Central business district: Difference between revisions
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The shape and type of a CBD almost always closely reflect the city's history. Cities with strong [[Historic preservation|preservation]] laws and maximum building height restrictions to retain the character of the historic and cultural core will have a CBD quite a distance from the center of the city. This is quite common for European cities such as [[Paris]] or [[Vienna]]. In cities in the [[New World]] that grew quickly after the invention of mechanized modes such as [[Road transport|road]] or [[Rail transport|rail]] transport, a single central area or downtown will often contain most of the region's tallest buildings and act both as the CBD and the commercial and cultural city centre. Increasing [[urbanization]] in the 21st century have developed [[Megacity|megacities]], particularly in [[Asia]], that will often have multiple CBDs scattered across the urban area. It has been said that downtowns (as understood in North America) are therefore conceptually distinct from both CBDs and city centers.<ref>"[http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_RSRQGRD Reviving American downtowns]". ''[[The Economist]]''. 1 March 2007.</ref> No two CBDs look alike in terms of their spatial shape, however certain geometric patterns in these areas are recurring throughout many cities due to the nature of centralized commercial and industrial activities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hartman|first=George W.|date=1950|title=The Central Business District--A Study in Urban Geography|journal=Economic Geography|volume=26|issue=4|pages=237–244|doi=10.2307/141260|jstor=141260}}</ref> |
The shape and type of a CBD almost always closely reflect the city's history. Cities with strong [[Historic preservation|preservation]] laws and maximum building height restrictions to retain the character of the historic and cultural core will have a CBD quite a distance from the center of the city. This is quite common for European cities such as [[Paris]] or [[Vienna]]. In cities in the [[New World]] that grew quickly after the invention of mechanized modes such as [[Road transport|road]] or [[Rail transport|rail]] transport, a single central area or downtown will often contain most of the region's tallest buildings and act both as the CBD and the commercial and cultural city centre. Increasing [[urbanization]] in the 21st century have developed [[Megacity|megacities]], particularly in [[Asia]], that will often have multiple CBDs scattered across the urban area. It has been said that downtowns (as understood in North America) are therefore conceptually distinct from both CBDs and city centers.<ref>"[http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_RSRQGRD Reviving American downtowns]". ''[[The Economist]]''. 1 March 2007.</ref> No two CBDs look alike in terms of their spatial shape, however certain geometric patterns in these areas are recurring throughout many cities due to the nature of centralized commercial and industrial activities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hartman|first=George W.|date=1950|title=The Central Business District--A Study in Urban Geography|journal=Economic Geography|volume=26|issue=4|pages=237–244|doi=10.2307/141260|jstor=141260}}</ref> |
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== Australia == |
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[[File:Sydney skyline at dusk - Dec 2008.jpg|thumb|Sydney, Australias largest CBD]] |
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In Australia the acronym CBD is used very commonly to refer to major city centres.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.traveller.com.au/its-rooted-aussie-terms-that-foreigners-just-wont-get-38nlc|title=It's rooted: Aussie terms that foreigners just won't get|last=Richards|first=Tim|date=2014-05-21|work=Traveller|access-date=2017-12-16|language=en-US}}</ref> It is used in particular to refer to the skyscraper districts in state capital cities such as [[Melbourne central business district|Melbourne]], [[Brisbane central business district|Brisbane]], [[Perth]] and [[Sydney central business district|Sydney]]. Sydney is currently Australia's largest CBD with Melbourne second and Brisbane third when judged by number of total buildings. |
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Melbourne, however, features the most skyscrapers of any Australian city at 36.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/cities|title=Number of 150m+ Completed Buildings - |
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The Skyscraper Center|website=www.skyscrapercenter.com|access-date=2017-12-16}}</ref> This is more skyscrapers than Beijing, London or Moscow. Melbourne is also fast growing to overtake Sydney as Australias largest CBD.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/comment/is-melbourne-already-bigger-than-sydney-20170922-gyn2k4.html|title=Is Melbourne already bigger than Sydney?|last=Wade|first=Matt|date=2017-09-24|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=2017-12-16|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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== China == |
== China == |
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Revision as of 08:34, 16 December 2017
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A central business district (CBD) is the commercial and business centre of a city. In larger cities, it is often synonymous with the city's "financial district". Geographically, it often coincides with the "city centre" or "downtown", but the two concepts are separate: many cities have a central business district located away from its commercial or cultural city centre or downtown.
The CBD is often also the "city centre" or "downtown", but this is also often not the case. Midtown Manhattan is the largest central business district in New York City and in the world; yet Lower Manhattan, commonly called Downtown Manhattan, represents the second largest distinct CBD in New York City and is geographically situated south of Midtown. For example, London's "city centre" is usually regarded as encompassing the historic City of London and the medieval City of Westminster, whereas the City of London and the transformed Docklands area are regarded as its two CBDs. Mexico City also has a historic city centre, the colonial-era Centro Histórico, along with two CBDs: the mid-late 20th century Paseo de la Reforma - Polanco, and the new Santa Fe. In Taipei, Taiwan, the area around its main railway station is regarded as the historic city centre while the Xinyi Planned Area located to the east of the said railway station is the current CBD of Taipei, being both the financial district and the premier shopping area, and the location of Taipei 101, Taipei's tallest building.
The shape and type of a CBD almost always closely reflect the city's history. Cities with strong preservation laws and maximum building height restrictions to retain the character of the historic and cultural core will have a CBD quite a distance from the center of the city. This is quite common for European cities such as Paris or Vienna. In cities in the New World that grew quickly after the invention of mechanized modes such as road or rail transport, a single central area or downtown will often contain most of the region's tallest buildings and act both as the CBD and the commercial and cultural city centre. Increasing urbanization in the 21st century have developed megacities, particularly in Asia, that will often have multiple CBDs scattered across the urban area. It has been said that downtowns (as understood in North America) are therefore conceptually distinct from both CBDs and city centers.[1] No two CBDs look alike in terms of their spatial shape, however certain geometric patterns in these areas are recurring throughout many cities due to the nature of centralized commercial and industrial activities.[2]
Australia
In Australia the acronym CBD is used very commonly to refer to major city centres.[3] It is used in particular to refer to the skyscraper districts in state capital cities such as Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Sydney. Sydney is currently Australia's largest CBD with Melbourne second and Brisbane third when judged by number of total buildings.
Melbourne, however, features the most skyscrapers of any Australian city at 36.[4] This is more skyscrapers than Beijing, London or Moscow. Melbourne is also fast growing to overtake Sydney as Australias largest CBD.[5]
China
In China terms "city center" (Chinese: 市中心) are used but a different commercial district outside of the historic core typically called a "CBD" (商务中心区) or "Financial District" (金融贸易区) may exist. Large Chinese cities typically have multiple CBDs spread throughout the urban area. Cities traditionally being major cultural centers with many historic structures in the core such as Beijing, Suzhou or Xi'an will have the greenfield CBDs built adjacent to the urban core, similar to European cities. While other cities such as Guangzhou, Shanghai, Chengdu and Wuhan will the city center will typically house a number of CBDs in addition to greenfield CBDs built in the periphery.
Germany
In Germany, the terms Innenstadt and Stadtzentrum may be used to describe the central business district. Both terms can be literally translated to mean "inner city" and "city centre". Some of the larger cities have more than one central business district, like Berlin, which has three.
Due to Berlin's history of division during the Cold War, the city contains central business districts both in West (Kurfürstendamm) and East Berlin (Alexanderplatz), as well as a newly-built business centre near Potsdamer Platz. The city's historic centre — the location of the Reichstag building, as well as the Brandenburg gate and most federal ministries — was largely abandoned when the Berlin Wall cut through the area. Only after the reunification with the redevelopment of Potsdamer Platz, and the construction of numerous shopping centres, government ministries, embassies, office buildings and entertainment venues, was the area revived.
In Frankfurt, there is a business district which is in the geographical centre of the city and it is called the Bankenviertel.
In Düsseldorf, there is a business district which is located around the famous High-Street Königsallee with banks, shops and offices.[6]
Indonesia
The largest CBD in Indonesia is known as the Golden Triangle ('Setiga Emas' in Indonesian) in Jakarta. The area is located along the main avenues of Jakarta, Jalan Jenderal Sudirman - Jalan M.H. Thamrin -Jalan H.R. Rasuna Said - Jalan Prof. Dr. Satrio - Jalan Jenderal Gatot Subroto. Sudirman Central Business District, a super block that is located within the Golden Triangle, is the first of its kind in Indonesia, and one of the largest commercial center development in the city. Jakarta started developing the sophistication of its Business District in the early 1960s before to host the Asian Games in 1962.[7]
Surabaya of East Java, will build its first central business district in Darmo region. The construction is expected to be completed by 2018 with 150 SOHO units and 500 residences.[8]
Pakistan
In Pakistan, a central business district or a large, concentrated urban setting within a settlement is called a shehar. Karachi is Pakistan's largest city and the country's economic hub; the I. I. Chundrigar Road of the city, often called the "Wall Street of Pakistan," acts as Karachi's main financial district and is essentially a center of economic and industrial activity. Shara-e-Faisal in Karachi is also one of the most important business districts of Pakistan.
Another important business district is Gulberg, Lahore. It has a large number of important office buildings as well as many high-rises and shopping malls. City Towers,[9] Pace Tower, M.M Alam road, Vogue Towers, Park Plaza Hotel, Tricon Tower,[9] MM Tower,[9] Boulevard Heights and Ali Trade Center are present in this area. Ferozepur Road is also central business district of Lahore. It is served by Lahore bus rapid transit. Kayre International Hotel, and Arfa Software Technology Park are also present on Ferozepur Road.
Jinnah Avenue in Islamabad is the main business district of the city. It is lined with numerous office buildings. Blue Area is also central business districts of Islamabad. Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus Service is under-construction bus rapid transit system in these business districts which will connect them to key areas in Rawalpindi and Islamabad.
D Ground is the central business district of Faisalabad and Saddar is the main central business district of Rawalpindi.
Peru
In Peru the central business district is San Isidro, in Lima, which hosts the majority of Peru's financial industry headquarters.[10] Although still a largely residential district, the commercial and business activity located in or in the vicinity of the area defined by avenues Camino Real, Javier Prado Este, República de Panamá and Aramburú is highly regarded as Peru's financial and corporate heart.[11][12] It has a permanent population of around 63,000 inhabitants[13] and, during weekday business hours, a floating population that exceeds 700,000 daily commuters from other districts of Lima.[14] San Isidro is served by three stations of El Metropolitano, Lima's bus rapid transit system: Estación Javier Prado, Estación Canaval y Moreyra (with over 16,000 daily passengers)[15][16] and Estación Aramburú.
Since the late 2000s (decade) the southeastern district of Surco[17] has experienced a significant increase in upscale corporate developments in the area comprised by avenues Manuel Holguín, El Derby, El Polo and La Encalada due to lower restrictions to grant construction licences and proximity to residential middle and upper class districts and is set to become, after traditional San Isidro and Miraflores, the new corporate center of Lima.[18]
Philippines
Bonifacio Global City (top) is the newest and one of the largest central business districts in the Philippines. The Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA), Ayala Land, Inc. and Evergreen Holdings, Inc. controls Fort Bonifacio Development Corporation, which oversees the master planning of Bonifacio Global City. Ortigas Center (middle), with an area of more than 100 hectares (250 acres), is the Philippines' second most important business district after the Makati CBD and is home to Asian Development Bank. Meanwhile, the Makati Central Business District (bottom), also known as the Makati CBD, is the leading financial and the largest central business district in the Philippines.
Singapore
The area commonly called the "CBD" is located within the Downtown Core, one of the constituent planning areas of the Central Area, the country's city-centre. Its densest point is centered around Raffles Place, where most of Singapore's skyscrapers are located. The "CBD" term has also been used at times to refer to the Central Area as a whole.
In the future, the government is planning to redevelop the town centre of Jurong East into a secondary satellite CBD.[19] The area has also been earmarked as the site of the rail terminus for the Kuala Lumpur–Singapore High Speed Rail.
South Africa
South Africa's largest cities, namely Cape Town, Durban Johannesburg, Pretoria, and Port Elizabeth, have CBDs which house the headquarters of many of the country's largest companies, as well as convention centers, and the cities' tallest buildings.
Cape Town is known for having South Africa's most iconic skyline (including the famous Table Mountain) and CBD.[20]
Spain
The biggest central business districts of Spain are located in the country's capital, Madrid. The Paseo de la Castellana holds the city's main business districts: the Gate of Europe, AZCA and CTBA. AZCA is 19-hectare super block near Real Madrid's stadium Santiago Bernabéu. It used to be the country's main business area during the 1980s and 1990s, when most of its skyscrapers were built. The tallest building of AZCA is the Torre Picasso, a 158-tower designed by the World Trade Center's architect, and contains the main offices in Spain of Google and Deloitte. The Gate of Europe consists of two twin towers, which hold Spanish bank Bankia and real state company Realia. Just a few blocks north is the CTBA, a complex of four skyscrapers which are the tallest in Spain. Architects such as Norman Foster, Ieoh Ming Pei and Cesar Pelli have designed its towers, which were completed in 2008. The tallest building, the Torre de Cristal, is the fourth tallest building is Western Europe, with a height of 250 metres. The complex is home to offices from well known companies such as KPMG, Coca-Cola, Wolkswagen, Bankia, Cepsa, PwC, OHL and holds the embassies of The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Canada and Australia, as well as a 5-star hotel from Eurostars. A fifth tower is currently being built and will have the campus of the Instituto de Empresa university.
In Barcelona, the 22@ and Granvia l'Hospitalet are the main business districts. Despite the fact that the Catalan capital does not have a reputation for skyscrapers and financial hubs, in the recent years it has attracted several media and technology companies such as Microsoft and Yahoo!. In 2005, the Torre Agbar, designed by French architect Jean Nouvel, became the third tallest building in the city with a height of 145 metres. The building soon became a symbol of Barcelona and was going to become a Hyatt hotel. However, the tower is still empty due to administrative problems.[21]
Cities like Bilbao and Valencia are also considered to have important business districts but at a much smaller scale. Bilbao has completely transformed its city centre in the last 20 years, and now holds several main offices of banks like BBVA and Kutxabank as well as the Iberdrola Tower, a 165-metre skyscraper which belongs to Spanish electric company Iberdrola.
United Kingdom & Commonwealth & Ireland
The alternative term city centre is used in United Kingdom and Ireland. In British-influenced countries, such as the Commonwealth realms, former British territories, also use many of the same terms, but also have many characteristics of British cities. In the UK, Northern Ireland, Australia and South Africa, the term is often just shortened to "city", as in "going to the city"; it is often also called "town" ("going (in)to town", "going up town", or "going down town"). One exception is in London where "the City" specifically refers to the City of London financial district (one of the two main financial CBDs), rather than to any other part of London.
United States
In the United States, central business districts are often called "downtown" (even if there is no "uptown"). In most cities the downtown area will be home to the financial district, but usually contains entertainment and retail of some kind as well. The downtown areas of many cities, such as Los Angeles, Chicago, Cleveland, San Diego, New Orleans, San Francisco, St. Louis, and Houston, are also home to large sports and convention venues. Historic sections of a central business district may be called "old town", while decaying parts of the centre city are commonly called the "inner city". The term inner city is sometimes used evocatively, applying a negative connotation and referring to peripheral areas blighted during a mass exodus of middle class residents.
Some cities in the United States, such as Minneapolis, and Dallas, have mixed use districts known as "uptown" in addition to the primary downtown core areas. In some cities, such as Cincinnati, Ohio; Charlotte, North Carolina; Chicago, Illinois and Oklahoma City, "uptown" is instead the historic name for a separate business centre or neighbourhood. Philadelphia and Wilmington, Delaware use the term center city instead of downtown for their central business districts. In other cities, like Los Angeles and Indianapolis, the city core is simply known as "downtown". In New Orleans, the phrase central business district is used; and while downtown is sometimes used synonymously, traditionally it referred to parts of the city downriver from Canal Street, which did not include the CBD.
See also
References
- ^ "Reviving American downtowns". The Economist. 1 March 2007.
- ^ Hartman, George W. (1950). "The Central Business District--A Study in Urban Geography". Economic Geography. 26 (4): 237–244. doi:10.2307/141260. JSTOR 141260.
- ^ Richards, Tim (21 May 2014). "It's rooted: Aussie terms that foreigners just won't get". Traveller. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
- ^ "Number of 150m+ Completed Buildings - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
{{cite web}}: line feed character in|title=at position 38 (help) - ^ Wade, Matt (24 September 2017). "Is Melbourne already bigger than Sydney?". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
- ^ Thorsten Breitkopf. "Düsseldorfs Central Business District: Mischung macht das Zentrum einzigartig". RP ONLINE. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
- ^ Sukarno's vision of a modern capital www.thejakartapost.com
- ^ Surabaya to See First Central Business District www.tempo.co
- ^ a b c "Lahore High Rise Buildings - Mitula Homes". Retrieved 13 December 2015.
- ^ General information of San Isidro (in Spanish) retrieved from San Isidro's Municipality official website www.msi.gob.pe on 2011-09-04
- ^ San Isidro - Peru retrieved from AboutPeruhistory.com on 2011-09-04
- ^ History of San Isidro, Lima, Peru retrieved from SanIsidroPeru.com on 2011-09-04
- ^ San Isidro - Population - Municipality of San Isidro website (in Spanish) retrieved from San Isidro's Municipality official website www.msi.gob.pe on 2011-09-04
- ^ Mayor of San Isidro proposes alternatives to mitigate San Isidro's challenges (in Spanish)[permanent dead link] retrieved from LaRepublica.pe on 2011-09-04
- ^ Metropolitano's Canaval y Moreyra station will have a new access for passengers (in Spanish) retrieved from El Comercio.pe on 2011-08-22
- ^ Canaval y Moreyra station will have a new access for passengers (in Spanish) Archived 12 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine retrieved from Peru21.pe on 2011-08-23
- ^ Municipality of Santiago de Surco - official website (in Spanish) Archived 23 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine retrieved on 2011-09-16
- ^ Surco, the new corporate center in Lima(in Spanish) Archived 8 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine retrieved from AlfredoGraf.com on 2011-09-04
- ^ "Jurong, The Next CBD". ChannelNewsAsia. ChannelNewsAsia. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
- ^ "New 7 Wonders" of the World website". 6 October 2010. Archived from the original on 27 September 2010.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "El hotel que no pudo ser". lavanguardia.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017.