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* Durango, Colorado<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://durangoherald.com/articles/96537-durango-recognizes-indigenous-peoples-day-over-columbus-day|title=Durango recognizes Indigenous Peoples’ Day over Columbus Day|work=Durango Herald|access-date=2017-09-03|language=en}}</ref>
* Durango, Colorado<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://durangoherald.com/articles/96537-durango-recognizes-indigenous-peoples-day-over-columbus-day|title=Durango recognizes Indigenous Peoples’ Day over Columbus Day|work=Durango Herald|access-date=2017-09-03|language=en}}</ref>
* Asheville, North Carolina<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wlos.com/news/local/asheville-city-council-adopts-indigenous-peoples39-day#.VpaPJno8KrV|title=Asheville City Council Adopts Indigenous Peoples' Day|last=Doty|first=Kelly A.|work=WLOS|access-date=2017-09-03|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Asheville, North Carolina<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wlos.com/news/local/asheville-city-council-adopts-indigenous-peoples39-day#.VpaPJno8KrV|title=Asheville City Council Adopts Indigenous Peoples' Day|last=Doty|first=Kelly A.|work=WLOS|access-date=2017-09-03|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Eugene, Washington<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eugeneweekly.com/blog/eugene-says-yes-indigenous-peoples-day|title=Eugene says yes to Indigenous Peoples' Day {{!}} eugeneweekly.com|website=www.eugeneweekly.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-03}}</ref>
* Eugene, Oregon<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eugeneweekly.com/blog/eugene-says-yes-indigenous-peoples-day|title=Eugene says yes to Indigenous Peoples' Day {{!}} eugeneweekly.com|website=www.eugeneweekly.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-03}}</ref>
* Cambridge, Massachusetts<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rwinters.com/council/060616.htm#R5|title=Cambridge City Council meeting - June 6, 2016 - AGENDA|website=rwinters.com|access-date=2017-09-03}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://whdh.com/news/us-world/several-massachusetts-towns-cities-honor-indigenous-peoples-over-columbus/|title=Several Massachusetts towns, cities honor indigenous peoples over Columbus|access-date=2017-09-03|language=en}}</ref>
* Cambridge, Massachusetts<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rwinters.com/council/060616.htm#R5|title=Cambridge City Council meeting - June 6, 2016 - AGENDA|website=rwinters.com|access-date=2017-09-03}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://whdh.com/news/us-world/several-massachusetts-towns-cities-honor-indigenous-peoples-over-columbus/|title=Several Massachusetts towns, cities honor indigenous peoples over Columbus|access-date=2017-09-03|language=en}}</ref>
* Boulder, Colorado<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailycamera.com/news/boulder/ci_30200909/boulder-celebrate-indigenous-peoples-day-columbus-day-each|title=Boulder to celebrate Indigenous Peoples' Day on Columbus Day each year|access-date=2017-09-03}}</ref>
* Boulder, Colorado<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailycamera.com/news/boulder/ci_30200909/boulder-celebrate-indigenous-peoples-day-columbus-day-each|title=Boulder to celebrate Indigenous Peoples' Day on Columbus Day each year|access-date=2017-09-03}}</ref>

Revision as of 06:23, 8 September 2017

Indigenous Peoples' Day
Observed byVarious states and municipalities in the Americas
TypeHistorical
SignificanceA day in honor of Native Americans
DateSecond Monday in October (observed in the United States)
2023 dateOctober 9  (2023-10-09)
2024 dateOctober 14  (2024-10-14)
2025 dateOctober 13  (2025-10-13)
2026 dateOctober 12  (2026-10-12)
FrequencyAnnual

Indigenous Peoples' Day[1] (also known as Native American Day) is a holiday that celebrates the Indigenous peoples of North America. It is celebrated in various localities in the United States. It began as a counter-celebration to Columbus Day, promoting Native American culture and commemorating the history of Native American peoples. The celebration began in Berkeley, California, through the International Indian Treaty Council, and Denver, Colorado, and now in Vermont, as a protest against Columbus Day. The latter is observed as a federal holiday in the United States, but it is not observed as a state holiday in every state, and most retail enterprises stay open.[2] Indigenous Peoples' Day is usually held on the second Monday of October, coinciding with the federal observance of Columbus Day.[3] It is similar to Native American Day, observed in September in California and Tennessee, and the same day as Indigenous Peoples' Day in South Dakota.

History

In 1977, the International Conference on Discrimination Against Indigenous Populations in the Americas, sponsored by the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, began to discuss replacing Columbus Day in the United States with a celebration to be known as Indigenous Peoples Day.[4] Similarly, Native American groups staged actions in Boston, Massachusetts instead of Thanksgiving, which has been celebrated there to mark collaboration between English colonists and Native Americans in the first years. In July 1990, at the First Continental Conference on 500 Years of Indian Resistance in Quito, Ecuador, representatives of Indian groups throughout the Americas agreed that they would mark 1992, the 500th anniversary of the first of the voyages of Christopher Columbus, as a year to promote "continental unity" and "liberation." [5]

After the conference, attendees from Northern California organized to plan protests against the "Quincentennial Jubilee" that had been organized by the United States Congress for the San Francisco Bay Area on Columbus Day 1992. It was to include replicas of Columbus' ships sailing under the Golden Gate Bridge and reenacting their "discovery" of America. The delegates formed the Bay Area Indian Alliance and in turn, the "Resistance 500" task force.[6] It promoted the idea that Columbus' "discovery" of an inhabited lands and subsequent European colonization of these areas had resulted in the genocide of indigenous peoples by decisions of colonial and national governments.[7][8]

In 1992, the group convinced the city council of Berkeley, California, to declare October 12 as a "Day of Solidarity with Indigenous People", and 1992 the "Year of Indigenous People". The city implemented related programs in schools, libraries, and museums. The city symbolically renamed Columbus Day as "Indigenous Peoples' Day" beginning in 1992[9] to protest the historical conquest of North America by Europeans, and to call attention to the losses suffered by the Native American peoples and their cultures[10] through diseases, warfare, massacres, and forced assimilation. Get Lost (Again) Columbus, an opera by a Native American composer, was produced that day.[11] Berkeley has celebrated Indigenous Peoples' Day ever since.[12] Beginning in 1993, Berkeley has also held an annual pow wow and festival on Indigenous Peoples' Day.[6]

In the years following Berkeley's action, other local governments and institutions have either renamed or canceled Columbus Day, either to celebrate Native American history and cultures, to avoid celebrating Columbus and the European colonization of the Americas, or due to raised controversy over the legacy of Columbus.[13] Several other California cities, including Richmond, Santa Cruz, and Sebastopol, now celebrate Indigenous Peoples' Day and on this day all people are encouraged to donate to a neighboring tribe and recognize the trauma and pain indigenous peoples have been subjected to by colonizers. [13]

At least four states do not celebrate Columbus Day (Alaska, Hawaii, Oregon, and South Dakota); South Dakota officially celebrates Native American Day instead.[3][14][15] Various tribal governments in Oklahoma designate the day as "Native American Day", or have renamed the day after their own tribes.[16] In 2013, the California state legislature considered a bill, AB55, to formally replace Columbus Day with Native American Day but did not pass it.[17] On August 30, 2017, following similar affirmative votes in Oberlin, Ohio[18], followed later by Bangor, Maine in the earlier weeks of the same month,[19] the Los Angeles City Council voted in favor of replacing Columbus Day with Indigenous People's Day.[20]

Other celebrations

Numerous efforts in the Americas have honored Native Americans as part of Columbus Day, or by designating two holidays for the same date.[10] Especially since Native American activism has increased since the 1960s and 1970s, a variety of protests have been staged against celebrating Columbus Day.[21] These have included mock trials of Christopher Columbus, an insurgent offensive in Peru by the Shining Path guerrillas,[21] and protests and disruptions of Columbus Day parades in the United States.[22]

Indigenous peoples in other nations have also lobbied to have holidays established to recognize their contributions and history. For instance, Brazil celebrates "National Indigenous Peoples' Day" on April 19.[23] In the Philippines, the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples, as well as various local indigenous towns, designated October 29, 2008, as Indigenous Peoples' Day.[24]

International Day of the World’s Indigenous People

Main article: International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples

In 1994, the United Nations declared an International Day of the World’s Indigenous People, establishing it on August 9.[25] This international holiday has been celebrated also in various nations. [26][27]

Observing Locations

The following locations celebrate Indigenous Peoples Day instead of Columbus Day, with the exception of Lewiston, New York, which celebrates both.[28]

Adopted 1992

  • Berkeley, California[29]

Adopted 2014

  • Minneapolis, Minnesota[30]
  • Seattle, Washington[31]
  • Minnesota State University, Mankato

Adopted 2015

  • St. Paul, Minnesota[32]
  • Albuquerque, New Mexico[33]
  • Portland, Oregon[34]
  • Traverse City, Michigan[35]
  • Akron/Newstead, New York[36]
  • Olympia, Washington[37]
  • Village of Lewistown, New York[28]
  • Anadarko, Oklahoma[38]
  • Carrboro, North Carolina[39]
  • Belfast, Maine[40]
  • San Fernando, California[41]
  • Alpena, Michigan[42]
  • Bexar County, Texas[43]

Adopted 2016

  • Denver, Colorado[44]
  • State of Minnesota[45]
  • State of Vermont[46]
  • University of Utah
  • Brown University
  • Cornell University
  • Ann Arbor, Michigan[47]
  • Spokane, Washington[48]
  • Bainbridge Island, Washington[49]
  • East Lansing, Michigan[50]
  • Santa Fe, New Mexico[51]
  • Phoenix, Arizona[52]
  • State of Alaska[53]
  • Ypsilanti, Michigan[54]
  • Durango, Colorado[55]
  • Asheville, North Carolina[56]
  • Eugene, Oregon[57]
  • Cambridge, Massachusetts[58] [59]
  • Boulder, Colorado[60]
  • Lawrence, Kansas[61]

Adopted 2017

  • Oberlin, Ohio[62]
  • Bangor, Maine[63]
  • Los Angeles, California[64]

See also

References

  1. ^ Sometimes punctuated Indigenous "People's" or "Peoples" Day
  2. ^ "The future of Columbus Day: Can a national holiday survive when detractors say it's nothing to celebrate?". The Week.
  3. ^ a b Thomas J. Morgan (April 9, 2009). "Brown casts off Columbus, agreeing to forgo celebrating his day". Rhode Island Journal.
  4. ^ R.S. Sriyananda (August 7, 2009). "Celebrating peoples of Yore". Daily News (Sri Lanka).
  5. ^ "Declaration of Quito, Ecuador". Indigenous Alliance of the Americas on 500 Years of Resistance. July 1990.
  6. ^ a b Katlyn Carter (January 10, 2005). "Berkeley Celebrates Indigenous Peoples' Day". Daily Californian.
  7. ^ "`Indigenous People's Day' to Replace Columbus Celebration". Los Angeles Times. January 11, 1992.
  8. ^ Michael S. Arnold (October 12, 1992). "Protesters Stop Mock Landing of Columbus". Los Angeles Times.
  9. ^ "Berkeley Postpones Fate of Columbus Day". San Jose Mercury News. July 17, 1992.
  10. ^ a b Roger Petterson (October 13, 1992). "Columbus Day Stirs Debate Across America". Associated Press.
  11. ^ James Barron (October 12, 1992). "He's the Explorer/Exploiter You Just Have to Love/Hate". New York Times.
  12. ^ Richard C. Paddock (January 13, 2008). "UC Berkeley's bones of contention". Los Angeles Times.
  13. ^ a b Conor Dougherty and Sudeep Reddy (October 10, 2009). "Is Columbus Day Sailing Off the Calendar". Wall Street Journal.
  14. ^ "South Dakota Codified Laws".
  15. ^ "Chapter 187 — Holidays; Standard of Time; Commemorations". State of Oregon. Oregon Legislative Website. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
  16. ^ Clifton Adcock (October 13, 2008). "Holiday not celebrated by tribes: American Indians see Columbus Day as a reminder of harsh treatment ages ago". Tulsa World.
  17. ^ "Columbus Day To Native American Day? CA Assemblyman Roger Hernandez Introduces Bill AB 55". The Huffington Post. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
  18. ^ Reid, Melissa (August 21, 2017). "City of Oberlin officially abolishes Columbus Day in favor of Indigenous Peoples Day". fox8.com. WJW (TV). Retrieved August 31, 2017. In a unanimous vote Monday night, Oberlin City Council voted to abolish Columbus Day and replace it with Indigenous Peoples Day.
  19. ^ "Bangor Renaming Columbus Day as 'Indigenous People's Day'". usnews.com. U.S. News and World Report. August 29, 2017. One of the biggest cities in Maine is renaming the second Monday in October as "Indigenous People's Day" instead of Columbus Day...WMTW-TV reports the Bangor City Council approved the change on Monday. Belfast, Maine, became the first city in the state to make the change in 2015...Bangor officials say in public records that the renamed holiday "will provide an opportunity for our community to recognize and celebrate the Indigenous Peoples of our region." They specifically site the Aroostook Band of Micmacs, Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians, Penobscot Indian Nation and the Passamaquoddy tribe. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  20. ^ "LA City Council votes to replace Columbus Day with Indigenous Peoples Day". abc7.com. KABC-TV. August 20, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2017. The Los Angeles City Council voted on Wednesday to replace the Columbus Day holiday with Indigenous Peoples Day...Councilmembers voted 14-1 to make the second Monday in October a day to commemorate indigenous, aboriginal and native people. It will be a paid holiday for city employees.
  21. ^ a b Sam Stanton (October 9, 1992). "Columbus Feted Despite His Fall from Grace". McClatchey News Service.
  22. ^ Keith Coffman, "Columbus Day protest in Denver leads to arrests", Reuters, October 6, 2007.
  23. ^ Mario Osava (April 16, 2009). "Dispossessed Demand Land, Health, Justice". Inter Press Service.
  24. ^ Nony Basco (November 1, 2008). "Panay-Bukidnon celebrates Indigenous Peoples' Day". ABS-CBN News.
  25. ^ Dag Hammarskjöld Library: International Day of the World’s Indigenous People Archived November 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ "Low Health Standards Highlighted On Indigenous Peoples' Day". News Room America. August 9, 2009.
  27. ^ "World Indigenous Day celebrated in Khagrachhari". The Daily Star. August 9, 2009.
  28. ^ a b joan.mcdonough@niagara-gazette.com, Joan McDonough. "Village of Lewiston celebrating both Indigenous Peoples Day and Columbus Day on Monday". Niagara Gazette. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  29. ^ "Replacing Columbus Day with Indigenous Peoples Day is a long overdue victory for civil rights". Los Angeles Times. September 1, 2017. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  30. ^ "Minneapolis Renames Columbus Day As Indigenous People's Day". NPR.org. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  31. ^ "Seattle Swaps Columbus Day For 'Indigenous Peoples' Day'". NPR.org. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  32. ^ "Gallery: St. Paul's first official Indigenous Peoples Day". Star Tribune. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  33. ^ "Victory! Albuquerque Declares Indigenous Peoples Day". October 7, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  34. ^ "Portland joins Indigenous Peoples' Day movement". OregonLive.com. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  35. ^ "Traverse City approves Indigenous Peoples Day". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  36. ^ O'Brien, Barbara (October 8, 2015). "Newstead prepares for its first Indigenous Peoples Day on Monday". The Buffalo News. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  37. ^ "Olympia to honor Indigenous Peoples' Day". theolympian. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  38. ^ "Anadarko now officially recognizing Indigenous Peoples' Day". Red Dirt Report. September 28, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  39. ^ "Carrboro declares 'Indigenous Peoples' Day'". newsobserver. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  40. ^ Curtis, Abigail; Staff, B. D. N. "Belfast council renames Columbus holiday Indigenous Peoples Day". The Bangor Daily News. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  41. ^ "San Fernando to Host Indigenous People's Day Festival with Local Tribe". The San Fernando Valley Sun. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  42. ^ "Ypsi may dump Columbus Day for Indigenous Peoples Day". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  43. ^ Reagan, Mark. "Bexar County Designates October 12 as Indigenous Peoples Day". San Antonio Current. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  44. ^ "Denver approves permanent recognition of Indigenous Peoples' Day on Columbus Day". The Denver Post. October 4, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  45. ^ "Indigenous Peoples Day Proclamation" (PDF). mn.gov. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  46. ^ "State Of Vermont Indigenous People's Day Proclamation" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  47. ^ "Ann Arbor to recognize Indigenous Peoples Day instead of Columbus Day". MLive.com. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  48. ^ "Ann Arbor to recognize Indigenous Peoples Day instead of Columbus Day". MLive.com. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  49. ^ "City Celebrates Indigenous Peoples Day on October 10 at City Hall". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  50. ^ "East Lansing swaps out Columbus Day for Indigenous People's Day". MLive.com. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  51. ^ Mexican, Daniel J. ChacónThe New. "Santa Fe to honor Natives with Indigenous Peoples Day". The Santa Fe New Mexican. Retrieved September 3, 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  52. ^ "Take That, Columbus: Indigenous Peoples' Day Unanimously Passes in Phoenix - Indian Country Media Network". indiancountrymedianetwork.com. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  53. ^ "Columbus Day renamed Indigenous Peoples Day in Alaska". Alaska Dispatch News. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  54. ^ "Ypsilanti to recognize 'Indigenous Peoples Day' on Columbus Day". MLive.com. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  55. ^ "Durango recognizes Indigenous Peoples' Day over Columbus Day". Durango Herald. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  56. ^ Doty, Kelly A. "Asheville City Council Adopts Indigenous Peoples' Day". WLOS. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  57. ^ "Eugene says yes to Indigenous Peoples' Day | eugeneweekly.com". www.eugeneweekly.com. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  58. ^ "Cambridge City Council meeting - June 6, 2016 - AGENDA". rwinters.com. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  59. ^ "Several Massachusetts towns, cities honor indigenous peoples over Columbus". Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  60. ^ "Boulder to celebrate Indigenous Peoples' Day on Columbus Day each year". Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  61. ^ "Lawrence, Kansas Passes Indigenous Peoples Day Resolution". Native News Online. April 20, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  62. ^ "City of Oberlin officially abolishes Columbus Day in favor of Indigenous Peoples Day". fox8.com. August 22, 2017. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  63. ^ Gagnon, Dawn; Staff, B. D. N. "Bangor to designate Indigenous Peoples' Day on Columbus Day". The Bangor Daily News. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
  64. ^ "LA Council Vote to Replace Columbus Day with Indigenous Peoples Day as a City Holiday". The San Fernando Valley Sun. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
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