Otocephala: Difference between revisions

Otocephala
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Superclass:	Osteichthyes
Class:	Actinopterygii
Subcohorts
	Alepocephali; Clupei; Ostariophysi;
Synonyms
	Ostarioclupeomorpha; Otocmorpha;

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The Otocephala is a clade of bony fishes within the Teleostei that evolved some 230 million years ago. It is named for the presence of a hearing (otophysic) link from the swimbladder to the inner ear. Other names proposed for the group include Ostarioclupeomorpha and Otomorpha. The clade contains the Clupeiformes (herrings) and the Ostariophysi, a group of other orders including the Cypriniformes (minnows and allies), Gymnotiformes (knifefish), and Siluriformes (catfish). The Otocephala may also contain the Alepocephaliformes (slickheads), but as yet (2016) without morphological evidence. The clade is sister to the Euteleostei which contains the majority of bony fish alive today.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] In 2015, Benton and colleagues set a "plausible minimum" date for the origin of the crown Otocephala as about 228.4 million years ago. They argued that since the oldest locality for any diversity of stem teleosts is the Carnian of Polberg bei Lunz, Austria, whose base is 235 million years old, a rough estimate for the Otocephala can be made.^[5]^[6]

Taxonomy

Taxonomy based on:^[4]^[7]^[8]

Cohort Otocephala Johnson & Patterson 1996 [Otomorpha Wiley & Johnson 2010; Ostarioclupeomorpha Arratia 1997]
- Genus †Kermichthys Taverne 1993
- Family †Lycoclupeidae Gowda 1968
- Family †Clupavidae Bertin & Arambourg 1958
- Subcohort Clupei Wiley & Johnson 2010 [Clupeomorpha Greenwood et al. 1966]
  - Order †Ellimmichthyiformes Grande 1982
  - Order Clupeiformes Bleeker 1859
- Subcohort Alepocephali
  - Order Alepocephaliformes Marshall 1962
- Subcohort Ostariophysi Sagemehl 1885
  - Genus †Tischlingerichthys Arratia 1997
  - Family †Ancylostylidae Jordan 1923
  - Family †Erythrinolepididae Cockerell 1919 corrig.
  - Section Anotophysa (Rosen & Greenwood 1970) Sagemehl 1885 [Anotophysi Rosen & Greenwood 1970]
    - Order †Sorbininardiformes Taverne 1999
    - Order Gonorynchiformes Regan 1909
  - Section Otophysa (Rosen & Greenwood 1970) Sagemehl 1885 [Otophysi Rosen & Greenwood 1970]
    - Genus †Nardonoides Mayrinck, Brito & Otero 2014
    - Family †Chanoididae Taverne 2005
    - Family †Salminopsidae Gayet 1985
    - Superorder Cypriniphysae [Cypriniphysi Woodward 1901]
      - Order Cypriniformes Bleeker 1859 sensu Goodrich 1909
    - Superorder Characiphysae (Fink & Fink 1981)
      - Order Characiformes Goodrich 1909
    - Superorder Siluriphysae [Siluriphysi]
      - Order Gymnotiformes Berg 1940 (Neotropical knifefishes)
      - Order Siluriformes Cuvier 1817 sensu Hay 1929 (catfishes)

Phylogeny

Phylogeny of living groups based on:^[9]

Otocephala

Clupei

Clupeiformes

Alepocephali

Alepocephaliformes

Ostariophysi

Anotophysa

Cypriniphysae

Characiphysae

Siluriphysae

	Gymnotiformes

	Siluriformes

References

^ Thomas J. Near; et al. (2012). "Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification". PNAS. 109 (34): 13698–13703. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206625109.
^ Betancur-R, Ricardo; et al. (2013). "The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes". PLOS Currents Tree of Life (Edition 1). doi:10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ Laurin, M.; Reisz, R.R. (1995). "A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (2): 165–223. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x.
^ ^a ^b Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World. Wiley. pp. 161–162 and passim. ISBN 978-1-119-22081-7.
^ "Otocephala". Palaeontologia Electronica. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
^ Benton, M.J., Donoghue, P.C.J., Asher, R.A., Friedman, M., Near, T.J., and Vinther, J. (2015). "Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history". Palaeontologia Electronica: 18.1.1FC. Retrieved 27 April 2016.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Euteleostei - advanced teleosteans". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
^ van der Laan, Richard (2016). "Family-group names of fossil fishes". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Betancur-Rodriguez, R.; et al. (2016). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4". Deepfin. Retrieved 30 December 2016. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)

[PNAS-1] Thomas J. Near; et al. (2012). "Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification". PNAS. 109 (34): 13698–13703. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206625109.

[TOL-2] Betancur-R, Ricardo; et al. (2013). "The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes". PLOS Currents Tree of Life (Edition 1). doi:10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[laurin&reisz1995-3] Laurin, M.; Reisz, R.R. (1995). "A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (2): 165–223. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x.

[Nelson-4] Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World. Wiley. pp. 161–162 and passim. ISBN 978-1-119-22081-7.

[5] "Otocephala". Palaeontologia Electronica. Retrieved 27 April 2016.

[6] Benton, M.J., Donoghue, P.C.J., Asher, R.A., Friedman, M., Near, T.J., and Vinther, J. (2015). "Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history". Palaeontologia Electronica: 18.1.1FC. Retrieved 27 April 2016.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[mikko-7] Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Euteleostei - advanced teleosteans". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2016.

[van_der_Laan-8] van der Laan, Richard (2016). "Family-group names of fossil fishes". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[Deepfin-9] Betancur-Rodriguez, R.; et al. (2016). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4". Deepfin. Retrieved 30 December 2016. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)

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