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Dr. '''Carla J. Shatz''' (born 1947) is an American [[neurobiologist]] and an elected member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], the [[American Philosophical Society]], the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], and the [[National Academy of Medicine]].
Dr. '''Carla J. Shatz''' (born 1947) is an American [[neurobiologist]] and an elected member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], the [[American Philosophical Society]], the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], and the [[National Academy of Medicine]].


She was the first woman to receive a PhD in neurobiology from Harvard<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3592607/</ref><ref>http://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2016/02/11/stanford-neurobiologist-carla-shatz-shares-her-perspective/</ref>. Shatz received a tenured position in the basic sciences at Stanford Medical School and later returned to Harvard to head the university's [[Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School|Department of Neurobiology]]. In both cases, Shatz was the first woman hired for the position.<ref name="davies">{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Daniel M.|title=Compatibility Gene|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=1846145147|pages=150|ref=davies}}<!--|accessdate=2 February 2016--></ref><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3592607/</ref>.
She was the first woman to receive a PhD in neurobiology from Harvard.<ref name=pmid23495301>{{cite journal |pmid=23495301 }}</ref><ref>http://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2016/02/11/stanford-neurobiologist-carla-shatz-shares-her-perspective/</ref> Shatz received a tenured position in the basic sciences at Stanford Medical School and later returned to Harvard to head the university's [[Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School|Department of Neurobiology]]. In both cases, Shatz was the first woman hired for the position.<ref name="davies">{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Daniel M.|title=Compatibility Gene|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=1846145147|pages=150|ref=davies}}</ref><ref name=pmid23495301/>


==Career==
==Career==
Line 49: Line 49:
In 1978, Shatz moved to [[Stanford University]], where she began her studies of the development of the [[mammalian]] [[visual system]] in the department of Neurobiology. She became professor of neurobiology in 1989. In 1992, she moved her laboratory to the department of molecular and cell biology at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], where she became a [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]] investigator in 1994.
In 1978, Shatz moved to [[Stanford University]], where she began her studies of the development of the [[mammalian]] [[visual system]] in the department of Neurobiology. She became professor of neurobiology in 1989. In 1992, she moved her laboratory to the department of molecular and cell biology at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], where she became a [[Howard Hughes Medical Institute]] investigator in 1994.


During 1994-1995, she was president of the [[Society for Neuroscience]] and served on the Council of the National Academy of Sciences from 1998 to 2001. From 2000 until 2007, she was the chair of the Department of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School and the Nathan Marsh Pusey Professor of Neurobiology. Notably, she was the first woman to chair this department<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3592607/</ref>. She loved Stanford but says, "I couldn't turn it down because I felt I was on a mission to represent women at the highest levels."<ref name="davies"/>
During 1994-1995, she was president of the [[Society for Neuroscience]] and served on the Council of the National Academy of Sciences from 1998 to 2001. From 2000 until 2007, she was the chair of the Department of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School and the Nathan Marsh Pusey Professor of Neurobiology. Notably, she was the first woman to chair this department.<ref name=pmid23495301/> She loved Stanford but says, "I couldn't turn it down because I felt I was on a mission to represent women at the highest levels."<ref name="davies"/>


She also helped to develop the Harvard Center for Neurodegeneration and Repair (now named the [http://neurodiscovery.harvard.edu|Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center]) and led the Harvard Center for Brain Imaging. Shatz was the inaugural chair of The Sapp Family Provostial Professorship, holds professorship appointments in both the Department of Biology (School of Humanities and Sciences) and in Neurobiology (School of Medicine) and is David Starr Jordan Director of the Bio-X program at the [[Stanford University School of Medicine]].
She also helped to develop the Harvard Center for Neurodegeneration and Repair (now named the [http://neurodiscovery.harvard.edu|Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center]) and led the Harvard Center for Brain Imaging. Shatz was the inaugural chair of The Sapp Family Provostial Professorship, holds professorship appointments in both the Department of Biology (School of Humanities and Sciences) and in Neurobiology (School of Medicine) and is David Starr Jordan Director of the Bio-X program at the [[Stanford University School of Medicine]].


==Research==
==Research==
Shatz is one of the pioneers who determined some of the basic principles of early brain [[developmental biology|development]]. She found that the [[spontaneous activity]] of [[neurons]] ''[[in utero]]'' is critical for the formation of precise and orderly [[neural network|neural connections]] in the [[central nervous system]]<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/702379</ref>. She discovered that waves of spontaneous activity in the [[retina]] can alter [[gene expression]] and the strength of [[Synapse|synaptic connections]]<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8638165</ref>. In 2000, Shatz and colleagues identified Class I MHC molecules as important in neuronal plasticity, a surprising new role for molecules previously thought to have only immune system function<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11118151</ref><ref>https://news.stanford.edu/news/2009/april1/med-shatz-040109.html</ref>.
Shatz is one of the pioneers who determined some of the basic principles of early brain [[developmental biology|development]]. She found that the [[spontaneous activity]] of [[neurons]] ''[[in utero]]'' is critical for the formation of precise and orderly [[neural network|neural connections]] in the [[central nervous system]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=702379 }}</ref> She discovered that waves of spontaneous activity in the [[retina]] can alter [[gene expression]] and the strength of [[Synapse|synaptic connections]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=8638165 }}</ref> In 2000, Shatz and colleagues identified Class I MHC molecules as important in neuronal plasticity, a surprising new role for molecules previously thought to have only immune system function.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=11118151 }}</ref><ref>https://news.stanford.edu/news/2009/april1/med-shatz-040109.html{{full}}</ref>


Shatz is credited with coining the sentence summarizing the [[Hebbian theory]]: "Cells that fire together, wire together." Although a similar phrase might first have appeared in print in Siegrid Löwel's ''Science'' article in January, 1992, Shatz had been using it in lectures for a number of years before. In her September 1992 ''Scientific American'' article, she wrote, "Segregation to form the columns in the visual cortex [...] proceeds when the two nerves are stimulated asynchronously. In a sense, then, cells that fire together wire together. The timing of action-potential activity is critical in determining which synaptic connections are strengthened and retained and which are weakened and eliminated."<ref>{{cite news|last=Shatz| first=Carla J. |title=The Developing Brain |year=1992 |work=Scientific American |location=United States |issn=0036-8733|pages=60–67 |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-developing-brain}}</ref>
Shatz is credited with coining the sentence summarizing the [[Hebbian theory]]: "Cells that fire together, wire together." Although a similar phrase might first have appeared in print in Siegrid Löwel's ''Science'' article in January, 1992, Shatz had been using it in lectures for a number of years before. In her September 1992 ''Scientific American'' article, she wrote, "Segregation to form the columns in the visual cortex [...] proceeds when the two nerves are stimulated asynchronously. In a sense, then, cells that fire together wire together. The timing of action-potential activity is critical in determining which synaptic connections are strengthened and retained and which are weakened and eliminated."<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Carla J. |last1=Shatz |date=September 1992 |title=The Developing Brain |journal=Scientific American |volume=267 |issue=3 |pages=60–7 |jstor=24939213 }}</ref>


==Awards==
==Awards==
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==Major publications==
==Major publications==
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/308845a0 }}
*Sretavan D, Shatz CJ. (1984) "Prenatal development of individual retinogeniculate axons during the period of segregation". ''Nature'' 308(5962):845-8.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.2475909 }}
*McConnell SK, Ghosh A, Shatz CJ. (1989) "Subplate neurons pioneer the first axon pathway from the cerebral cortex". ''Science'' 245(4921):978-82.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/347179a0 }}
*Ghosh A, Antonini A, McConnell SK, Shatz CJ. (1990) "Requirement for subplate neurons in the formation of thalamocortical connections". ''Nature'' 347(6289):179-81.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.2035024 }}
*Meister M, Wong RO, Baylor DA, Shatz CJ. (1991) "Synchronous bursts of action potentials in ganglion cells of the developing mammalian retina". ''Science'' 252(5008):939-43.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1542795 }}
*Ghosh A, Shatz CJ. (1992) "Involvement of subplate neurons in the formation of ocular dominance columns". ''Science'' 255(5050):1441-3.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/374716a0 }}
*Wong RO, Chernjavsky A, Smith SJ, Shatz CJ. (1995) "Early functional neural networks in the developing retina". ''Nature'' 374(6524):716-8.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.274.5290.1133 }}
*Katz LC, Shatz CJ. (1996) "Synaptic activity and the construction of cortical circuits". ''Science'' 274(5290):1133-8. Review
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.279.5359.2108 }}
*Penn AA, Riquelme PA, Feller MB, Shatz CJ. (1998) "Competition in retinogeniculate patterning driven by spontaneous activity". ''Science'' 279(5359):2108-12.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.281.5376.559 }}
*Catalano SM, Shatz CJ. (1998) "Activity-dependent cortical target selection by thalamic axons". ''Science'' 281(5376):559-62.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81121-6 }}
*Stellwagen D, Shatz CJ, and Feller MB. (1999) "Dynamic processes of a developing retinal circuit are controlled by c-AMP", ''Neuron'' 24: 673-685.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.290.5499.2155 }}
*Huh GS, Du H, Boulanger LM, Riquelme P, Brotz TM, and Shatz CJ. (2000) "Functional requirement for Class I MHC in CNS development and plasticity". ''Science'' 290:2155-2159.
*Man-Kit Lam D and Shatz CJ. (Eds.) ''Development of the Visual System''. MIT Press, 1991. {{ISBN|0-262-12154-9}}.
*{{cite book |editor1-first=Dominic Man-Kit |editor1-last=Lam |editor2-first=Carla J. |editor2-last=Shatz |title=Development of the Visual System |publisher=MIT Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-262-12154-5 }}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00577-9 }}
*Stellwagen D, Shatz CJ. (2002) "An instructive role for retinal waves in the development of retinogeniculate connectivity". ''Neuron'' 33:357-367.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1084152 }}
*Kanold PO, Kara P, Reid RC, and Shatz CJ. (2003) "The subplate is required for functional maturation of visual cortical columns". ''Science'' 301:521-525.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nrn1428 }}
*Boulanger LM, Shatz CJ. (2004) "Immune signaling in neural development, synaptic plasticity, and disease". ''Nature Reviews Neuroscience'' 5: 521-531.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nn1410 }}
*Tagawa Y, Kanold PO, Majdan M, Shatz CJ. (2005) "Multiple periods of functional ocular dominance plasticity in mouse visual cortex". ''Nature Neuroscience'' 8(3):380-8.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.008 }}
*Kanold PO, Shatz CJ. (2006) "Subplate neurons regulate maturation of cortical inhibition and outcome of ocular dominance plasticity". ''Neuron'' 51(5):627-38.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1128232 }}
*Syken J, Grandpre T, Kanold PO, Shatz CJ. (2006) "PirB restricts ocular-dominance plasticity in visual cortex". ''Science'' 313(5794):1795-800.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nn1674 }}
*Majdan M, Shatz CJ. (2006) "Effects of visual experience on activity-dependent gene regulation in cortex". ''Nature Neuroscience'' 9(5):650-9.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.0702023104 }}
*Goddard, CA, Butts, D, Shatz, CJ (2007) "Regulation of CNS synapses by neuronal MHC Class I". ''PNAS'' 104: 6828-6833.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0050061 }}
*Butts, DA, Kanold, PO, Shatz CJ (2007) "A burst-based 'Hebbian' learning rule at retinogeniculate synapses links retinal waves to activity dependent refinement". ''PLoS Biology'' 5: E61.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1161151 }}
*Atwal JK, Pinkston-Gosse J, Syken J, Stawicki S, Wu Y, Shatz CJ, Tessier-Lavigne MT (2008) "PirB is a functional receptor for myelin inhibitors of axonal regeneration". ''Science'' 322: 967-970. {{PMC|2672503}}.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.0902018106 }}
*McConnell, MJ, Huang, YH, Datwani, A, Shatz, CJ (2009) "H2-Kb and H2-Db regulate cerebellar long term depression and limit motor learning". ''PNAS'' 106: 6784-6789. {{PMC|2672503}}.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1113/jphysiol.2009.171215 }}
*Kanold PO, Kim YA, Grandpre T, Shatz CJ (2009) "Co-regulation of ocular dominance plasticity and NMDA Receptor subunit expression in Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-65 Knock-Out Mice". ''J. Physiol. Epub'' 04/30/09 {{PMID|19406876}}.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.044 }}
*Shatz, CJ (2009) "MHC class I: an unexpected role in neuronal plasticity". ''Neuron'' 64 (1): 40-5.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/cercor/bhn194 }}
*McKellar, CE, Shatz, CJ (2009) "Synaptogenesis in purified cortical subplate neurons". ''Cereb Cortex'' 19 (8): 1723-37.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2009.10.015 }}
*Datwani A, McConnell MJ, Kanold PO, Micheva KD, Busse B, Shamloo M, Smith SJ, Shatz CJ (2009) "Classical MHCI molecules regulate retinogeniculate refinement and limit ocular dominance plasticity". ''Neuron'' 64 (4):463-70.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.neuron.2012.01.020 }}
*Adelson JD, Barreto GE, Xu L, Kim T, Brott BK, Ouyang YB, Naserke T, Djurisic M, Xiong X, Shatz CJ, Giffard RG (2012) "Neuroprotection from stroke in the absence of MHCI or PirB". ''Neuron'' 73 (6): 1100-7.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5369-11.2012 }}
*William CM, Andermann ML, Goldey GJ, Roumis DK, Reid RC, Shatz CJ, Albers MW, Frosch MP, Hyman BT (2012) "Synaptic plasticity defect following visual deprivation in Alzheimer's disease model transgenic mice". ''J. Neurosci''. 32:8004-11.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1242077 }}
*Kim T, Vidal GS, Djurisic M, William CM, Birnbaum ME, Garcia KC, Hyman BT, Shatz CJ (2013) "Human LilrB2 Is a β-Amyloid Receptor and Its Murine Homolog PirB Regulates Synaptic Plasticity in an Alzheimer's Model". ''Science'' 341:1399-1404.
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.1321092110 }}
*Djurisic M, Vidal GS, Mann M, Aharon A, Kim T, Ferrao Santos A, Zuo Y, Hübener M, Shatz CJ (2013) "PirB regulates a structural substrate for cortical plasticity". ''PNAS'' 110(51):20771-6
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature13154 }}
* Lee H, Brott BK, Kirkby LA, Adelson JD, Cheng S, Feller MB, Datwani A, Shatz CJ (2014) "Synapse elimination and learning rules coregulated by MHC Class I H2-Db". ''Nature'' 509(7499):195-200


==References==
==References==
{{cleanup-link rot}}
{{reflist|35em}}
{{reflist|35em}}


Revision as of 18:50, 23 December 2017

Carla J. Shatz
Alma materRadcliffe College, University College London, Harvard University
Known forRole of neuronal activity in maturation of brain circuits
Awards
Scientific career
InstitutionsHoward Hughes Medical Institute
Stanford University
Harvard University
University of California, Berkeley
Doctoral advisorsDavid Hubel, Torsten Wiesel
Other academic advisorsPasko Rakic
Notable studentsAnirvan Ghosh, Marla B. Feller, Susan K. McConnell, Richard D. Mooney, Rachel Wong, Lisa M. Boulanger

Dr. Carla J. Shatz (born 1947) is an American neurobiologist and an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the National Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine.

She was the first woman to receive a PhD in neurobiology from Harvard.[1][2] Shatz received a tenured position in the basic sciences at Stanford Medical School and later returned to Harvard to head the university's Department of Neurobiology. In both cases, Shatz was the first woman hired for the position.[3][1]

Career

Shatz graduated from Radcliffe College in 1969 with a B.A. in chemistry. She received an M.Phil. in Physiology from the University College London in 1971 on a Marshall Scholarship. In 1976, she received a Ph.D. in neurobiology from Harvard Medical School, where she studied with the Nobel laureates David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel. From 1976 to 1978 she obtained postdoctoral training with Pasko Rakic in the department of neuroscience, Harvard Medical School.

In 1978, Shatz moved to Stanford University, where she began her studies of the development of the mammalian visual system in the department of Neurobiology. She became professor of neurobiology in 1989. In 1992, she moved her laboratory to the department of molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley, where she became a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator in 1994.

During 1994-1995, she was president of the Society for Neuroscience and served on the Council of the National Academy of Sciences from 1998 to 2001. From 2000 until 2007, she was the chair of the Department of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School and the Nathan Marsh Pusey Professor of Neurobiology. Notably, she was the first woman to chair this department.[1] She loved Stanford but says, "I couldn't turn it down because I felt I was on a mission to represent women at the highest levels."[3]

She also helped to develop the Harvard Center for Neurodegeneration and Repair (now named the NeuroDiscovery Center) and led the Harvard Center for Brain Imaging. Shatz was the inaugural chair of The Sapp Family Provostial Professorship, holds professorship appointments in both the Department of Biology (School of Humanities and Sciences) and in Neurobiology (School of Medicine) and is David Starr Jordan Director of the Bio-X program at the Stanford University School of Medicine.

Research

Shatz is one of the pioneers who determined some of the basic principles of early brain development. She found that the spontaneous activity of neurons in utero is critical for the formation of precise and orderly neural connections in the central nervous system.[4] She discovered that waves of spontaneous activity in the retina can alter gene expression and the strength of synaptic connections.[5] In 2000, Shatz and colleagues identified Class I MHC molecules as important in neuronal plasticity, a surprising new role for molecules previously thought to have only immune system function.[6][7]

Shatz is credited with coining the sentence summarizing the Hebbian theory: "Cells that fire together, wire together." Although a similar phrase might first have appeared in print in Siegrid Löwel's Science article in January, 1992, Shatz had been using it in lectures for a number of years before. In her September 1992 Scientific American article, she wrote, "Segregation to form the columns in the visual cortex [...] proceeds when the two nerves are stimulated asynchronously. In a sense, then, cells that fire together wire together. The timing of action-potential activity is critical in determining which synaptic connections are strengthened and retained and which are weakened and eliminated."[8]

Awards

Shatz's honors include the 1985 Society for Neuroscience Young Investigator Award[9], the 2006 Gill Prize presented by the Indiana University Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, the 2011 Gerard Prize from the Society for Neuroscience[10], the 2013 The Mortimer D. Sackler, M.D. Prize for Distinguished Achievement in Developmental Psychobiology[11], the Silvo Conte Award from the National Foundation for Brain Research, the Charles A. Dana Award for Pioneering Achievement in Health and Education, the Alcon Award for Outstanding Contributions to Vision Research, the Bernard Sachs Award from the Child Neurology Society, the 2016 Kavli Prize in Neuroscience, and the Weizmann Women & Science Award. She has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Philosophical Society. In 1997, she was invited by President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Clinton to speak at the White House Conference on Early Childhood Development and Learning[12]. In 2011, she was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London[13] In 2015, she was awarded the Gruber prize in Neuroscience[14], and in 2016 the Champalimaud Foundation Vision Award.[15].

Major publications

References

  1. ^ a b c . PMID 23495301. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ^ http://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2016/02/11/stanford-neurobiologist-carla-shatz-shares-her-perspective/
  3. ^ a b Davies, Daniel M. Compatibility Gene. Allen Lane. p. 150. ISBN 1846145147.
  4. ^ . PMID 702379. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ^ . PMID 8638165. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ^ . PMID 11118151. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ https://news.stanford.edu/news/2009/april1/med-shatz-040109.html[full citation needed]
  8. ^ Shatz, Carla J. (September 1992). "The Developing Brain". Scientific American. 267 (3): 60–7. JSTOR 24939213.
  9. ^ https://www.sfn.org/Awards-and-Funding/Individual-Prizes-and-Fellowships/Young-Scientists-Achievements-and-Research/Young-Investigator-Award
  10. ^ https://www.sfn.org/Press-Room/News-Release-Archives/2011/RALPH-W-GERARD-PRIZE-IN-NEUROSCIENCE-RECOGNIZES-OUTSTANDING-CONTRIBUTIONS-OF-CARLA-SHATZ
  11. ^ http://newsroom.cumc.columbia.edu/blog/2013/02/19/pioneer-in-neural-development-honored-with-the-mortimer-d-sackler-m-d-prize-for-distinguished-achievement-in-developmental-psychobiology/
  12. ^ https://clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov/WH/New/ECDC/About.html
  13. ^ https://royalsociety.org/people/carla-shatz-12260/
  14. ^ http://gruber.yale.edu/neuroscience/carla-shatz
  15. ^ https://biox.stanford.edu/highlight/carla-shatz-wins-2016-antonio-champalimaud-vision-award
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