Mikulov: Difference between revisions
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'''Mikulov''' ({{IPA-cs|ˈmɪkulof}}; {{lang-de|Nikolsburg}}; {{lang-yi|ניקאלשבורג}}, ''Nikolshburg'') is a town in the [[Moravia]], [[South Moravian Region]] of the [[Czech Republic]]. |
'''Mikulov''' ({{IPA-cs|ˈmɪkulof}}; {{lang-de|Nikolsburg}}; {{lang-yi|ניקאלשבורג}}, ''Nikolshburg'') is a town in the [[Moravia]], [[South Moravian Region]] of the [[Czech Republic]]. |
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[[File:Mikulov-Nicolsburg city seal.jpg|thumb|260px|upright|City Mikulov (Nicolsburg) official Seal, 1810]] |
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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The town is part of the historic [[Moravia]] region, located directly on the border with [[Lower Austria]]. In the south, a road border crossing leads to the neighbouring Austrian municipality of [[Drasenhofen]]. The highway is part of the [[European route E461]] and is to be extended as the [[R52 expressway (Czech Republic)|R52 expressway]]. |
The town is part of the historic [[Moravia]] region, located directly on the border with [[Lower Austria]]. In the south, a road border crossing leads to the neighbouring Austrian municipality of [[Drasenhofen]]. The highway is part of the [[European route E461]] and is to be extended as the [[R52 expressway (Czech Republic)|R52 expressway]]. |
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===Bohemian Crown=== |
===Bohemian Crown=== |
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[[File:Mikulov, zámek.JPG|thumb|left|Mikulov Castle]] |
[[File:Mikulov, zámek.JPG|thumb|left|260px|Mikulov Castle]] |
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In 1526, the [[Anabaptists|Anabaptist]] leader [[Balthasar Hubmaier]] came from [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Switzerland]] to Nikolsburg, where he was captured and arrested by the forces of the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] king [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] in the following year. The town remained in the Liechtenstein family until 1560, and in 1572 Emperor [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II]] granted the fief to his ambassador to the Spanish court Adam von [[Dietrichstein]]. From 1575 until the 20th century, Nikolsburg remained the proprietary possession of the Dietrichstein noble family and its [[Mensdorff-Pouilly]] successors. |
In 1526, the [[Anabaptists|Anabaptist]] leader [[Balthasar Hubmaier]] came from [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Switzerland]] to Nikolsburg, where he was captured and arrested by the forces of the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] king [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] in the following year. The town remained in the Liechtenstein family until 1560, and in 1572 Emperor [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II]] granted the fief to his ambassador to the Spanish court Adam von [[Dietrichstein]]. From 1575 until the 20th century, Nikolsburg remained the proprietary possession of the Dietrichstein noble family and its [[Mensdorff-Pouilly]] successors. |
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===Jewish Mikulov=== |
===Jewish Mikulov=== |
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:{{See also|Familianten}} |
:{{See also|Familianten}} |
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[[File:V09p305001 Nikolsburg.jpg| |
[[File:V09p305001 Nikolsburg.jpg|260px|thumb|Jewish quarter (1900s)]] |
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The beginning of the Jewish settlement in Nikolsburg dates as far as 1421, when Jews were expelled from [[Vienna]] and the neighboring province of [[Lower Austria]] by the duke of Austria, [[Albert II of Germany]]. The refugees settled in the town situated close to the Austrian border, some {{convert|85|km|0|abbr=off}} from the [[Austria]]n capital, under the protection of the princes of Liechtenstein, and additional settlers were brought after the expulsions of the Jews from the Moravian royal boroughs by the king [[Ladislaus the Posthumous]] after 1454.<ref name="Nezhodová423">Nezhodová, Soňa. ''The Jewish Mikulov'' (Židovský Mikulov). 1. ed. Brno: Matice moravská, 2006, 423 p. {{ISBN|80-86488-28-4}}</ref> |
The beginning of the Jewish settlement in Nikolsburg dates as far as 1421, when Jews were expelled from [[Vienna]] and the neighboring province of [[Lower Austria]] by the duke of Austria, [[Albert II of Germany]]. The refugees settled in the town situated close to the Austrian border, some {{convert|85|km|0|abbr=off}} from the [[Austria]]n capital, under the protection of the princes of Liechtenstein, and additional settlers were brought after the expulsions of the Jews from the Moravian royal boroughs by the king [[Ladislaus the Posthumous]] after 1454.<ref name="Nezhodová423">Nezhodová, Soňa. ''The Jewish Mikulov'' (Židovský Mikulov). 1. ed. Brno: Matice moravská, 2006, 423 p. {{ISBN|80-86488-28-4}}</ref> |
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==Demographics== |
==Demographics== |
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[[File:Mikulov 4826.jpg| |
[[File:Mikulov 4826.jpg|260px|thumb|St. Sebastian Chapel on the Holy Hill (''Svatý Kopeček'')]] |
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Revision as of 08:20, 3 October 2017
Template:Geobox Mikulov (Czech pronunciation: [ˈmɪkulof]; Template:Lang-de; Template:Lang-yi, Nikolshburg) is a town in the Moravia, South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic.
Geography
The town is part of the historic Moravia region, located directly on the border with Lower Austria. In the south, a road border crossing leads to the neighbouring Austrian municipality of Drasenhofen. The highway is part of the European route E461 and is to be extended as the R52 expressway.
Mikulov is situated between the Pavlovské vrchy hilly area and the edge of the Mikulov Highlands, stretching up to the Thaya river and the three Nové Mlýny reservoirs. The Pálava Protected Landscape Area begins in Mikulov, and so does the Moravian Karst.
History
After the Margraviate of Moravia was established, the settlement of Nikulsburch was first mentioned in a 1249 deed, issued by the Přemyslid margrave Ottokar II who granted it, including a castle, and the surrounding area to the Austrian noble Henry I of Liechtenstein. In 1262 the possession was confirmed by Ottokar, Bohemian king since 1253. After King Rudolf I of Germany had defeated Ottokar at the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld, he vested Henry II of Liechtenstein with market rights in villa Nicolspurch. German citizens were called in and lived there until their expulsion in 1945 according to the Beneš decrees.
Bohemian Crown
In 1526, the Anabaptist leader Balthasar Hubmaier came from Switzerland to Nikolsburg, where he was captured and arrested by the forces of the Habsburg king Ferdinand I in the following year. The town remained in the Liechtenstein family until 1560, and in 1572 Emperor Maximilian II granted the fief to his ambassador to the Spanish court Adam von Dietrichstein. From 1575 until the 20th century, Nikolsburg remained the proprietary possession of the Dietrichstein noble family and its Mensdorff-Pouilly successors.
In 1621, during the Thirty Years' War, Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein signed the Treaty of Nikolsburg with the Transylvanian prince Gabriel Bethlen at Mikulov Castle. Four years later, Emperor Ferdinand II and his aulic council met at the castle, where General Albrecht von Wallenstein received his commission and was elevated to a Duke of Friedland. Franz von Dietrichstein also established the first Piarist college north of the Alps in Nikolsburg.
After a fire damaged the original Nikolsburg Castle in 1719, the Dietrichstein family reconstructed the château to its present appearance. After the Austro-Prussian War, Count Alajos Károlyi began work on a peace treaty in Nikolsburg that led to the Treaty of Prague in 1866.
Jewish Mikulov
The beginning of the Jewish settlement in Nikolsburg dates as far as 1421, when Jews were expelled from Vienna and the neighboring province of Lower Austria by the duke of Austria, Albert II of Germany. The refugees settled in the town situated close to the Austrian border, some 85 kilometres (53 miles) from the Austrian capital, under the protection of the princes of Liechtenstein, and additional settlers were brought after the expulsions of the Jews from the Moravian royal boroughs by the king Ladislaus the Posthumous after 1454.[1]
The settlement grew in importance and in the first half of the 16th century when Nikolsburg became the seat of the regional rabbi of Moravia, thus becoming a cultural centre of Moravian Jewry. The famous rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel (1525 – 1609), who is said to have created the golem of Prague, officiated here for twenty years as the second regional rabbi between 1553 and 1573.[2] Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein, son of Adam von Dietrichstein, was a special protector of the Jews, whose taxes were necessary to finance the Thirty Years' War.[3]
In the first half of the 18th century the congregation in Nikolsburg totalled over 600 families, being the largest Jewish settlement in Moravia. The census of 1754 decreed by Empress Maria Theresa of Austria ascertained that there were some 620 families established in Nikolsburg, i.e. the Jewish population of about 3,000 comprised half of the town‘s inhabitants.[1] It is obvious that only a small number of Jews could make their living in the town as artisans; the rest had to become merchants. The congregation suffered severely during the Silesian wars (1740–1742, 1744–1745 and 1756–1763), when they had to furnish the monarchy with their share in the supertaxes exacted by the government of Maria Theresa from the Jews of Moravia.[3]
Quite a number of Nikolsburg Jews continued to earn their livelihood in Vienna, where they were permitted to stay for some time on special passports. The freedom of residence, which was conceded to the Jews in Austria in 1848, reduced the number of resident Jews in Nikolsburg to less than one-third of the population which it contained at the time of its highest development. In 1904, there were 749 Jewish residents in the city, out of a total population of 8,192.[3] In 1938, prior to the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the city population totaled about 8,000 mostly German-speaking inhabitants. Out of these, 472 were Jewish at this time.[1] The Jewish settlement in Nikolsburg ceased to exist during World War II, as only 110 managed to emigrate in time, and 327 of Mikulov's Jews did not survive the Holocaust.[1]
Following World War II, the town's German population was brutally expelled between 1945-46 by the Czech Communist Government. In 1948, Mikulov's population was around 5,200.
Demographics
| Census year | Population | Ethnicity of inhabitants | ||
| year | German | Czechs | other | |
| 1793 | 7440 | |||
| 1836 | 8421 | |||
| 1869 | 7173 | |||
| 1880 | 7642 | 7447 | 144 | 61 |
| 1890 | 8210 | 8057 | 79 | 74 |
| 1900 | 8092 | 7843 | 170 | 79 |
| 1910 | 8043 | 7787 | 189 | 67 |
| 1921 | 7699 | 6359 | 626 | 485 |
| 1930 | 7790 | 6409 | 898 | 483 |
| 1939 | 7886 | |||
Economy
Mikulov is a centre of Czech wine-making due to its favorable geographic location and climate, as well as its unique history. Mikulov is not only the centre, but the namesake of, the Moravian wine sub-region vinarská podoblast Mikulovská.[5] Twelve registered cadastral vineyard tracts (Czech: trat) are situated within the Mikulov wine village as defined under the Czech Viticulture Act.[6] Other significant economic activities in Mikulov are the machine-making and clay industries, as well as oil found at the edge of the Viennese Basin.
Landmarks
Mikulov's historic buildings, such as Mikulov Castle, and the surrounding wine country draw tourists from the Czech Republic and neighboring countries. Beginning in Mikulov, the 65 kilometer long Mikulov Wine Trail winds throughout the Mikulov wine region and is a part of wine tourism in the area. Other noteworthy historic sights are the Dietrichstein sepulchre, the old Jewish Quarter, and the Piarist College. Several historic churches and a synagogue, built in various architectural styles, are located in Mikulov, including the Romanesque Church of St. Václav and charnel house, the Baroque Church of St. John the Baptist, St. Sebastian Chapel on the Holy Hill (Svatý Kopeček), the neo-Gothic Eastern Christian Church of St. Nicolas, and the Altschul Synagogue.
Notable residents
Rabbis
- Judah Löw ben Bezaleel, the first rabbi of Nikolsburg, chief rabbi of Moravia, officiated in Nikolsburg about 1553–1573
- Judah Löb Eilenburg (1574–1618)
- Gabriel ben Chajjim ben Sinaj (1618–1624)
- Yom-Ṭob Lipmann Heller (1624– )
- Pethahiah ben Joseph (1631–1637)
- Abraham ben Mordechaj Jaffe (1637–1647)
- Menahem Mendel Krochmal (1648–1661)
- Gershon Ashkenazi (1661– )
- Aaron Jacob ben Ezekiel ( –1671)
- Judah Löb, son of Menahem Krochmal (1672–1684)
- Eliezer Mendel Fanta (1684–1690)
- David Oppenheim (1690–1702)
- Gabriel Eskeles (1709–1718)
- Bernard Eskeles (1718–1753)
- Moses Lwow-Lemburger (1753–1757)
- Gershon Politz (1757–1772)
- Shmuel "S(c)hmelke" (ben Hirsh Halevi) Horowitz of Nikolsburg (1772–1778)
- Gershon Chajes (1780–1789)
- Mordecai Benet (1789–1829)
- Nahum Trebitsch (1831–1842)
- Samson Raphael Hirsch (1847–1851)
- Hirsch Teltscher (1851–1853)
- Isak Weinberger (1853–1855)
- Solomon Quetsch (1855–1856)
- Mayer Feuchtwang (1861–1888)
- David Feuchtwang (1892–1903), also chief rabbi of Vienna; Son of Mayer
- Moritz Levin (since 1903–1918)
- Alfred Willmann (1919–1938)
Other
- Adam von Dietrichstein, purchaser of the Mikulov estate in 1575
- Maximilian, Prince of Dietrichstein (1596–1655), grandson of Adam von Dietrichstein and owner of the Mikulov estate
- Auerbach (Jewish family)
- Moses ben Avraham Avinu (?–1733), printer, author, Christian convert to Judaism
- Joseph von Sonnenfels, né Lipmann (1732–1817), Austrian and German Jewish (later Christian) jurist, novelist
- Anton Joseph Leeb (1769–1837), Mayor of Vienna
- Heinrich Landesmann (1821–1902), Jewish poet and philosophical writer
- Heinrich Auspitz (1835–1886), Jewish dermatologist
- Edmund Wengraf (1860–1933, Vienna), Austrian jurist, journalist, narrative writer, novelist, essayist, poet, theatre critic
- Siegfried Altmann (1872–1961), Jewish educator and former Director of Das Israelitisches Blindeninstitut, a Jewish institute for blind children.[7]
- Adolf Schärf (1890–1965), Moravian German politician
- Karel Krautgartner (1922–1982), Czech jazz and classical clarinetist, saxophonist, arranger, composer, conductor and teacher
- Joseph Almosnino, Greek-Serbian rabbi
- Simon Bacher
- Samuel Baeck
- Vincent, Count Benedetti
- Simcha Bunim of Peshischa
- Bonifác Buzek (1788, Příbor - 1839, Brno) (de)
- Judah he-Hasid
- Balthasar Hubmaier (c. 1480, Friedberg, Bavaria – March 10, 1528), Moravian German Anabaptist (Schwertler (de)) leader
- Aaron Samuel Kaidanover
- Meyer Kayserling
- Karl (Carl) Borromäus Landsteiner (pseudonym: Arthur Landerstein; 1835, Schloß Stoitzendorf, Stoitzendorf bei Eggenburg, Lower Austria - 1909, Mikulov), Austrian Catholic theologian, author[8]
- Yaakov Yitzchak of Lublin
- Alfons Mucha, hired by Count Karl Khuen of Mikulov
- Abraham Neuda
- Leonhard Schiemer
- Richard Teltscher (1888, Vienna - 1974, London), Jewish Austrian wine-merchant, patron and patriot, founder of the Jewish Central Museum for Moravia-Silesia in Mikulov
- Abraham Trebitsch
- Elkan Bauer, Jewish Austrian composer of popular waltzes
- Moriz Jung, (1885-1915) Austrian painter and graphic artist, notable for his work for the Wiener Werkstätte
Twin towns – sister cities
Mikulov is twinned with:
Bardejov, Slovakia
/
Katzrin, Israeli settlement in the Golan Heights
Šumperk, Czech Republic- Galanta, Slovakia
Tuchów, Poland
Laa an der Thaya, Austria
Gallery
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Main place and sgraffit house -
Main place view towards the chapel -
Castle in Mikulov -
Castle park -
Synagogue in the former Jewish ghetto -
Synagogue, inside
See also
- Dietrichstein tomb
- Lednice - Valtice area
- Lednice–Valtice Cultural Landscape
- Old Hungarian alphabet of Nikolsburg
- Ostlandkreuz
References
- ^ a b c d Nezhodová, Soňa. The Jewish Mikulov (Židovský Mikulov). 1. ed. Brno: Matice moravská, 2006, 423 p. ISBN 80-86488-28-4
- ^ Moravia and its castles
- ^ a b c Jewish Encyclopedia, "Jewish Nikolsburg", Retrieved 2011-01-30
- ^ Historický místopis Moravy a Slezska v letech 1848–1960, sv.9. 1984
- ^ Wine of the Czech Republic, "Mikulov Wine Region", Retrieved 2011-01-30
- ^ Czech Wine Law, "Viticulture Act of 2004", pg 87-90, Retrieved 2011-01-30
- ^ Center for Jewish History Digital Collections, "Sigfried Altmann Collection", Retrieved 2011-01-30
- ^ aeiou Encyclopedia, "Landsteiner, Karl", Retrieved 2011-01-30
External links
