User:Ayserdo/sandbox: Difference between revisions
m Deleted the critique from the user page |
m First edit - will transfer to the sandbox/talk page |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
Co-metabolism is defined as the simultaneous degradation of two compounds, in which the degradation of the second compound (the secondary [[Substrate (chemistry)|substrate]]) depends on the presence of the first compound (the primary [[Substrate (chemistry)|substrate]]). This shouldn’t be confused with simultaneous catabolism, where two substrates are catabolized concomitantly by different enzymes.[1][2] Co-metabolism occurs when an enzyme has the ability to degrade a second compound in addition to it's original, intended substrate, that is used by the organism that synthesizes the enzyme to derive energy and carbon from them. The degradation of the second compound, however, does not provide the bacteria energy or carbon, in other words, it is a non-growth-supporting substrate.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Arp|first=Daniel J.|last2=Yeager|first2=Chris M.|last3=Hyman|first3=Michael R.|date=2001-03-01|title=Molecular and cellular fundamentals of aerobic cometabolism of trichloroethylene|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1012089908518|journal=Biodegradation|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|pages=81–103|doi=10.1023/A:1012089908518|issn=0923-9820}}</ref> |
|||
As some of the molecules that are the substrates of these reactions [[xenobiotic]], [[Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances|persistent]] compounds, such as [[Tetrachloroethylene|PCE]], [[Tetrachloroethylene|TCE]] and [[MTBE]], that have harmful effects on several types of environments, co-metabolism is thus used as an approach to [[Biodegradation|biologically degrade]] [[Pollutant|hazardous solvents]]. |
|||
== '''Co-metabolism in Bioremediation''' == |
|||
A promising method of [[bioremediation]] of chlorinated solvents involves co-metabolism of the contaminants by aerobic microorganisms in groundwater and soils. Several aerobic microorganisms have been demonstrated to be capable of doing this, including methane oxidizers, phenol-degraders, and toluene-degraders. |
|||
One of them, ''Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1'', can degrade hazardous chlorinated solvents, such as [[Tetrachloroethylene|tetrachloroethylene (PCE)]], with the enzyme that they originally produce with the intent of deriving energy and carbon from methane and propane. The enzyme the organism synthesize that is capable of both oxidizing methane and chlorinated solvents is [[methane monooxygenase]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ryoo|first=D.|last2=Shim|first2=H.|last3=Canada|first3=K.|last4=Barbieri|first4=P.|last5=Wood|first5=T. K.|date=July 2000|title=Aerobic degradation of tetrachloroethylene by toluene-o-xylene monooxygenase of Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10888848|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=18|issue=7|pages=775–778|doi=10.1038/77344|issn=1087-0156|pmid=10888848}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> |
|||
Another promising method of [[bioremediation]] of chlorinated solvents involves co-metabolism of the contaminants by aerobic microorganisms in groundwater and soils. Unlike reductive dechlorination, the chlorinated compounds are completely mineralized to CO2 and chloride with no intermediates making co-metabolism an attractive alternative where it can be sustained. However, the microorganisms gain no energy from these processes, limiting the ability of cells to co-metabolize chlorinated compounds. This, together with the difficulties and high costs of maintaining substrate and an oxic environment, have led to limited field-scale application of co-metabolism for solvent degradation. Recently, this method of remediation has been improved by the substitution of cheap, nontoxic plant secondary metabolites in the place of synthetic, toxic aromatics like toluene . |
|||
Revision as of 01:09, 9 October 2017
Co-metabolism is defined as the simultaneous degradation of two compounds, in which the degradation of the second compound (the secondary substrate) depends on the presence of the first compound (the primary substrate). This shouldn’t be confused with simultaneous catabolism, where two substrates are catabolized concomitantly by different enzymes.[1][2] Co-metabolism occurs when an enzyme has the ability to degrade a second compound in addition to it's original, intended substrate, that is used by the organism that synthesizes the enzyme to derive energy and carbon from them. The degradation of the second compound, however, does not provide the bacteria energy or carbon, in other words, it is a non-growth-supporting substrate.[1]
As some of the molecules that are the substrates of these reactions xenobiotic, persistent compounds, such as PCE, TCE and MTBE, that have harmful effects on several types of environments, co-metabolism is thus used as an approach to biologically degrade hazardous solvents.
Co-metabolism in Bioremediation
A promising method of bioremediation of chlorinated solvents involves co-metabolism of the contaminants by aerobic microorganisms in groundwater and soils. Several aerobic microorganisms have been demonstrated to be capable of doing this, including methane oxidizers, phenol-degraders, and toluene-degraders.
One of them, Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1, can degrade hazardous chlorinated solvents, such as tetrachloroethylene (PCE), with the enzyme that they originally produce with the intent of deriving energy and carbon from methane and propane. The enzyme the organism synthesize that is capable of both oxidizing methane and chlorinated solvents is methane monooxygenase. [2][1]
Another promising method of bioremediation of chlorinated solvents involves co-metabolism of the contaminants by aerobic microorganisms in groundwater and soils. Unlike reductive dechlorination, the chlorinated compounds are completely mineralized to CO2 and chloride with no intermediates making co-metabolism an attractive alternative where it can be sustained. However, the microorganisms gain no energy from these processes, limiting the ability of cells to co-metabolize chlorinated compounds. This, together with the difficulties and high costs of maintaining substrate and an oxic environment, have led to limited field-scale application of co-metabolism for solvent degradation. Recently, this method of remediation has been improved by the substitution of cheap, nontoxic plant secondary metabolites in the place of synthetic, toxic aromatics like toluene .
- ^ a b Arp, Daniel J.; Yeager, Chris M.; Hyman, Michael R. (2001-03-01). "Molecular and cellular fundamentals of aerobic cometabolism of trichloroethylene". Biodegradation. 12 (2): 81–103. doi:10.1023/A:1012089908518. ISSN 0923-9820.
- ^ Ryoo, D.; Shim, H.; Canada, K.; Barbieri, P.; Wood, T. K. (July 2000). "Aerobic degradation of tetrachloroethylene by toluene-o-xylene monooxygenase of Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1". Nature Biotechnology. 18 (7): 775–778. doi:10.1038/77344. ISSN 1087-0156. PMID 10888848.