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[[File:Aquitani tribes map-fr.svg|thumb|300px|The tribes confederated as the Aquitani and other [[Old European culture|pre-Indo-European]] tribes are in black]]
[[File:Aquitani tribes map-fr.svg|thumb|300px|The tribes confederated as the Aquitani and other [[Old European culture|pre-Indo-European]] tribes are in black]]
The '''Aquitanians''' ([[Latin]]: '''Aquitani''') were a people living in what is now southern [[Aquitaine]] and southwestern [[Midi-Pyrénées]], [[France]], called [[Gallia Aquitania]] by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] in the region between the [[Pyrenees]], the [[Atlantic ocean]], and the [[Garonne]], present-day southwestern [[France]]. They were an ancient [[Pre-Indo-European languages|non-Indo-European]] population that lived in the northern slopes of the Pyrenees. They spoke the [[Aquitanian language]], related to [[Proto-Basque language|Old Basque]]. Classical authors such as [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Strabo]] clearly distinguish them from the other peoples of [[Gaul]] and [[Hispania]] (the [[Iberian Peninsula]]). With the process of [[Romanization]], in the centuries of [[Roman Empire]], they adopted the Latin Language ([[Vulgar Latin]]) and [[Roman civilization]]. Their old language, the Aquitanian language, was the substrate for the [[Gascon language]] (one of the [[Romance languages]]) spoken in [[Gascony]].
The '''Aquitanians''' ([[Latin]]: '''Aquitani''') were a people living in what is now southern [[Aquitaine]] and southwestern [[Midi-Pyrénées]], [[France]], called [[Gallia Aquitania]] by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] in the region between the [[Pyrenees]], the [[Atlantic ocean]], and the [[Garonne]], present-day southwestern [[France]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC|title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples|last=Waldman|first=Carl|last2=Mason|first2=Catherine|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=|isbn=9781438129181|location=|pages=38|language=en}}</ref> They were a mixed population of [[Gauls|Gallic]] and [[Vasconic languages|Vasconic]] origin that lived in the northern slopes of the Pyrenees. Eastern and Northern Aquitani spoke [[Gaulish]] while Southern and Western Aquitani spoke the [[Aquitanian language]], related to [[Proto-Basque language|Old Basque]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=LTbc1GIAwcIC&pg|title=The Celtic Encyclopedia|last=Mountain|first=Harry|date=1998|publisher=Universal-Publishers|year=|isbn=9781581128901|location=|pages=41|language=en}}</ref><sup>;</sup><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=siF-DAAAQBAJ|title=Linguistic Policies and the Survival of Regional Languages in France and Britain|last=Judge|first=A.|date=2007-02-07|publisher=Springer|year=|isbn=9780230286177|location=|pages=70|language=en}}</ref> Classical authors such as [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Strabo]] clearly distinguish them from the other peoples of [[Gaul]] and [[Hispania]] (the [[Iberian Peninsula]]). With the process of [[Romanization]], in the centuries of [[Roman Empire]], they adopted the Latin Language ([[Vulgar Latin]]) and [[Roman civilization]]. Their old language, the Aquitanian language, was the substrate for the [[Gascon language]] (one of the [[Romance languages]]) spoken in [[Gascony]].


==History==
==History==
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Although the country where the original Aquitanians lived came to be named ''[[Novempopulania]]'' (nine peoples) in the late years of the Roman Empire and Early Middle Ages (up to the 6th century), the number of tribes varied (about 20 for [[Strabo]], but comparing with the information of other classical authors such as [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], [[Ptolemy]] and [[Julius Caesar]], the total number were 32 or 33):{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}
Although the country where the original Aquitanians lived came to be named ''[[Novempopulania]]'' (nine peoples) in the late years of the Roman Empire and Early Middle Ages (up to the 6th century), the number of tribes varied (about 20 for [[Strabo]], but comparing with the information of other classical authors such as [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], [[Ptolemy]] and [[Julius Caesar]], the total number were 32 or 33):{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}

=== Aquitani tribes ===
*[[Arenosii]] or [[Airenosini]] in [[Aran valley]], (high [[Garonne]] valley), part of [[Aquitania]] and not of [[Hispania]] in the Roman Empire
*[[Arenosii]] or [[Airenosini]] in [[Aran valley]], (high [[Garonne]] valley), part of [[Aquitania]] and not of [[Hispania]] in the Roman Empire
*[[Apiates]]/[[Aspiates]] in the Valley of Asp (Valée d'Asp)
*[[Apiates]]/[[Aspiates]] in the Valley of Asp (Valée d'Asp)
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*[[Ausci]] in the east around [[Auch]] (''Elimberris'', metropolis of [[Aquitania]])
*[[Ausci]] in the east around [[Auch]] (''Elimberris'', metropolis of [[Aquitania]])
*[[Benearni]] or [[Benearnenses]]/[[Venarni]] in and around low [[Béarn]], [[Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques]]
*[[Benearni]] or [[Benearnenses]]/[[Venarni]] in and around low [[Béarn]], [[Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques]]
*[[Bercorates]]/[[Bercorcates]]
*[[Bigerriones]] or [[Begerri]] in the west of the French [[Hautes-Pyrénées|département of High Pyrenees]] (medieval [[county of Bigorre]])
*[[Boiates]]/Boates/[[Boii Boiates]]/[[Boviates]] in the coastal region of [[Pays de Buch]] and [[Pays de Born]], in the Northwest of [[Landes (department)|Landes]], could have been an Aquitani tribe but also may have been a [[List of Celtic tribes|Celtic tribe]] related to the [[Boii]] or a mixed [[Celts|Celtic]]-[[Aquitanians|Aquitanian]] tribe
*[[Camponi]]
*[[Camponi]]
*[[Cocosates]]/[[Sexsignani]] in the west of Landes département
⚫
*[[Consoranni]] in the tributary streams of the high [[Garonne]] river in the former province of [[Couserans]], today's west half of the Ariège départment and extreme south of [[Haute-Garonne]]
*[[Convenae]], a “groupement” in the southeast (high [[Garonne]] valley) in and around [[Lugdunum Convenarum]]
*[[Datii]] in Valley of Osse (Valée d'Osse)
*[[Datii]] in Valley of Osse (Valée d'Osse)
⚫
*[[Elusates]] in the northeast around [[Eauze]] (former ''Elusa'')
*[[Gates (tribe)|Gates]] between the [[Elusates]] and the [[Ausci]]
*[[Gates (tribe)|Gates]] between the [[Elusates]] and the [[Ausci]]
*[[Iluronenses]] in and around Iluro ([[Oloron-Sainte-Marie]])
*[[Iluronenses]] in and around Iluro ([[Oloron-Sainte-Marie]])
⚫
*[[Lactorates]] or [[Lectorates]] in and around [[Lectoure]]
⚫
*[[Monesii]]
*[[Onobrisates]] in [[Nébouzan]]
*[[Onobrisates]] in [[Nébouzan]]
*[[Osii (Aquitani)|Osii]] or [[Onesii]] in the high [[Garonne]] river valley ([[Louchon]]), only mentioned in Strabo's Geographica
*[[Oscidates]] in the valleys and slopes of the west [[Pyrenees]], in [[Ossau]], high [[Béarn]], south of the Iluronenses
*[[Oscidates]] in the valleys and slopes of the west [[Pyrenees]], in [[Ossau]], high [[Béarn]], south of the Iluronenses
**[[Oscidates Campestres]]
**[[Oscidates Campestres]]
Line 47: Line 39:
*[[Sassumini]]/[[Lassumini]]/[[Lassunni]]
*[[Sassumini]]/[[Lassumini]]/[[Lassunni]]
*[[Sibyllates]] or [[Suburates]] probably around [[Soule]]/Xüberoa and also [[Saubusse]]; the same of [[Julius Caesar|Cæsar]]’s [[Sibusates|Sibuzates]]/[[Sibusates]]?
*[[Sibyllates]] or [[Suburates]] probably around [[Soule]]/Xüberoa and also [[Saubusse]]; the same of [[Julius Caesar|Cæsar]]’s [[Sibusates|Sibuzates]]/[[Sibusates]]?
*[[Sotiates]] in the north around [[Sos-en-Albret]] (south of [[Lot-et-Garonne]] department)
*[[Succasses]]
*[[Tarbelli]] or [[Tarbelli|Tarbelii]]/[[Quattuorsignani]] in the coastal side of [[Landes (department)|Landes]], with Dax (''Aquis Tarbellicis'')
⚫
*[[Tarusates]] in the [[Midou]], [[Douze]] and [[Midouze]] valley, east of Cocosates and Tarbelli
*[[Tarusci]] in the high [[Ariège (river)|Ariège]] river valley in the former province of [[Foix]], today's east half of the [[Ariège (department)|Ariège]] department
*[[Tarusci]] in the high [[Ariège (river)|Ariège]] river valley in the former province of [[Foix]], today's east half of the [[Ariège (department)|Ariège]] department
*[[Umbranici]]
*[[Umbranici]]
*[[Vasates (tribe)|Vasates]]/[[Vocates]] in the north around [[Bazas]] (south of [[Gironde]] department)
*[[Vellates]] in high [[Bidassoa]] river valley
*[[Venami]]/[[Venarni]]
*[[Venami]]/[[Venarni]]


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*[[Iacetani]] in high [[Aragon River]] valley, in and around [[Jaca]], in the southern slopes of western [[Pyrenees]] Mountains in today's northwestern [[Aragon]], [[Spain]]
*[[Iacetani]] in high [[Aragon River]] valley, in and around [[Jaca]], in the southern slopes of western [[Pyrenees]] Mountains in today's northwestern [[Aragon]], [[Spain]]
*[[Vascones]] in the southern slopes of western [[Pyrenees]] Mountains in today's [[Navarra]], [[Spain]]
*[[Vascones]] in the southern slopes of western [[Pyrenees]] Mountains in today's [[Navarra]], [[Spain]]

=== Gaulish tribes ===
* [[Bigerriones]] or [[Begerri]] in the west of the French [[Hautes-Pyrénées|département of High Pyrenees]] (medieval [[county of Bigorre]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC|title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples|last=Waldman|first=Carl|last2=Mason|first2=Catherine|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=|isbn=9781438129181|location=|pages=69|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bercorates]]/[[Bercorcates]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC|title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples|last=Waldman|first=Carl|last2=Mason|first2=Catherine|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=|isbn=9781438129181|location=|pages=69|language=en}}</ref>

* [[Boiates]]/Boates/[[Boii Boiates]]/[[Boviates]] in the coastal region of [[Pays de Buch]] and [[Pays de Born]], in the Northwest of [[Landes (department)|Landes]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC|title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples|last=Waldman|first=Carl|last2=Mason|first2=Catherine|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=|isbn=9781438129181|location=|pages=70|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Cocosates]]/[[Sexsignani]] in the west of Landes département<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC|title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples|last=Waldman|first=Carl|last2=Mason|first2=Catherine|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=|isbn=9781438129181|location=|pages=176|language=en}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Consoranni]] in the tributary streams of the high [[Garonne]] river in the former province of [[Couserans]], today's west half of the Ariège départment and extreme south of [[Haute-Garonne]]<ref name=":1" />
* [[Convenae]], a “groupement” in the southeast (high [[Garonne]] valley) in and around [[Lugdunum Convenarum]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC|title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples|last=Waldman|first=Carl|last2=Mason|first2=Catherine|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=|isbn=9781438129181|location=|pages=177|language=en}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Elusates]] in the northeast around [[Eauze]] (former ''Elusa'')<ref name=":0" />
⚫
* [[Lactorates]] or [[Lectorates]] in and around [[Lectoure]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[Monesii]] or [[Osii (Aquitani)|Osii]] or [[Onesii]] in the high [[Garonne]] river valley ([[Louchon]]), only mentioned in Strabo's Geographica<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC|title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples|last=Waldman|first=Carl|last2=Mason|first2=Catherine|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=|isbn=9781438129181|location=|pages=571|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sotiates]] in the north around [[Sos-en-Albret]] (south of [[Lot-et-Garonne]] department)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&|title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples|last=Waldman|first=Carl|last2=Mason|first2=Catherine|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438129181|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Succasses]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=qGBmAAAAMAAJ|title=Gaulish personal names: a study of some Continental Celtic formations|last=Evans|first=D. Ellis|publisher=Clarendon P.|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=170|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Tarbelli]] or [[Tarbelli|Tarbelii]]/[[Quattuorsignani]] in the coastal side of [[Landes (department)|Landes]], with Dax (''Aquis Tarbellicis'')<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC|title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples|last=Waldman|first=Carl|last2=Mason|first2=Catherine|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=|isbn=9781438129181|location=|pages=794|language=en}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Tarusates]] in the [[Midou]], [[Douze]] and [[Midouze]] valley, east of Cocosates and Tarbelli<ref name=":2" />
*[[Vellates]] in high [[Bidassoa]] river valley<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC|title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples|last=Waldman|first=Carl|last2=Mason|first2=Catherine|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=|isbn=9781438129181|location=|pages=825|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Vasates (tribe)|Vasates]]/[[Vocates|Volcates]] in the north around [[Bazas]] (south of [[Gironde]] department<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC|title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples|last=Waldman|first=Carl|last2=Mason|first2=Catherine|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=|isbn=9781438129181|location=|pages=825|language=en}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 75: Line 79:
==See also==
==See also==
*[[Aquitanian language]]
*[[Aquitanian language]]
⚫
*[[Gauls]]
*[[Novempopulania]]
*[[Novempopulania]]
*[[Gallia Aquitania]]
*[[Gallia Aquitania]]
Line 85: Line 90:


{{Portal|Basque}}
{{Portal|Basque}}
[[Category:Gauls]]

[[Category:Gaul]]
[[Category:Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula]]
[[Category:Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula]]
[[Category:Aquitanians]]
[[Category:Aquitanians]]

Revision as of 20:02, 25 October 2017

The tribes confederated as the Aquitani and other pre-Indo-European tribes are in black

The Aquitanians (Latin: Aquitani) were a people living in what is now southern Aquitaine and southwestern Midi-Pyrénées, France, called Gallia Aquitania by the Romans in the region between the Pyrenees, the Atlantic ocean, and the Garonne, present-day southwestern France.[1] They were a mixed population of Gallic and Vasconic origin that lived in the northern slopes of the Pyrenees. Eastern and Northern Aquitani spoke Gaulish while Southern and Western Aquitani spoke the Aquitanian language, related to Old Basque.[2];[3] Classical authors such as Julius Caesar and Strabo clearly distinguish them from the other peoples of Gaul and Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula). With the process of Romanization, in the centuries of Roman Empire, they adopted the Latin Language (Vulgar Latin) and Roman civilization. Their old language, the Aquitanian language, was the substrate for the Gascon language (one of the Romance languages) spoken in Gascony.

History

At the time of the Roman conquest, Julius Caesar, who defeated them in his campaign in Gaul, describes them as making up a distinct part of Gaul:

All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgæ inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in their own language are called Celts, in ours Gauls, the third. All these differ from each other in language, customs and laws. The river Garonne separates the Gauls from the Aquitani[4]

Despite apparent cultural and linguistic connections to Iberia (Vascones) and to Iberians, the area of Aquitania, as a part of Gaul ended at the Pyrenees according to Cæsar:

Aquitania extends from the river Garonne to the Pyrenæan mountains and to that part of the ocean which is near Spain: it looks between the setting of the sun, and the north star.[5]

Relation to Basque people and language

The presence of what seems to be names of deities or people in late Romano-Aquitanian funerary slabs similar to modern Basque have led many philologists and linguists to conclude that Aquitanian was closely related to an older form of Basque.[6] The fact that the region was known as Vasconia in the Early Middle Ages, a name that evolved into the better known form of Gascony, along with other toponymic evidence, seems to corroborate that assumption.

Tribes

Tribes in Aquitania (as was defined in the 1st century BCE)
Late distribution of tribes in Novempopulania at the end of the 6th century CE, former Aquitania proper (as was defined in the 1st century BCE)

Although the country where the original Aquitanians lived came to be named Novempopulania (nine peoples) in the late years of the Roman Empire and Early Middle Ages (up to the 6th century), the number of tribes varied (about 20 for Strabo, but comparing with the information of other classical authors such as Pliny, Ptolemy and Julius Caesar, the total number were 32 or 33):[citation needed]

Aquitani tribes

In the southern slopes of western Pyrenees Mountains, not in Aquitania but in northern Hispania Tarraconensis:

Gaulish tribes

References

  1. ^ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 9781438129181.
  2. ^ Mountain, Harry (1998). The Celtic Encyclopedia. Universal-Publishers. p. 41. ISBN 9781581128901.
  3. ^ a b c Judge, A. (2007-02-07). Linguistic Policies and the Survival of Regional Languages in France and Britain. Springer. p. 70. ISBN 9780230286177.
  4. ^ These are indeed the opening lines of Caesar’s account of his war in Gaul: Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgæ, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtæ, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen [...] dividit. Julius Cæsar, De bello Gallico 1.1, edition of T. Rice Holmes
  5. ^ Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenæos montes et eam partem Oceani quæ est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.
  6. ^ Trask, L. The History of Basque Routledge: 1997 ISBN 0-415-13116-2
  7. ^ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. p. 69. ISBN 9781438129181.
  8. ^ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. p. 69. ISBN 9781438129181.
  9. ^ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. p. 70. ISBN 9781438129181.
  10. ^ a b Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. p. 176. ISBN 9781438129181.
  11. ^ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. p. 177. ISBN 9781438129181.
  12. ^ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. p. 571. ISBN 9781438129181.
  13. ^ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438129181.
  14. ^ Evans, D. Ellis. Gaulish personal names: a study of some Continental Celtic formations. Clarendon P. p. 170.
  15. ^ a b Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. p. 794. ISBN 9781438129181.
  16. ^ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. p. 825. ISBN 9781438129181.
  17. ^ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. p. 825. ISBN 9781438129181.

See also

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