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Biblical scholar [[Kenneth Kitchen]] argues that, from the conquest of [[Canaan]] by [[Joshua]] until the formation of the first [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Kingdom of Israel and Judah]] (ca. 1150–1025 BC), the [[tribes of Israel|Israelite tribes]] formed a loose confederation. No central government existed in this confederation; in times of crisis, the people were led by ''ad hoc'' chieftains, known as judges (''shoftim'').<ref name = "pnxthp">Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2003), ''On the Reliability of the Old Testament'' (Grand Rapids, Michigan. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company)({{ISBN|0-8028-4960-1}})</ref>
Biblical scholar [[Kenneth Kitchen]] argues that, from the conquest of [[Canaan]] by [[Joshua]] until the formation of the first [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Kingdom of Israel and Judah]] (ca. 1150–1025 BC), the [[tribes of Israel|Israelite tribes]] formed a loose confederation. No central government existed in this confederation; in times of crisis, the people were led by ''ad hoc'' chieftains, known as judges (''shoftim'').<ref name = "pnxthp">Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2003), ''On the Reliability of the Old Testament'' (Grand Rapids, Michigan. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company)({{ISBN|0-8028-4960-1}})</ref>


However, other scholars have abandoned the idea that Joshua carried out a conquest of Canaan similar to that described in the Book of Joshua.<ref name="Congress2000">{{cite book|author=Lester L. Grabbe|title=International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament: Congress Volume Oslo 1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mFL0__dIdlcC&pg=PA210|accessdate=15 January 2017|series=Supplements to Vetus testamentum|date=1 January 2000|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-11598-6|page=210|chapter=Writing Israel's History at the End of the Twentieth Century}}</ref> Likewise, there is doubt among scholars that a period resembling the one described in the Book of Judges existed in ancient Israel.<ref name="Yoder2015">For a bibliography of scholars who doubt anything like the period of the Judges ever occurred, see {{cite book|author=John C. Yoder|title=Power and Politics in the Book of Judges: Men and Women of Valor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kFCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|date=1 May 2015|publisher=FORTRESS Press|isbn=978-1-4514-9642-0|page=5}}</ref><ref name="Brettler2002">{{cite book|author=Marc Zvi Brettler|title=The Book of Judges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9j9Jbcl6g38C&pg=PA107|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-16216-6|page=107}}</ref><ref name="Thompson2000">{{cite book|author=Thomas L. Thompson|title=Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written & Archaeological Sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwrrUuHFb6UC&pg=PA96|date=1 January 2000|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-11943-4|page=96}}</ref><ref name="HjelmThompson2016">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmOaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|title=History, Archaeology and The Bible Forty Years After "Historicity": Changing Perspectives|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-1-317-42815-2|editor-last=Hjelm|editor-first=Ingrid|location=|pages=4|editor-last2=Thompson|editor-first2=Thomas L}}</ref><ref name="Davies1995">{{cite book|author=Philip R. Davies|title=In Search of "Ancient Israel": A Study in Biblical Origins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5D5GNju1-ggC&pg=PA26|year=1995|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-85075-737-5|page=26}}</ref>
However, other scholars have abandoned the idea that Joshua carried out a conquest of Canaan similar to that described in the Book of Joshua.<ref name="Congress2000">{{cite book|author=Lester L. Grabbe|title=International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament: Congress Volume Oslo 1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mFL0__dIdlcC&pg=PA210|accessdate=15 January 2017|series=Supplements to Vetus testamentum|date=1 January 2000|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-11598-6|page=210|chapter=Writing Israel's History at the End of the Twentieth Century}}</ref> Likewise, there is doubt among scholars that a period resembling the one described in the Book of Judges existed in ancient Isdfssrael.<ref name="Yoder2015">For a bibliography of scholars who doubt anything like the period of the Judges ever occurred, see {{cite book|author=John C. Yoder|title=Power and Politics in the Book of Judges: Men and Women of Valor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kFCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5|date=1 May 2015|publisher=FORTRESS Press|isbn=978-1-4514-9642-0|page=5}}</ref><ref name="Brettler2002">{{cite book|author=Marc Zvi Brettler|title=The Book of Judges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9j9Jbcl6g38C&pg=PA107|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-16216-6|page=107}}</ref><ref name="Thompson2000">{{cite book|author=Thomas L. Thompson|title=Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written & Archaeological Sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwrrUuHFb6UC&pg=PA96|date=1 January 2000|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-11943-4|page=96}}</ref><ref name="HjelmThompson2016">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmOaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|title=History, Archaeology and The Bible Forty Years After "Historicity": Changing Perspectives|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-1-317-42815-2|editor-last=Hjelm|editor-first=Ingrid|location=|pages=4|editor-last2=Thompson|editor-first2=Thomas L}}</ref><ref name="Davies1995">{{cite book|author=Philip R. Davies|title=In Search of "Ancient Israel": A Study in Biblical Origins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5D5GNju1-ggC&pg=PA26|year=1995|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-85075-737-5|page=26}}</ref>


==Judges mentioned in the [[Hebrew Bible]]==
==Judges mentioned in the [[Hebrew Bible]]==

Revision as of 14:07, 28 November 2017

Biblical judges
The judge Shamgar slaughters 600 men with an ox goad. From a medieval German manuscript.

A Biblical judge (Template:Lang-he-n šōp̄êṭ/shofet, pl. Template:Hebrew šōp̄əṭîm/shoftim) was "a ruler or a military leader as well as someone who presided over legal hearings."[1] These judges appear most often in the Book of Judges, which is named after them.

Historicity of Biblical Judges

Biblical scholar Kenneth Kitchen argues that, from the conquest of Canaan by Joshua until the formation of the first Kingdom of Israel and Judah (ca. 1150–1025 BC), the Israelite tribes formed a loose confederation. No central government existed in this confederation; in times of crisis, the people were led by ad hoc chieftains, known as judges (shoftim).[2]

However, other scholars have abandoned the idea that Joshua carried out a conquest of Canaan similar to that described in the Book of Joshua.[3] Likewise, there is doubt among scholars that a period resembling the one described in the Book of Judges existed in ancient Isdfssrael.[4][5][6][7][8]

Judges mentioned in the Hebrew Bible

Judges in the Hebrew Bible
שופטים‎
Italics indicate individuals not explicitly described as judges
Book of Exodus
Book of Joshua
Book of Judges
First Book of Samuel

Moses was a shofet over the Israelites and appointed others to whom cases were delegated in accordance with the advice of Jethro, his Midianite father-in-law.[9] The Book of Judges mentions twelve leaders who judged Israel: Othniel, Ehud, Shamgar, Deborah, Gideon, Tola, Jair, Jephthah, Ibzan, Elon, Abdon, and Samson. The First Book of Samuel mentions Eli and Samuel, as well as Joel and Abiah (two sons of Samuel). The First Book of Chronicles mentions Kenaniah and his sons. The Second Book of Chronicles mentions Amariah and Zebadiah (son of Ishmael).

The biblical text does not generally describe these leaders as "a judge", but says that they "judged Israel".[10] Thus, Othniel "judged Israel" (Judges 3:10), Tola "judged Israel twenty-three years" (Judges 10:2), and Jair judged Israel twenty-two years (Judges 10:3).[11]

Role

A cyclical pattern is regularly recounted in the Book of Judges to show the need for the various judges: apostasy of the Israelite people, hardship brought on as punishment from God, crying out to the Lord for rescue.[12] The story of the judges seem to be successive individuals, each from a different tribe of Israel, chosen by God to rescue the people from their enemies and establish justice and the practice of the Torah amongst the Hebrews. This is most likely not the case though as if "all the figures given in Judges (years of oppression, years the judges led Israel, years of peace achieved by the judges) are treated as consecutive, then the total duration of the events described in Judges is 410 years. If we accept a date of 1000 BCE for the beginning of David’s reign over all Israel, which puts the beginning of Eli’s leadership of Israel at about 1100 BCE, then the judges period would begin no later than 1510 BCE - impossible even for those who date the conquest to the fifteenth century BCE".[13]

While judge is the closest literal translation of the Hebrew term used in the Masoretic text, the position is more one of unelected non-hereditary leadership [14] than that of legal pronouncement. However, Cyrus H. Gordon argued that they were normally from among the hereditary leaders of the fighting, landed and ruling aristocracy, like the kings (basileis) in Homer.[15] The shoftim many times played the role as an official with the authority to administer justice but not always.[16] Most shoftim acted primarily as military leaders in times of war. The leaders were thought of as being sent by God to deliver the people from a threat. After the threat had passed, shoftim were generally expected to give up their position as military leaders. They were most likely tribal or local leaders, contrary to the Deuteronomistic historian's portrayal of them as leaders of all of Israel,[17] but their authority was recognized by local groups or tribes beyond their own.[18] In accordance with the needs of the time, their functions were primarily martial and judicial but not comparable to those of a king. All biblical Judges performed judicial duties and the institution of Judges was separated from the institute of King (1 Samuel 10:25).

See also

References

  1. ^ Coogan, A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament, Glossary, pg. 426
  2. ^ Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2003), On the Reliability of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids, Michigan. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company)(ISBN 0-8028-4960-1)
  3. ^ Lester L. Grabbe (1 January 2000). "Writing Israel's History at the End of the Twentieth Century". International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament: Congress Volume Oslo 1998. Supplements to Vetus testamentum. BRILL. p. 210. ISBN 90-04-11598-6. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  4. ^ For a bibliography of scholars who doubt anything like the period of the Judges ever occurred, see John C. Yoder (1 May 2015). Power and Politics in the Book of Judges: Men and Women of Valor. FORTRESS Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4514-9642-0.
  5. ^ Marc Zvi Brettler (2002). The Book of Judges. Psychology Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-415-16216-6.
  6. ^ Thomas L. Thompson (1 January 2000). Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written & Archaeological Sources. BRILL. p. 96. ISBN 90-04-11943-4.
  7. ^ Hjelm, Ingrid; Thompson, Thomas L, eds. (2016). History, Archaeology and The Bible Forty Years After "Historicity": Changing Perspectives. Routledge. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-317-42815-2.
  8. ^ Philip R. Davies (1995). In Search of "Ancient Israel": A Study in Biblical Origins. A&C Black. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-85075-737-5.
  9. ^ Exodus 18:13-26
  10. ^ Hauser, A. J., "The 'Minor Judges' - a Re-evaluation", Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 94, No. 2, June 1975
  11. ^ The Easy-to-Read Version uses the word "judge" as a noun rather than as a verb
  12. ^ Boling, Robert G., revised by Richard D. Nelson, Harper Collins Study Bible: The Book of Judges
  13. ^ Arnold, Bill T.; Williamson, H. G. M. (2005). Dictionary of the Old Testament. InterVarsity Press, USA. p. 590.
  14. ^ Judges 12:7–15
  15. ^ Cyrus H. Gordon, Greek and Hebrew Civilizations (1962) Ch.VIII, pp. 296–297
  16. ^ Wolf, C. U., The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, pg 1012
  17. ^ Coogan, pg 178
  18. ^ Malamat, 129

Bibliography

  • Boling, Robert G., revised by Richard D. Nelson, The Harper Collins Study Bible: Book of Judges, Harper Collins Publishers, 2006
  • Malamat, A. Judges. Ed. Benjamin Mazor. Givatayim, Israel: Rutgers University Press, 1971. 129–63. Print.
  • Coogan, Michael D., A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament, Oxford University Press, 2009
  • Wolf, C. U., The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible: Judge, Abingdon Press, 1962
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