary
Renault Samsung Motors South Korea Subsidiary
Renault Sport France Subsidiary

Car makes and parent companies

The table below lists most car makes and their parent companies.

Parent (Owner) Parent Country Make Make Country
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles  Italy Abarth  Italy
Honda  Japan Acura  Japan
Polaris Industries  United States Aixam  France
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles  Italy Alfa Romeo  Italy
Renault  France Alpine  France
Aston Martin  United Kingdom Aston Martin  United Kingdom
Volkswagen Group  Germany Audi  Germany
SAIC-GM-Wuling  China/ United States Baojun  China
Volkswagen Group  Germany Bentley  United Kingdom
BMW  Germany BMW  Germany
Brilliance  China Brilliance  China
Volkswagen Group  Germany Bugatti  France
General Motors  United States Buick  United States
BYD  China BYD  China
General Motors  United States Cadillac  United States
Caterham  United Kingdom Caterham  United Kingdom
Chang'an  China Chang'an  China
General Motors  United States Chevrolet  United States
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles  Italy Chrysler  United States
Groupe PSA  France Citroën  France
Renault  France Dacia  Romania
Toyota  Japan Daihatsu  Japan
Nissan  Japan Datsun  Japan
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles  Italy Dodge  United States
Dongfeng Motor Corporation  China Dongfeng  China
Groupe PSA  France DS  France
Dongfeng Motor Corporation  China Dongfeng Fengshen  China
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles  Italy Fiat  Italy
Wanxiang  China Karma  United States
Ford  United States Ford  United States
Ferrari  Italy Ferrari  Italy
Geely  China Geely  China
Hyundai Motor Group  South Korea Genesis  South Korea
General Motors  United States GMC  United States
Toyota  Japan Hino Motors  Japan
General Motors  United States Holden (HSV)  Australia
Honda  Japan Honda  Japan
Hyundai Motor Group  South Korea Hyundai  South Korea
Nissan  Japan Infiniti  Japan
Isuzu Motors  Japan Isuzu  Japan
Tata Motors  India Jaguar  United Kingdom
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles  Italy Jeep  United States
FAW Group / FAW-GM  China/ United States Jie Fang  China
Kantanka Group Conglomerate  Ghana Kantanka  Ghana
Koenigsegg  Sweden Koenigsegg  Sweden
Hyundai Motor Group  South Korea Kia  South Korea
Renault  France Lada  Russia
Volkswagen Group  Germany Lamborghini  Italy
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles  Italy Lancia  Italy
Tata Motors  India Land Rover  United Kingdom
Toyota  Japan Lexus  Japan
Ligier  France Ligier  France
Ford  United States Lincoln  United States
Geely  China Lotus  United Kingdom
Geely  China LTI  United Kingdom
Yulon Motor  Taiwan Luxgen  Taiwan
Mahindra & Mahindra  India Mahindra  India
Suzuki  Japan Maruti Suzuki  India
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles  Italy Maserati  Italy
Mastretta  Mexico Mastretta  Mexico
Daimler AG  Germany Maybach  Germany
Mazda  Japan Mazda  Japan
McLaren Automotive  United Kingdom McLaren  United Kingdom
Daimler AG  Germany Mercedes-Benz  Germany
SAIC Motor  China MG  United Kingdom
Ligier  France Microcar  France
BMW  Germany Mini  United Kingdom
Nissan / Mitsubishi Group  Japan Mitsubishi  Japan
Morgan Motor Company  United Kingdom Morgan  United Kingdom
National Electric Vehicle Sweden (NEVS)  Sweden NEVS  Sweden
Nissan  Japan Nissan  Japan
Peter Dyson  United Kingdom Noble  United Kingdom
Groupe PSA  France Opel  Germany
Pagani Automobili  Italy Pagani  Italy
Perodua  Malaysia Perodua  Malaysia
Groupe PSA  France Peugeot  France
PGO  France PGO  France
Volkswagen Group  Germany Porsche  Germany
Geely / DRB-HICOM  China /  Malaysia PROTON  Malaysia
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles  Italy Ram  United States
GM Uzbekistan  Uzbekistan Ravon  Uzbekistan
Renault  France Renault  France
SAIC Motor  China Roewe  China
BMW  Germany Rolls Royce  United Kingdom
Saleen  United States Saleen  United States
Iran Khodro (IKCO)  Iran Samand  Iran
Renault  France Renault Samsung Motors  South Korea
Volkswagen Group  Germany SEAT  Spain
BAIC Motor  China Senova  China
Volkswagen Group  Germany Škoda  Czech Republic
Daimler AG  Germany Smart  Germany
Mahindra & Mahindra  India SsangYong  South Korea
Subaru Corporation  Japan Subaru  Japan
Suzuki  Japan Suzuki  Japan
Tata Motors  India Tata  India
Tesla  United States Tesla  United States
Saipa  Iran Tiba/Miniator  Iran
Toyota  Japan Toyota  Japan
Uniti Sweden AB  Sweden Uniti  Sweden
Groupe PSA  France Vauxhall  United Kingdom
Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd. (Dongfeng-Nissan)  China/ Japan Venucia  China
Volkswagen Group  Germany Volkswagen  Germany
Geely  China Volvo Cars  Sweden
Vuhl  Mexico Vuhl  Mexico
SAIC-GM-Wuling  China/ United States Wuling  China

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Including production figures from the Chinese SAIC-GM joint venture,[37] which the OICA left out from the 2015 GM total contrary to prior practice; they are combined here for consistency with previous years.
  2. ^ a b GM sold Opel and Vauxhall to French Groupe PSA in 2017.

References

  1. ^ "automotive industry". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  2. ^ Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States (Eighth ed.). Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences. 1968. p. 164. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  3. ^ "U.S. Makes Ninety Percent of World's Automobiles". Popular Science. 115 (5): 84. November 1929. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  4. ^ "2012 Production Statistics". OICA. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  5. ^ Aichner, T.; Coletti, P (2013). "Customers' online shopping preferences in mass customization". Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice. 15 (1): 20–35.
  6. ^ "ISO 26262-10:2012 Road vehicles -- Functional safety -- Part 10: Guideline on ISO 26262". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  7. ^ "Automobile Industry Introduction". Plunkett Research. 2008. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ a b Khor, Martin. "Developing economies slowing down". twnside.org.sg. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  9. ^ "2014 Global Automotive Consumer Study : Exploring consumer preferences and mobility choices in Europe" (PDF). Deloittelcom. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Eisenstein, Paul A. "Building BRIC's: 4 Markets Could Soon Dominate the Auto World". TheDetroitBureau.com.
  11. ^ Bertel Schmitt (15 February 2011). "Auto industry sets new world record". The Truth About Cars. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  12. ^ "Global Automotive Outlook for 2011 Appears Positive as Mature Auto Markets Recover, Emerging Markets Continue to Expand". J.D. Power and Associates. 15 February 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  13. ^ "U.S. vehicle sales peaked in 2000". thecherrycreeknews.com. 27 May 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  14. ^ "Table 1-23: World Motor Vehicle Production, Selected Countries (Thousands of vehicles) | Bureau of Transportation Statistics". Rita.dot.gov. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  15. ^ "Arno A. Evers FAIR-PR". Hydrogenambassadors.com. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  16. ^ a b "1998 - 1997 WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION BY TYPE AND ECONOMIC AREA" (pdf). oica.net. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  17. ^ "1999 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  18. ^ "2000 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  19. ^ "2001 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  20. ^ "2002 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  21. ^ "2003 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  22. ^ "2004 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  23. ^ "2005 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  24. ^ "2006 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  25. ^ "2007 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  26. ^ "2008 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  27. ^ "2009 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  28. ^ "2010 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  29. ^ "2011 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  30. ^ "2012 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  31. ^ "2013 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  32. ^ "2014 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  33. ^ "2015 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  34. ^ "2016 Production Statistics". oica.net.
  35. ^ a b OICA: World Motor Vehicle Production
  36. ^ Jared Lynch, Mark Hawthorne (17 October 2015). "Australia's car industry one year from closing its doors". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ See SGMW in "World Motor Vehicle Production: Group SAIC, Year 2015" (PDF). OICA. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  38. ^ "China's Geely to Acquire Stake in Malaysian Carmaker Proton". Bloomberg.com. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  39. ^ "Nissan to take 34% stake in Mitsubishi Motors - BBC News". Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  40. ^ "Subscribe to read". Financial Times. Retrieved 28 June 2017. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  41. ^ http://www.caradvice.com.au/572997/toyota-buys-stake-in-mazda-joint-us-factory-ev-development-planned/
  42. ^ "GM Slips to Number Two Worldwide, Ford to Fourth". The Truth About Cars. Archived from the original on 13 May 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ "TTAC Announces World's Top Ten Automakers". The Truth About Cars. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

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