C. C. Little: Difference between revisions
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'''Clarence Cook "C.C." Little''' (October 6, 1888 – December 22, 1971) was an [[United States|American]] [[genetics]], [[cancer]], and [[tobacco]] researcher and [[academic administrator]]. |
'''Clarence Cook "C.C." Little''' (October 6, 1888 – December 22, 1971) was an [[United States|American]] [[genetics]], [[cancer]], and [[tobacco]] researcher and [[academic administrator]]. |
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==Early life== |
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C. C. Little was born in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]] and attended [[Harvard University]] after his secondary education at the [[Noble and Greenough School]]. While studying under [[W. E. Castle]], Little began his work with [[mouse|mice]], focusing on inheritance, transplants, and grafts. He also was an assistant dean and secretary to the president. His most important research occurred at Harvard, including what some call his most brilliant work, "A [[Gregor Mendel|Mendelian]] explanation for the inheritance of a trait that has apparently non-Mendelian characteristics". His observations on transplant rejection became codified into the "five laws of transplant immunology" by [[George Davis Snell|George Snell]]. Little developed the "DBA ([[Dilute, Brown and non-Agouti]])" [[Strain (biology)|strain]] of mice while at Harvard. For his research, he received the 1978 Cancer Research Institute [[William B. Coley Award]]. |
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Little received an A.B. from Harvard University in 1910, an M.S. in 1912, and D.Sc. in 1914 in zoology, with special focus in the new science of genetics. |
Little received an A.B. from [[Harvard University]] in 1910, an M.S. in 1912, and D.Sc. in 1914 in zoology, with special focus in the new science of genetics. |
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During [[World War I]] Little served in the [[U.S. Army Signal Corps]], attaining the rank of Major. Following the war he spent three years at the [[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]]. In 1921 he helped found the [[American Birth Control League]] with [[Margaret Sanger]] and [[Lothrop Stoddard]]. |
During [[World War I]] Little served in the [[U.S. Army Signal Corps]], attaining the rank of Major. Following the war he spent three years at the [[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]]. In 1921 he helped found the [[American Birth Control League]] with [[Margaret Sanger]] and [[Lothrop Stoddard]]. |
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==Career== |
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Little accepted the post of President of the [[University of Maine]] in 1922, becoming at age 33 the youngest university president in the country. While there he started a summer laboratory in [[Bar Harbor, Maine|Bar Harbor]]. In 1925 he left to become the President of the [[University of Michigan]]. His tenure at the university was controversial due to his outspokenness in favor of [[eugenics]], [[birth control]], and [[euthanasia]]. He left Michigan in 1929 in order to devote himself to his research at Bar Harbor. With funding from Detroit car manufacturers he was able to improve the facility for year-round use. He renamed it the "Jackson Laboratory" in honor of one donor, Roscoe B. Jackson of the [[Hudson Motor Car]] Corporation.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} Also in 1929 he took on a part-time job as managing director of the American Society for the Control of Cancer (later became the [[American Cancer Society]] (ACS)) and served as President to the [[American Eugenics Society]]. |
Little accepted the post of President of the [[University of Maine]] in 1922, becoming at age 33 the youngest university president in the country. While there he started a summer laboratory in [[Bar Harbor, Maine|Bar Harbor]]. In 1925 he left to become the President of the [[University of Michigan]]. His tenure at the university was controversial due to his outspokenness in favor of [[eugenics]], [[birth control]], and [[euthanasia]]. He left Michigan in 1929 in order to devote himself to his research at Bar Harbor. With funding from Detroit car manufacturers he was able to improve the facility for year-round use. He renamed it the "Jackson Laboratory" in honor of one donor, Roscoe B. Jackson of the [[Hudson Motor Car]] Corporation.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} Also in 1929 he took on a part-time job as managing director of the American Society for the Control of Cancer (later became the [[American Cancer Society]] (ACS)) and served as President to the [[American Eugenics Society]]. |
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His last major post, from 1954 to 1969, was as the Scientific Director of the Scientific Advisory Board of the [[Tobacco Industry Research Committee]] (renamed [[Council for Tobacco Research]] in 1964). In that role he was a leading scientific voice of the [[tobacco industry]] and oversaw a USD 1 million research budget that gave grants to hundreds of scientists. [http://tobaccodocuments.org/bliley_pm/22809.html#images][http://tobaccodocuments.org/tplp/ATMXPRIV0009047-9049.html#images] In 1959 he refuted his earlier assertion, made as Director of the ACS, that inhaling fine particles is unhealthy, and stated that smoking does not cause lung cancer and is at most a minor contributing factor. [http://tobaccodocuments.org/tplp/ATMXPRIV00013038-3041.html#images]. A decade later he said, "there is no demonstrated causal relationship between smoking or any disease."[http://tobaccodocuments.org/nysa_ti_s1/TI55842608.html] In keeping with his earlier research he believed that the main cause of cancer was genetic, not environmental. |
His last major post, from 1954 to 1969, was as the Scientific Director of the Scientific Advisory Board of the [[Tobacco Industry Research Committee]] (renamed [[Council for Tobacco Research]] in 1964). In that role he was a leading scientific voice of the [[tobacco industry]] and oversaw a USD 1 million research budget that gave grants to hundreds of scientists. [http://tobaccodocuments.org/bliley_pm/22809.html#images][http://tobaccodocuments.org/tplp/ATMXPRIV0009047-9049.html#images] In 1959 he refuted his earlier assertion, made as Director of the ACS, that inhaling fine particles is unhealthy, and stated that smoking does not cause lung cancer and is at most a minor contributing factor. [http://tobaccodocuments.org/tplp/ATMXPRIV00013038-3041.html#images]. A decade later he said, "there is no demonstrated causal relationship between smoking or any disease."[http://tobaccodocuments.org/nysa_ti_s1/TI55842608.html] In keeping with his earlier research he believed that the main cause of cancer was genetic, not environmental. |
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==Death and legacy== |
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Little died of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in 1971 in [[Ellsworth, Maine]] at the age of 83. |
Little died of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in 1971 in [[Ellsworth, Maine]] at the age of 83. |
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The C. C. Little Library Building was named in his honor. In 2017, five faculty members asked UM President to rename it because of Little's support for eugenics.<ref name="insidehigheredhonorsforracistscientists">{{cite news|last1=Flaherty|first1=Colleen|title=Honors for Racist Scientists|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/09/07/editorial-nature-sets-debate-over-building-names-and-statues-honor-racist-scientists?|accessdate=September 7, 2017|work=Inside Higher Ed|date=September 7, 2017}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 09:13, 7 September 2017
C. C. Little | |
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| Born | Clarence Cook Little October 6, 1888 |
| Died | December 22, 1971 (aged 83) |
| Occupation(s) | academic administrator, researcher |
Clarence Cook "C.C." Little (October 6, 1888 – December 22, 1971) was an American genetics, cancer, and tobacco researcher and academic administrator.
Early life
C. C. Little was born in Brookline, Massachusetts and attended Harvard University after his secondary education at the Noble and Greenough School. While studying under W. E. Castle, Little began his work with mice, focusing on inheritance, transplants, and grafts. He also was an assistant dean and secretary to the president. His most important research occurred at Harvard, including what some call his most brilliant work, "A Mendelian explanation for the inheritance of a trait that has apparently non-Mendelian characteristics". His observations on transplant rejection became codified into the "five laws of transplant immunology" by George Snell. Little developed the "DBA (Dilute, Brown and non-Agouti)" strain of mice while at Harvard. For his research, he received the 1978 Cancer Research Institute William B. Coley Award.
Little received an A.B. from Harvard University in 1910, an M.S. in 1912, and D.Sc. in 1914 in zoology, with special focus in the new science of genetics.
During World War I Little served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps, attaining the rank of Major. Following the war he spent three years at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. In 1921 he helped found the American Birth Control League with Margaret Sanger and Lothrop Stoddard.
Career
Little accepted the post of President of the University of Maine in 1922, becoming at age 33 the youngest university president in the country. While there he started a summer laboratory in Bar Harbor. In 1925 he left to become the President of the University of Michigan. His tenure at the university was controversial due to his outspokenness in favor of eugenics, birth control, and euthanasia. He left Michigan in 1929 in order to devote himself to his research at Bar Harbor. With funding from Detroit car manufacturers he was able to improve the facility for year-round use. He renamed it the "Jackson Laboratory" in honor of one donor, Roscoe B. Jackson of the Hudson Motor Car Corporation.[citation needed] Also in 1929 he took on a part-time job as managing director of the American Society for the Control of Cancer (later became the American Cancer Society (ACS)) and served as President to the American Eugenics Society.
Funding for the Jackson Laboratory was extremely limited during the Great Depression, but it received one of the first grants from the newly formed National Cancer Institute in 1938. Little energetically developed both the lab and the ACS, and by 1944 they were shipping 9000 mice a week to other laboratories. The laboratory and all of the livestock were destroyed in the Great Bar Harbor Fire in the Fall of 1947. The lab was quickly rebuilt and most mouse strains were recovered from other labs around the world. By 1950 the lab was maintaining 60 inbred strains, and had developed the F1 hybrid that became widely used for chemical testing. Little resigned in 1954.
His last major post, from 1954 to 1969, was as the Scientific Director of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee (renamed Council for Tobacco Research in 1964). In that role he was a leading scientific voice of the tobacco industry and oversaw a USD 1 million research budget that gave grants to hundreds of scientists. [1][2] In 1959 he refuted his earlier assertion, made as Director of the ACS, that inhaling fine particles is unhealthy, and stated that smoking does not cause lung cancer and is at most a minor contributing factor. [3]. A decade later he said, "there is no demonstrated causal relationship between smoking or any disease."[4] In keeping with his earlier research he believed that the main cause of cancer was genetic, not environmental.
Death and legacy
Little died of a heart attack in 1971 in Ellsworth, Maine at the age of 83.
The C. C. Little Library Building was named in his honor. In 2017, five faculty members asked UM President to rename it because of Little's support for eugenics.[1]
See also
References
- C. C. Little, Cancer and Inbred Mice by James F. Crow, "Genetics", Vol. 161, 1357–1361, August 2002.
- Clarence Cook Little (1888-1971): The Genetic Basis of Transplant Immunology by Hugh Auchincloss Jr* and Henry J. Winn, "American Journal of Transplantation", Volume 4 Issue 2 Page 155 - February 2004
- Tobacco Documents Online Tobacco-related documents that mention Little.
External links
- Obituary, Cancer Research, 32, 1354-1356, June 1972
- "The strange career of C.C. Little" Christopher Zbrozek, The Michigan Daily September 26, 2006
- National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
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- ^ Flaherty, Colleen (September 7, 2017). "Honors for Racist Scientists". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved September 7, 2017.