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=== Austria === |
=== Austria === |
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Austrian [[anthropology]] has close ties to [[Germany]] and is generally intertwined with German-speaking countries.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Karstedt|first=Lars|date=2002|title=The History and Status of Linguistic Anthropology in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland|url=|journal=Journal of Linguistic Anthropology|volume=12|issue=1|pages=72-87|via=}}</ref> As such, the history of anthropology in Austria is foggy until the marked institutionalization of the discipline. The Anthropological Society in Vienna (ASV) was the first anthropological institution in [[Austria]]. It was established on February 13, 1870 and is a non-profit organization.<ref>{{cite web|title=History and goals of the anthropological society|url=http://ag-wien.org/ueber-die-ag/geschichte|website=Geschichte|accessdate=15 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal|last1=Ranzmaier|first1=Irene|date=2011|title=The Anthropological Society in Vienna and the Academic Establishment of Anthropology in Austria, 1870-1930|url=|journal=Histories of Anthropology Annual|volume=7|issue=1|page=|pages=1-22|accessdate=14 November 2017|via=}}</ref> The “new anthropology” approach was the ASV’s foundation and Bernd Weiler’s term for anthropology that existed post-publication of [[Charles Darwin]]’s ''[[On the Origin of Species]]''.<ref name=":2" /> Anthropology within academia was postponed until 1919 when the Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography was created at the [[University of Vienna]].<ref name=":2" /> The institute was divided into two later, making the Anthropological Institute and Institute for Ethnology.<ref name=":4" /> In 2005, the Anthropological Institute became the Department of Anthropology and is the only anthropology department that exists within the country.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=History|url=https://www.anthropology.at/history/|website=www.anthropology.at|accessdate=15 November 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> |
Austrian [[anthropology]] has close ties to [[Germany]] and is generally intertwined with German-speaking countries.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Karstedt|first=Lars|date=2002|title=The History and Status of Linguistic Anthropology in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland|url=|journal=Journal of Linguistic Anthropology|volume=12|issue=1|pages=72-87|via=}}</ref> As such, the history of anthropology in Austria is foggy until the marked institutionalization of the discipline. The Anthropological Society in Vienna (ASV) was the first anthropological institution in [[Austria]]. It was established on February 13, 1870 and is a non-profit organization.<ref>{{cite web|title=History and goals of the anthropological society|url=http://ag-wien.org/ueber-die-ag/geschichte|website=Geschichte|accessdate=15 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal|last1=Ranzmaier|first1=Irene|date=2011|title=The Anthropological Society in Vienna and the Academic Establishment of Anthropology in Austria, 1870-1930|url=|journal=Histories of Anthropology Annual|volume=7|issue=1|page=|pages=1-22|accessdate=14 November 2017|via=}}</ref> The “new anthropology” approach was the ASV’s foundation and Bernd Weiler’s term for anthropology that existed post-publication of [[Charles Darwin]]’s ''[[On the Origin of Species]]''.<ref name=":2" /> Anthropology within academia was postponed until 1919 when the Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography was created at the [[University of Vienna]].<ref name=":2" /> The institute was divided into two later, making the Anthropological Institute and Institute for Ethnology.<ref name=":4" /> In 2005, the Anthropological Institute became the Department of Anthropology and is the only anthropology department that exists within the country.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=History|url=https://www.anthropology.at/history/|website=www.anthropology.at|accessdate=15 November 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> |
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A notable anthropologist is [[Richard Thurnwald]] (September 18, 1869 - January 19-1954) who was an Austrian-born German anthropologist and sociologist.<ref name=":3" /> He was a professor at universities in the [[United States]] and Germany<ref name=":3" /> He was also the editor of various journals, including the one he originated, called Journal of Popular Psychology and Sociology, which was later renamed [[Sociologus]].<ref name=":3" /> His work includes the study of kinship, social structure, superstratification, [[feudalism]], kingship, cities, and states, and western colonial expansion.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Richard Thurnwald|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Thurnwald|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.|accessdate=16 November 2017|language=en}}</ref> |
A notable anthropologist is [[Richard Thurnwald]] (September 18, 1869 - January 19-1954) who was an Austrian-born German anthropologist and sociologist.<ref name=":3" /> He was a professor at universities in the [[United States]] and Germany<ref name=":3" /> He was also the editor of various journals, including the one he originated, called Journal of Popular Psychology and Sociology, which was later renamed [[Sociologus]].<ref name=":3" /> His work includes the study of kinship, social structure, superstratification, [[feudalism]], kingship, cities, and states, and western colonial expansion.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Richard Thurnwald|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Thurnwald|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.|accessdate=16 November 2017|language=en}}</ref> |
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=== Switzerland === |
=== Switzerland === |
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Swiss anthropology originated with studying [[folklore]], also known as [[volkskunde]], and ethnology, or völkerkunde.<ref name=":9" /> Between 1912 and 1916, ethnographic museums held seminars in [[ethnology]] and folklore and were the beginning of anthropology being taught in [[Switzerland]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50204263|title=Educational histories of European social anthropology|last=|first=|date=2003|publisher=Berghahn Books|others=Dracklé, Dorle., Edgar, Iain R., Schippers, Thomas K., 1954-|year=|isbn=1571819053|location=New York|pages=116,140|oclc=50204263}}</ref> |
Swiss anthropology originated with studying [[folklore]], also known as [[volkskunde]], and ethnology, or völkerkunde.<ref name=":9" /> Between 1912 and 1916, ethnographic museums held seminars in [[ethnology]] and folklore and were the beginning of anthropology being taught in [[Switzerland]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50204263|title=Educational histories of European social anthropology|last=|first=|date=2003|publisher=Berghahn Books|others=Dracklé, Dorle., Edgar, Iain R., Schippers, Thomas K., 1954-|year=|isbn=1571819053|location=New York|pages=116,140|oclc=50204263}}</ref> The [[anthropology]] in Switzerland, like Austria, is closely tied to [[Germany]] and German-speaking countries in general.<ref name=":12" /> |
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[[Johann Jakob Bachofen]] (December 22, 1815 - 1887) was a [[professor]] at the [[University of Basel]], criminal court judge, member of city legislative council, and anthropological writer.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/645093022|title=Myth, Matriarchy and Modernity : Johann Jakob Bachofen in German Culture. 1860-1945.|last=Peter.|first=Davies,|date=2010|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=|isbn=9783110227093|location=Berlin|pages=7,8,9,11|oclc=645093022}}</ref> He came from a wealthy family and was well educated in [[law]], [[Philology]], [[history]] and [[ancient history]].<ref name=":11" /> A popular, influential publication of his, titled [[Das Mutterrecht]], explored past [[societies]] with the idea that [[matriarchy]] came before [[patriarchy]].<ref name=":11" /> Initially it was rejected but was later printed in 1861.<ref name=":11" /> Bachofen published many works but none were accepted until after his death.<ref name=":11" /> |
[[Johann Jakob Bachofen]] (December 22, 1815 - 1887) was a [[professor]] at the [[University of Basel]], criminal court judge, member of city legislative council, and anthropological writer.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/645093022|title=Myth, Matriarchy and Modernity : Johann Jakob Bachofen in German Culture. 1860-1945.|last=Peter.|first=Davies,|date=2010|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=|isbn=9783110227093|location=Berlin|pages=7,8,9,11|oclc=645093022}}</ref> He came from a wealthy family and was well educated in [[law]], [[Philology]], [[history]] and [[ancient history]].<ref name=":11" /> A popular, influential publication of his, titled [[Das Mutterrecht]], explored past [[societies]] with the idea that [[matriarchy]] came before [[patriarchy]].<ref name=":11" /> Initially it was rejected but was later printed in 1861.<ref name=":11" /> Bachofen published many works but none were accepted until after his death.<ref name=":11" /> |
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Revision as of 02:29, 2 December 2017
Central & Eastern Europe
In this article, central and eastern Europe includes the countries of Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Russia, Slovakia, Turkey, Ukraine, Austria, Bosnia, Croatia, Poland, Serbia, Slovenia, and Switzerland. Anthropological study is active in Europe through research centers, societies, and universities on a range of topics.
(more to be added)
Central Europe
Intro
Austria
Austrian anthropology has close ties to Germany and is generally intertwined with German-speaking countries.[1][2] As such, the history of anthropology in Austria is foggy until the marked institutionalization of the discipline. The Anthropological Society in Vienna (ASV) was the first anthropological institution in Austria. It was established on February 13, 1870 and is a non-profit organization.[3][1] The “new anthropology” approach was the ASV’s foundation and Bernd Weiler’s term for anthropology that existed post-publication of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species.[1] Anthropology within academia was postponed until 1919 when the Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography was created at the University of Vienna.[1] The institute was divided into two later, making the Anthropological Institute and Institute for Ethnology.[4] In 2005, the Anthropological Institute became the Department of Anthropology and is the only anthropology department that exists within the country.[4][1]
A notable anthropologist is Richard Thurnwald (September 18, 1869 - January 19-1954) who was an Austrian-born German anthropologist and sociologist.[5] He was a professor at universities in the United States and Germany[5] He was also the editor of various journals, including the one he originated, called Journal of Popular Psychology and Sociology, which was later renamed Sociologus.[5] His work includes the study of kinship, social structure, superstratification, feudalism, kingship, cities, and states, and western colonial expansion.[5]
Another important figure was Pater Wilhelm Schmidt (February 16, 1868 - February 10, 1954) who was a German-born ordained Roman Catholic priest, anthropologist, and linguist.[6] Anthropos is a journal he created in 1906 and the Anthropos Institute is an institution he founded in 1931.[6][7] He relocated both to Switzerland in 1938 due to his distaste for Hitler's ideals.[7] He was a professor at the Universities of Vienna and Freiburg, had published extensively, and his research topics included family, religion, language, and culture.[6]
Karl Franzens University of Graz’s humanities department includes the Institute for Cultural Anthropology and European Ethnology which offers bachelors, masters, and doctoral degrees in Anthropology.[8] The key topics of research the institution is involved in include “city, governmentality, limit and difference, mobilities, visual culture, material culture, museum, religiousness, and science research as well as subject-oriented methodologies.” [9][8]
Weltmuseum Wien is an ethnographic museum located in Vienna that serves to display cultural diversity.[10] Weltmuseum Wien, translated ‘World Museum Vienna’, opened in 1928 and houses worldwide artifacts, not including Europe, from as early as the 1500s.[10] The museum’s previous title was the Museum of Ethnology and it recently reopened after closing for renovations in 2014.[10]
Bosnia
- History
- Notable anthropologists
- Institutions and organizations and their practices
- Current status of the discipline
Croatia
- History
- Notable anthropologists
- Institutions and organizations and their practices
- Current status of the discipline
Slovenia
History
An important figure in Slovene anthropology is Niko Županić (December 1, 1876 - September 11, 1961).[11][12] He was the creator of the Slovene Ethnographic Museum, which opened in 1923, and the museum’s corresponding journal, Etnolog, that began in 1926.[11] His educational background was in physical anthropology, archaeology, and history and, in 1940, he became a professor for the ethnology and ethnography department at the University of Ljubljana.[11]
Institutions and organizations and their practices
Current status of the discipline
Switzerland
Swiss anthropology originated with studying folklore, also known as volkskunde, and ethnology, or völkerkunde.[11] Between 1912 and 1916, ethnographic museums held seminars in ethnology and folklore and were the beginning of anthropology being taught in Switzerland.[11] The anthropology in Switzerland, like Austria, is closely tied to Germany and German-speaking countries in general.[2]
Johann Jakob Bachofen (December 22, 1815 - 1887) was a professor at the University of Basel, criminal court judge, member of city legislative council, and anthropological writer.[13] He came from a wealthy family and was well educated in law, Philology, history and ancient history.[13] A popular, influential publication of his, titled Das Mutterrecht, explored past societies with the idea that matriarchy came before patriarchy.[13] Initially it was rejected but was later printed in 1861.[13] Bachofen published many works but none were accepted until after his death.[13]
Institutions and organizations and their practices
Current status of the discipline
Eastern Europe
Intro
The first postgraduate training program with anthropology was in February 1965 and was at the Institute of Art, Ethnography and Folklore of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR.[14]
After separating from the Soviet Union, Belarus went through a period of state development that lasted from about 1990 to 1994. During this time, the focus was on nation-building. This required both an institutional and ideological change from the time when Belarus was under Soviet rule. A policy of “Belarusisation” was implemented in order to bring back culture and language that was understood to be native to Belarus.[15] In 1971, anthropological research focused on the characteristics of populations within Belarus, looking at perceived internal “others”. In the 1980s, anthropologists were looking at the genetic structure of human populations based on demographics and environment, along with a study of Belarus’s child population. Belarusian anthropologists also looked outside of Belarus through the Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology from Moscow State University in order to study the Chukchi, Eskimos, Kazakhs, and Khakas peoples.[14]
One important figure in Belarusian anthropology was L.I. Tegako, who is cited as being one of its founders in the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. She began research on ethnic health issues in the 1960s, which is one of the first instances of an official sort of anthropology in Belarus. Her teacher was V.P. Alekseev of Russia. From her research, she concluded that “Belarusians manage to stay within variations which are typical for Caucasian race.” Tegako took part in much of the work in the 1980s on both the genetic structure of human populations and the child studies. She also led twenty expeditions outside of Belarus.[14]
Lidiya Ivanovana is also an important character in Belarusian anthropology. She obtained her PhD in Russia in 1990 with a dissertation that looked at populations in Belarus. Her work was the first to take a multi-dimensional approach involving different types of materials from several different populations within Belarus. Ivanovana is attributed as having contributed many of the anthropological methods used in Belarus.[14]
Anthropology appeared in an official status in Bulgaria in late 1989 due to the fall of the communist regime and is thought to be a product of democratization of society. The first departments to include something like anthropology were departments of ethnology, which were concerned with ethnography and folklore, and were worked in to the departments of philology or history. Anthropology itself was introduced at New Bulgarian University (NBU) as a priority, but they had to combine with a discipline recognized by the state, which like in many other cases, was the department of sociology with the degree being a sociology one. It wasn’t until around 2004 that anthropology got its own department with its own degree in Bulgaria.[16]
One of Bulgarian anthropology’s main focuses at first was to carve out their own niche as a discipline, especially considering that Bulgarian anthropologists come from a variety of backgrounds. They were also left with ideas from the socialist period and the fall of communism. There was also focus on the changing social conditions from the period of transition after the fall of communism. There was push for democratization in Bulgaria, and anthropology became something of a symbol for that change. Despite this, there was still polarization on methods and ideology within the new discipline based on debates about Soviet versus Western styles of education, which were understood to be ideological opposites. The shift was eventually toward Western ideas. Bulgarian anthropologists tend to focus on research within their own borders, but also research in Balkans. Despite the branching out of Bulgaria, there are a limited number of field-research sites, a limited number of subjects, and a limited number of methods taken advantage of by Bulgarian anthropologists. Much attention is paid to community formation, complex societies, power, polity, statehood, nationalism, myth, ritual, religion, marriage, kinship, ethnicity, nation-hood, magic, medicine, and multiculturality.[16]
The Czech Republic takes a constructivist approach to anthropology, which is closely connected to ethnology, which they take a positivist approach to. Ethnology is taken to be trying to get at objective truth, where anthropology is getting at social constructs and beliefs. Despite this split between ideas of ethnology and anthropology in the Czech Republic, anthropology is not yet a fully established discipline. After the split from communism in 1989, there was a turn to socio-cultural anthropology in the way of ideology, but it was inconsistent. Some academics saw it as the same thing as ethnology, while others thought of it as a different research field with different methods and traditions, which resulted in the difficulty of establishing anthropology as a discipline. Many argue for there being a real epistemological difference between the two approaches.[17]
Hungarian anthropology is a defined discipline with its own departments and methods, though there is still overlap between anthropology and other related departments, like history and sociology.[18] Hungarian anthropology places a premium on verifying sociological and anthropological results with scientific data.[19]
In 1963, the Ethnographic Research Group, which was attached to the Hungarian Academy of Sciences was founded. It was led by Gyula Ortutay and had twenty-two participating members. The research focused on Hungarian folklore, but the group also looked at peasant economy, social institutions, and Siberian tribal society. If a senior member had an interest outside of Hungary, then that was also a permissible research topic.[19] Cultural Anthropological departments were established at the University of Budapest in 1990 and the University of Miskolc in 1993.[20]
There are many places to publish anthropological works within Hungary. The majority of the work is published in languages other than Hungarian and appear mostly in European periodicals. Many of the works do not appear in American anthropological journals due to a gap in how things are understood between the two anthropological fields. Many Hungarian anthropologists believe that the methods and problems that they need to consider are within their own borders or within their own region. They tend to stay out of international problems and direct their funding toward internal concerns.[19]
Bela C. Maday points out that communication is not a strong suit for Hungarian anthropologists, which makes communicating ideas with core anthropologists, like those from the U.S. or Western Europe, difficult, but there has been much dispute on this point.[19]
“European” Russia
- History
- Notable anthropologists
- Institutions and organizations and their practices
- Current status of the discipline
Slovakia
- History
- Notable anthropologists
- Institutions and organizations and their practices
- Current status of the discipline
Ukraine
- History
- Notable anthropologists
- Institutions and organizations and their practices
- Current status of the discipline
Sources
- "Cultural and Social Anthropology in Central and Eastern Europe" by Mihaly Sarkany
- Ribeiro and Escobar on Siberia
- American Anthropologist in world section
- EASA
- Annual Review of Anthropology by Thomas C. Wolfe
- AAA under sections
- “On Hungarian Anthropology” by Sandor Bokonyi
- SEEHA (Austria)
- “The Greeks and Anthropology” by Paul Cartledge
- CAS (Croatia)
- “Applied Anthropology in Europe” by Dan Podjed
- “Anthropology of Eastern Europe” by Joel Halpern
- “Siberia” by Piers Vitebsky
- "Ethnographic Atlas XXXI: Peoples of Easternmost Europe by Dmitri Bondarenko
- "Situating Identities: Enacting and Studying Europe at a Russian Elite University" by Martin Muller
- "Culture all around? Contextualising anthropological expertise in European courtroom settings" by Larissa Vetter
- "Rethinking Native Anthropology: Migration and Auto-Ethnography in the Post-Accession Europe" by Marta Kempny
- "Peoples in Flux: Anthropology in and of Europe" by Kathryn Kozaitis
- "Physical Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology in Europe: History, Current Trends and Challenges" by Márquez-Grant
- "Global Perspectives" by Alan Maddox
- "A Concept of Eurasia" by Chris Hann
- "Theory from the East?" by Don Kalb
- "'Humanities' (or 'The Unnatural Sciences')" by Michael Wood
- "History and Anthropology. Special Issue: Politics and Performance in South-Eastern Europe" by Stelu Serban
- "From Things to Signs: Changing Perspectives in the Study of Material Culture in Europe" by Thomas Schippers
- "National Minorities in the Soviet Bloc after 1945: New Historical Research in Micro- and Regional Studies" by David Feest
- "Sociology in Central and Eastern Europe in the 1990s: A Decade of Reconstruction" by Mike Keen
- "Welcome to the New Europe" by Dominic Boyer
- Society for the Anthropology of Europe (SAE)
- "Anthropology and the 'imaginators' of future European universities" by Susan Wright
- "Physical anthropology in Europe and beyond" by N. Marquez-Grant
- "Micro, macro, agency: Historical Ethnography as Cultural Anthropology Practice" by Michaela Fenske
- "Whither Anthropology without Nation-state? Interdisciplinarity, World Anthropologies and Commoditization of Knowledge" by Kacper Poblocki
- "Current Views of European Anthropologists on Race" Influence of Educational and Ideological Background" by Katarzyna Kaszycka
- "Talking Culture" by Verena Stolcke
- "Cultures and Communities in the Anthropology of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union" by Thomas Wolfe
- "On Not Moving Well Enough" by Stef Jansen
- "Anthropological Research on Contemporary Cultural Development: An Invitation to Lublin" by Krzysztof Jaroslaw Brozi
- “Other People’s Anthropologies” by Aleksander Boskovic (Chapters 1, 5, & 9)
 | This is a user sandbox of KrishtynH. You can use it for testing or practicing edits. This is not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course. To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your Dashboard course page and follow the Sandbox Draft link for your assigned article in the My Articles section. |
- ^ a b c d e Ranzmaier, Irene (2011). "The Anthropological Society in Vienna and the Academic Establishment of Anthropology in Austria, 1870-1930". Histories of Anthropology Annual. 7 (1): 1–22.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b Karstedt, Lars (2002). "The History and Status of Linguistic Anthropology in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland". Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 12 (1): 72–87.
- ^ "History and goals of the anthropological society". Geschichte. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
- ^ a b "History". www.anthropology.at. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
- ^ a b c d "Richard Thurnwald". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
- ^ a b c The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (September 26, 2011). "Wilhelm Schmidt". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ a b "ANTHROPOS - Anthropos Institute". www.anthropos.eu (in German). Retrieved 2017-11-16.
- ^ a b "Studieren - Institut für Kulturanthropologie und Europäische Ethnologie". kulturanthropologie.uni-graz.at (in German). Retrieved 14 November 2017.
- ^ "Forschen - Institut für Kulturanthropologie und Europäische Ethnologie". kulturanthropologie.uni-graz.at (in German). Retrieved 14 November 2017.
- ^ a b c Wien, Weltmuseum (14 November 2017). "Weltmuseum Wien: About us". www.weltmuseumwien.at. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
- ^ a b c d e Educational histories of European social anthropology. Dracklé, Dorle., Edgar, Iain R., Schippers, Thomas K., 1954-. New York: Berghahn Books. 2003. pp. 116, 140. ISBN 1571819053. OCLC 50204263.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ umetnosti, Slovenska akademija znanosti in. "Županič, Niko (1876–1961) - Slovenska biografija". www.slovenska-biografija.si (in Sinhala). Retrieved 2017-11-17.
- ^ a b c d e Peter., Davies, (2010). Myth, Matriarchy and Modernity : Johann Jakob Bachofen in German Culture. 1860-1945. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 7, 8, 9, 11. ISBN 9783110227093. OCLC 645093022.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Hurbo, Tatyana (2016). "The Contribution of L.I. Tegako to Anthropology of Belarus". Journal of the Anthropological Society of Serbia. 51: 81–87.
- ^ Bekus, Nelly (2014). "Ethnic Identity in Post-Soviet Belarus: Ethnolinguistic Survival as an Argument in the Political Struggle". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 35 (1): 43–58.
- ^ a b Elchinova, Magdalena (2010). Bošković, Aleksandar (ed.). Other People's Anthropologies: Ethnographic Practice on the Margins. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 70–81. ISBN 9781845457020.
- ^ Jakoubek, Marek (2016). "Anthropology in Eastern Europe Between Positivism and Constructivism: A Case from the Czech Republic". Anthropological Notebooks. 22 (3). Slovene Anthropological Society: 25–45.
- ^ Keen, Mike; Mucha, Janusz. "Sociology in Central and Eastern Europe in the 1990s: A Decade of Reconstruction". European Societies. 6 (2): 123–147.
- ^ a b c d Bokonyi, Sandor; Hofer, Tamas; Kiszely, Istvan; Szepe, Gyorgy; Maday, Bela (February 1970). "On Hungarian Anthropology". Current Anthropology. 11 (1): 61–65 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Three social science disciplines in Central and Eastern Europe : handbook on economics, political science and sociology, 1989-2001. Kaase, Max., Sparschuh, Vera., Wenninger, Agnieszka., Gesellschaft Sozialwissenschaftlicher Infrastruktureinrichtungen., Collegium Budapest. Berlin: Social Science Information Centre (IZ). 2002. ISBN 3820601392. OCLC 63116730.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)