Lactucarium: Difference between revisions
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==Mechanism== |
==Mechanism== |
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[[Image:Lactuca compounds.svg|thumb|Chemical compounds which occur in lettuce: (1) α-Lactucerol (=Taraxasterol); (2) β-Lactucerol (=Lactucon, Lactucerin); (3) Lactucin; (4) Lactucopicrin.]] |
[[Image:Lactuca compounds.svg|thumb|Chemical compounds which occur in lettuce: (1) α-Lactucerol (=Taraxasterol); (2) β-Lactucerol (=Lactucon, Lactucerin); (3) Lactucin; (4) Lactucopicrin.]] |
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The active ingredients of lactucarium are believed to be [[lactucin]] and its derivatives [[lactucopicrin]] and 11β13-[[dihydrolactucin]], which have been found to have [[analgesic]] activity equal or greater to that of [[ibuprofen]] in standard hot-plate and tail-flick tests of sensitivity to pain in laboratory mice. Lactucin and lactucropicrin were also found to have [[sedative]] activity in measurements of spontaneous movements of the mice.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Wesolowska A, Nikiforuk A, Michalska K, Kisiel W, Chojnacka-Wojcik E |journal=J Ethnopharmacol|volume=107|issue=2|pages=254–8|pmid=16621374|date=2006-09-19| title =Analgesic and sedative activities of lactucin and some lactucin-like guaianolides in mice.|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.003 }}</ref> Some effects have also been credited to a trace of [[hyoscyamine]] in ''[[Lactuca virosa]]'', but the alkaloid was undetectable in standard lactucarium.<ref name="BPC" /> |
The active ingredients of lactucarium are believed to be [[lactucin]] and its derivatives [[lactucopicrin]] and 11β13-[[dihydrolactucin]], which have been found to have [[analgesic]] activity equal or greater to that of [[ibuprofen]] in standard hot-plate and tail-flick tests of sensitivity to pain in laboratory mice.{{cn}} Lactucin and lactucropicrin were also found to have [[sedative]] activity in measurements of spontaneous movements of the mice.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Wesolowska A, Nikiforuk A, Michalska K, Kisiel W, Chojnacka-Wojcik E |journal=J Ethnopharmacol|volume=107|issue=2|pages=254–8|pmid=16621374|date=2006-09-19| title =Analgesic and sedative activities of lactucin and some lactucin-like guaianolides in mice.|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.003 }}</ref> Some effects have also been credited to a trace of [[hyoscyamine]] in ''[[Lactuca virosa]]'', but the alkaloid was undetectable in standard lactucarium.<ref name="BPC" /> |
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==Formulations== |
==Formulations== |
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Revision as of 14:33, 11 November 2017
 | This article needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. (September 2015) |  |
| Lactucarium | |
|---|---|
| Source plant(s) | Lactuca spp. |
| Part(s) of plant | Latex (see also seeds) |
| Geographic origin | Southern Europe |
| Uses | Analgesic, sleep aid, euphoriant |
Lactucarium is the milky fluid secreted by several species of lettuce, especially Lactuca virosa, usually from the base of the stems. It is known as lettuce opium because of its putative sedative and analgesic properties. It has also been reported to promote a mild sensation of euphoria, and at least one fatality has occurred during an attempt to use it for intoxication.[1][2] Because it is a latex, lactucarium physically resembles opium, in that it is excreted as a white fluid and can be reduced to a thick smokable solid.
History
"Lettuce opium" was used by the ancient Egyptians, and was introduced as a drug in the United States as early as 1799.[citation needed] The drug was prescribed and studied extensively in Poland during the nineteenth century,[citation needed] and was viewed as an alternative to opium, weaker but lacking side-effects, and in some cases preferable. However, early efforts to isolate an active alkaloid were unsuccessful.[3] It is described and standardized in the 1898 United States Pharmacopoeia[4] and 1911 British Pharmaceutical Codex[5] for use in lozenges, tinctures, and syrups as a sedative for irritable cough or as a mild hypnotic (sleeping aid) for insomnia. The standard definition of lactucarium in these codices required its production from Lactuca virosa, but it was recognized that smaller quantities of lactucarium could be produced in a similar way from Lactuca sativa and Lactuca canadensis var. elongata, and even that lettuce-opium obtained from Lactuca serriola or Lactuca quercina was of superior quality.[6]
In the twentieth century, two major studies found commercial lactucarium to be without effect. In 1944, Fulton concluded, "Modern medicine considers its sleep producing qualities a superstition, its therapeutic action doubtful or nil." Another study of the time identified active bitter principles lactucin and lactucopicrin, but noted that these compounds from the fresh latex were unstable and did not remain in commercial preparations of lactucarium. Accordingly, lettuce opium fell from favor, until publications of the hippie movement began to promote it in the mid-1970s as a legal drug producing euphoria, sometimes compounded with catnip or damiana.[7]
The seeds of lettuce have also been used to relieve pain.[medical citation needed] Lettuce seed was listed as an anaesthetic in Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine, which served as an authoritative medical textbook from soon after AD 1000 until the seventeenth century.[8]
Contemporary use
Although lactucarium has faded from general use as a pain reliever, it remains available, sometimes promoted as a legal psychotropic.
The seed of ordinary lettuce, Lactuca sativa, is still used in Avicenna's native Iran as a folk medicine.[citation needed] A crude extract of the seeds was shown to have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in standard formalin and carrageenan tests of laboratory rats. It was not toxic to the rats at a dose of 6 grams per kilogram[9]
Mechanism
The active ingredients of lactucarium are believed to be lactucin and its derivatives lactucopicrin and 11β13-dihydrolactucin, which have been found to have analgesic activity equal or greater to that of ibuprofen in standard hot-plate and tail-flick tests of sensitivity to pain in laboratory mice.[citation needed] Lactucin and lactucropicrin were also found to have sedative activity in measurements of spontaneous movements of the mice.[10] Some effects have also been credited to a trace of hyoscyamine in Lactuca virosa, but the alkaloid was undetectable in standard lactucarium.[5]
Formulations
Lactucarium was used unmodified in lozenges, 30-60 milligrams (0.5 to 1 grain), sometimes mixed with borax. However, it was found to be more efficient to formulate the drug in a cough syrup (Syrupus Lactucarii, U.S.P.) containing net 5% lactucarium, 22% glycerin, 5% alcohol, and 5% orange-flower water in syrup.[5]
References
- ^ Cecil Adams (2005-01-07). "The Straight Dope". Retrieved 2007-05-28.
- ^ Spadari, M; Pommier, P; Canioni, D; Arditti, J; David, JM; Valli, M (2003-04-26). "[Abuse of lactuca virosa]". Presse Med. (in French). 32 (15): 702–3. PMID 12762295.
- ^ Trojanowska, A. (2005). "Lettuce, lactuca sp., as a medicinal plant in polish publications of the 19th century". Kwart Hist Nauki Tech. (in Polish). 50 (3–4): 123–34. PMID 17153150.
- ^ Harvey Wickes Felter, M.D., and John Uri Lloyd, Phr. M., Ph. D. (1898). "King's American Dispensary:Tinctura Lactucarii (U. S. P.)—Tincture of Lactucarium". Retrieved 2007-05-28.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (1911). "Lactuca, Lactucarium". Retrieved 2007-05-27.
- ^ Harvey Wickes Felter, M.D., and John Uri Lloyd, Phr. M., Ph. D. (1898). "King's American Dispensary:Tinctura Lactucarii (U. S. P.)—Tincture of Lactucarium". Retrieved 2007-05-28.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Lettuce opium". Retrieved 2007-05-28.
- ^ Richard Dean Smith (1980). "Avicenna and the Canon of Medicine: a millennial tribute". Retrieved 2005-07-07.
- ^ Sayyah M, Hadidi N, Kamalinejad M (2004). "Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Lactuca sativa extract in rats". J Ethnopharmacology. 92 (2–3): 325–9. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.016. PMID 15138019.
- ^ Wesolowska A, Nikiforuk A, Michalska K, Kisiel W, Chojnacka-Wojcik E (2006-09-19). "Analgesic and sedative activities of lactucin and some lactucin-like guaianolides in mice". J Ethnopharmacol. 107 (2): 254–8. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.003. PMID 16621374.