Blood urea nitrogen: Difference between revisions
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Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a medical test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen found in blood. The liver produces [[urea]] in the [[urea cycle]] as a waste product of the [[digestion]] of [[protein]]. Normal human adult blood should contain between 6 and 20 [[milligram|mg]] of '''urea nitrogen''' per 100 [[milliliter|ml]] (6–20 mg/[[deciliter|dL]]) of blood. Individual laboratories will have different [[Reference ranges for blood tests|reference range]]s as the assay used |
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a medical test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen found in blood. The liver produces [[urea]] in the [[urea cycle]] as a waste product of the [[digestion]] of [[protein]]. Normal human adult blood should contain between 6 and 20 [[milligram|mg]] of '''urea nitrogen''' per 100 [[milliliter|ml]] (6–20 mg/[[deciliter|dL]]) of blood. Individual laboratories will have different [[Reference ranges for blood tests|reference range]]s as the assay used can vary between laboratories.<ref name=firstaid>Last page of {{cite book |author1=Deepak A. Rao |author2=Le, Tao |author3=Bhushan, Vikas |title=First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1) |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location= |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=0-07-149868-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name=Marshall>[http://musom.marshall.edu/usmle/usmlelabvalues.htm Normal Lab Results] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216130827/http://musom.marshall.edu/usmle/usmlelabvalues.htm |date=December 16, 2014 }} from Marshal University School of Medicine</ref> |
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==Interpretation== |
==Interpretation== |
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BUN is an indication of [[renal]] (kidney) health. The normal range is 1.8-7.1 mmol/[[liter|L]] or 6–20 mg/[[deciliter|dL]]. Blood urea nitrogen levels can also help identify damage to body systems and diseases of the digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems. <ref>{{cite web|title=Blood Urea Nitrogen|url=https://biologydictionary.net/blood-urea-nitrogen|website=biologydictionary.net|accessdate=11 July 2017}}</ref> |
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The main causes of an increase in BUN are: high protein diet, decrease in [[glomerular filtration rate]] (GFR) (suggestive of renal failure) and in blood volume ([[hypovolemia]]), [[congestive heart failure]], gastrointestinal hemorrhage,<ref name=":0">Longo et al., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th ed., p.611</ref> [[fever]] and increased [[catabolism]]. Hypothyroidism can cause both decreased GFR and hypovolemia, |
The main causes of an increase in BUN are: high protein diet, decrease in [[glomerular filtration rate]] (GFR) (suggestive of renal failure) and in blood volume ([[hypovolemia]]), [[congestive heart failure]], gastrointestinal hemorrhage,<ref name=":0">Longo et al., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th ed., p.611</ref> [[fever]], and increased [[catabolism]]. Hypothyroidism can cause both decreased GFR and hypovolemia, but [[BUN-to-creatinine ratio]] has been found to be lowered in hypothyroidism and raised in hyperthyroidism. |
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The main causes of a decrease in BUN are severe liver disease, anabolic state, and [[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion|syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone]].<ref name=":0" /> |
The main causes of a decrease in BUN are severe liver disease, anabolic state, and [[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion|syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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[[File:Blood values sorted by mass and molar concentration.png|thumb|center|700px|[[Reference ranges for blood tests]], comparing urea (yellow at right) to other blood constituents |
[[File:Blood values sorted by mass and molar concentration.png|thumb|center|700px|[[Reference ranges for blood tests]], comparing urea (yellow at right) to other blood constituents]] |
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Another rare cause of a decreased BUN is [[ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency]], which is a genetic disorder inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. OTC |
Another rare cause of a decreased BUN is [[ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency]], which is a genetic disorder inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. OTC deficiency is also accompanied by hyperammonemia and high orotic acid levels. |
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==Units== |
==Units== |
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BUN [mmol/L] = BUN [mg/dL] * 0.3571 |
BUN [mmol/L] = BUN [mg/dL] * 0.3571 |
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To convert from mg/dL of blood urea nitrogen to mmol/L of urea, multiply by 0.357 (each molecule of urea having |
To convert from mg/dL of blood urea nitrogen to mmol/L of urea, multiply by 0.357 (each molecule of urea having two nitrogens, each of molar mass 14g/mol) (BUN is the mass of nitrogen within urea/volume, not the mass of urea) |
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::Urea [mmol/L] = BUN [mg/dL of [[nitrogen]]] x 10 [dL/L] / 14x2 [mg N/mmol urea] (the mass of nitrogen within urea is used) |
::Urea [mmol/L] = BUN [mg/dL of [[nitrogen]]] x 10 [dL/L] / 14x2 [mg N/mmol urea] (the mass of nitrogen within urea is used) |
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(conversion factor derived by: MW of urea = 60, MW of urea nitrogen = 14x2 => 60/28 = 2.14) |
(conversion factor derived by: MW of urea = 60, MW of urea nitrogen = 14x2 => 60/28 = 2.14) |
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factor = 1 for conversions in mmol (1 mole |
factor = 1 for conversions in mmol (1 mole N<sub>2</sub> = 2 moles N per mole of urea): |
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::BUN [mmol/L]= urea [mmol/L] |
::BUN [mmol/L]= urea [mmol/L] |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[BUN-to-creatinine ratio]] |
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*[[Kt/V]] |
*[[Kt/V]] |
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*[[Urea reduction ratio]] |
*[[Urea reduction ratio]] |
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*[[Urine urea nitrogen]] |
*[[Urine urea nitrogen]] |
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*[[Standardized Kt/V]] |
*[[Standardized Kt/V]] |
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Revision as of 16:22, 6 October 2017
| Blood urea nitrogen | |
|---|---|
 | |
| MeSH | D001806 |
| LOINC | 6299-2, 59570-2, 12961-9, 12963-5, 12962-7 |
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a medical test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen found in blood. The liver produces urea in the urea cycle as a waste product of the digestion of protein. Normal human adult blood should contain between 6 and 20 mg of urea nitrogen per 100 ml (6–20 mg/dL) of blood. Individual laboratories will have different reference ranges as the assay used can vary between laboratories.[1][2]
Interpretation
BUN is an indication of renal (kidney) health. The normal range is 1.8-7.1 mmol/L or 6–20 mg/dL. Blood urea nitrogen levels can also help identify damage to body systems and diseases of the digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems. [3]
The main causes of an increase in BUN are: high protein diet, decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (suggestive of renal failure) and in blood volume (hypovolemia), congestive heart failure, gastrointestinal hemorrhage,[4] fever, and increased catabolism. Hypothyroidism can cause both decreased GFR and hypovolemia, but BUN-to-creatinine ratio has been found to be lowered in hypothyroidism and raised in hyperthyroidism.
The main causes of a decrease in BUN are severe liver disease, anabolic state, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone.[4]
Another rare cause of a decreased BUN is ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, which is a genetic disorder inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. OTC deficiency is also accompanied by hyperammonemia and high orotic acid levels.
Units
BUN (urea-N) is mg/dL in the United States, Mexico, Italy, Austria, and Germany. Elsewhere, the concentration of urea is reported as mmol/L, generally depending on the lab.
BUN (urea-N) SI unit is mmol/L
BUN [mmol/L] = BUN [mg/dL] * 0.3571
To convert from mg/dL of blood urea nitrogen to mmol/L of urea, multiply by 0.357 (each molecule of urea having two nitrogens, each of molar mass 14g/mol) (BUN is the mass of nitrogen within urea/volume, not the mass of urea)
- Urea [mmol/L] = BUN [mg/dL of nitrogen] x 10 [dL/L] / 14x2 [mg N/mmol urea] (the mass of nitrogen within urea is used)
convert BUN to urea in mg/dL by using following formula:
- Urea [mg/dL]= BUN [mg/dL] * 2.14
(conversion factor derived by: MW of urea = 60, MW of urea nitrogen = 14x2 => 60/28 = 2.14)
factor = 1 for conversions in mmol (1 mole N2 = 2 moles N per mole of urea):
- BUN [mmol/L]= urea [mmol/L]
See also
References
- ^ Last page of Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (2007). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1). McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-07-149868-0.
- ^ Normal Lab Results Archived December 16, 2014, at the Wayback Machine from Marshal University School of Medicine
- ^ "Blood Urea Nitrogen". biologydictionary.net. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
- ^ a b Longo et al., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th ed., p.611