Carla J. Shatz: Difference between revisions

Carla J. Shatz
Carla J. Shatz
Alma mater	Radcliffe College, University College London, Harvard University
Known for	Role of neuronal activity in maturation of brain circuits
Awards	Society for Neuroscience Young Investigator Award (1985); American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1992); National Academy of Sciences (1995); American Philosophical Society (1997); National Academy of Medicine (1999); Society for Neuroscience Gerard Prize (2011); Gruber Prize (2015); Fellow of the Royal Society (2015); Champalimaud Foundation Vision Award (2016); Kavli Prize in Neuroscience (2016);
	Scientific career
Institutions	Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Harvard University; University of California, Berkeley
Doctoral advisors	David Hubel, Torsten Wiesel
Other academic advisors	Pasko Rakic
Notable students	Anirvan Ghosh, Marla B. Feller, Susan K. McConnell, Richard D. Mooney, Rachel Wong, Lisa M. Boulanger

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Dr. Carla J. Shatz (born 1947) is an American neurobiologist and an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the National Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine.

She was the first woman to receive a PhD in neurobiology from Harvard.^[1]^[2] Shatz received a tenured position in the basic sciences at Stanford Medical School and later returned to Harvard to head the university's Department of Neurobiology. In both cases, Shatz was the first woman hired for the position.^[3]^[1]

Career

Shatz graduated from Radcliffe College in 1969 with a B.A. in chemistry. She received an M.Phil. in Physiology from the University College London in 1971 on a Marshall Scholarship. In 1976, she received a Ph.D. in neurobiology from Harvard Medical School, where she studied with the Nobel laureates David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel. From 1976 to 1978 she obtained postdoctoral training with Pasko Rakic in the department of neuroscience, Harvard Medical School.

In 1978, Shatz moved to Stanford University, where she began her studies of the development of the mammalian visual system in the department of Neurobiology. She became professor of neurobiology in 1989. In 1992, she moved her laboratory to the department of molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley, where she became a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator in 1994.

During 1994-1995, she was president of the Society for Neuroscience and served on the Council of the National Academy of Sciences from 1998 to 2001. From 2000 until 2007, she was the chair of the Department of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School and the Nathan Marsh Pusey Professor of Neurobiology. Notably, she was the first woman to chair this department.^[1] She loved Stanford but says, "I couldn't turn it down because I felt I was on a mission to represent women at the highest levels."^[3]

She also helped to develop the Harvard Center for Neurodegeneration and Repair (now named the NeuroDiscovery Center) and led the Harvard Center for Brain Imaging. Shatz was the inaugural chair of The Sapp Family Provostial Professorship, holds professorship appointments in both the Department of Biology (School of Humanities and Sciences) and in Neurobiology (School of Medicine) and is David Starr Jordan Director of the Bio-X program at the Stanford University School of Medicine.

Research

Shatz is one of the pioneers who determined some of the basic principles of early brain development. She found that the spontaneous activity of neurons in utero is critical for the formation of precise and orderly neural connections in the central nervous system.^[4] She discovered that waves of spontaneous activity in the retina can alter gene expression and the strength of synaptic connections.^[5] In 2000, Shatz and colleagues identified Class I MHC molecules as important in neuronal plasticity, a surprising new role for molecules previously thought to have only immune system function.^[6]^[7]

Shatz is credited with coining the sentence summarizing the Hebbian theory: "Cells that fire together, wire together." Although a similar phrase might first have appeared in print in Siegrid Löwel's Science article in January, 1992, Shatz had been using it in lectures for a number of years before. In her September 1992 Scientific American article, she wrote, "Segregation to form the columns in the visual cortex [...] proceeds when the two nerves are stimulated asynchronously. In a sense, then, cells that fire together wire together. The timing of action-potential activity is critical in determining which synaptic connections are strengthened and retained and which are weakened and eliminated."^[8]

Awards

Shatz's honors include the 1985 Society for Neuroscience Young Investigator Award^[9], the 2006 Gill Prize presented by the Indiana University Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, the 2011 Gerard Prize from the Society for Neuroscience^[10], the 2013 The Mortimer D. Sackler, M.D. Prize for Distinguished Achievement in Developmental Psychobiology^[11], the Silvo Conte Award from the National Foundation for Brain Research, the Charles A. Dana Award for Pioneering Achievement in Health and Education, the Alcon Award for Outstanding Contributions to Vision Research, the Bernard Sachs Award from the Child Neurology Society, the 2016 Kavli Prize in Neuroscience, and the Weizmann Women & Science Award. She has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Philosophical Society. In 1997, she was invited by President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Clinton to speak at the White House Conference on Early Childhood Development and Learning^[12]. In 2011, she was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London^[13] In 2015, she was awarded the Gruber prize in Neuroscience^[14], and in 2016 the Champalimaud Foundation Vision Award.^[15].

Major publications

Sretavan, David; Shatz, Carla J (1984). "Prenatal development of individual retinogeniculate axons during the period of segregation". Nature. 308 (5962). Bibcode:1984Natur.308..845S. doi:10.1038/308845a0. PMID 6201743.
McConnell, S; Ghosh, A; Shatz, C (1989). "Subplate neurons pioneer the first axon pathway from the cerebral cortex". Science. 245 (4921). Bibcode:1989Sci...245..978M. doi:10.1126/science.2475909. PMID 2475909.
Ghosh, Anirvan; Antonini, Antonella; McConnell, Susan K; Shatz, Carla J (1990). "Requirement for subplate neurons in the formation of thalamocortical connections". Nature. 347 (6289). Bibcode:1990Natur.347..179G. doi:10.1038/347179a0. PMID 2395469.
Meister, M; Wong, R; Baylor, D; Shatz, C (1991). "Synchronous bursts of action potentials in ganglion cells of the developing mammalian retina". Science. 252 (5008). Bibcode:1991Sci...252..939M. doi:10.1126/science.2035024. PMID 2035024.
Ghosh, A; Shatz, C (1992). "Involvement of subplate neurons in the formation of ocular dominance columns". Science. 255 (5050). Bibcode:1992Sci...255.1441G. doi:10.1126/science.1542795. PMID 1542795.
Wong, R. O. L; Chernjavsky, A; Smith, S.

J; Shatz, C. J (1995). "Early functional neural networks in the developing retina". Nature. 374 (6524). Bibcode:1995Natur.374..716W. doi:10.1038/374716a0. PMID 7715725. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |first3= at position 3 (help); line feed character in |first4= at position 3 (help)

Katz, L. C; Shatz, C. J (1996). "Synaptic Activity and the Construction of Cortical Circuits". Science. 274 (5290). Bibcode:1996Sci...274.1133K. doi:10.1126/science.274.5290.1133. PMID 8895456.
Penn, A. A; Riquelme, Patricio A; Feller, Marla B; Shatz, Carla J (1998). "Competition in Retinogeniculate Patterning Driven by Spontaneous Activity". Science. 279 (5359). Bibcode:1998Sci...279.2108P. doi:10.1126/science.279.5359.2108. PMID 9516112.
Catalano, S. M; Shatz, Carla J (1998). "Activity-Dependent Cortical Target Selection by Thalamic Axons". Science. 281 (5376). Bibcode:1998Sci...281..559C. doi:10.1126/science.281.5376.559. PMID 9677198.
Stellwagen, David; Shatz, Carla J; Feller, Marla B (1999). "Dynamics of Retinal Waves Are Controlled by Cyclic AMP". Neuron. 24 (3). doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81121-6. PMID 10595518.
Huh, G. S; Boulanger, L. M; Du, H; Riquelme, P. A; Brotz, T. M; Shatz, C. J (2000). "Functional Requirement for Class I MHC in CNS Development and Plasticity". Science. 290 (5499). Bibcode:2000Sci...290.2155H. doi:10.1126/science.290.5499.2155. PMID 11118151.
Lam, Dominic Man-Kit; Shatz, Carla J., eds. (1991). Development of the Visual System. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-12154-5.
Stellwagen, D; Shatz, C.J (2002). "An Instructive Role for Retinal Waves in the Development of Retinogeniculate Connectivity". Neuron. 33 (3). doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00577-9. PMID 11832224.
Kanold, P. O; Kara, Prakash; Clay Reid, R; Shatz, Carla J (2003). "Role of Subplate Neurons in Functional Maturation of Visual Cortical Columns". Science. 301 (5632). Bibcode:2003Sci...301..521K. doi:10.1126/science.1084152. PMID 12881571.
Boulanger, Lisa M; Shatz, Carla J (2004). "Immune signalling in neural development, synaptic plasticity and disease". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 5 (7). doi:10.1038/nrn1428. PMID 15208694.
Tagawa, Yoshiaki; Kanold, Patrick O; Majdan, Marta; Shatz, Carla J (2005). "Multiple periods of functional ocular dominance plasticity in mouse visual cortex". Nature Neuroscience. 8 (3). doi:10.1038/nn1410. PMID 15723060.
Kanold, Patrick O; Shatz, Carla J (2006). "Subplate Neurons Regulate Maturation of Cortical Inhibition and Outcome of Ocular Dominance Plasticity". Neuron. 51 (5). doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.008. PMID 16950160.
Syken, J; Grandpre, Tadzia; Kanold, Patrick O; Shatz, Carla J (2006). "PirB Restricts Ocular-Dominance Plasticity in Visual Cortex". Science. 313 (5794). Bibcode:2006Sci...313.1795S. doi:10.1126/science.1128232. PMID 16917027.
Majdan, Marta; Shatz, Carla J (2006). "Effects of visual experience on activity-dependent gene regulation in cortex". Nature Neuroscience. 9 (5). doi:10.1038/nn1674. PMID 16582906.
Goddard, C. A; Butts, D. A; Shatz, C. J (2007). "Regulation of CNS synapses by neuronal MHC class I". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (16). Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.6828G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702023104. JSTOR 25427468. PMID 17420446.
Butts, Daniel A; Kanold, Patrick O; Shatz, Carla J (2007). "A Burst-Based "Hebbian" Learning Rule at Retinogeniculate Synapses Links Retinal Waves to Activity-Dependent Refinement". PLoS Biology. 5 (3). doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050061. PMID 17341130.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
Atwal, J. K; Pinkston-Gosse, J; Syken, J; Stawicki, S; Wu, Y; Shatz, C; Tessier-Lavigne, M (2008). "PirB is a Functional Receptor for Myelin Inhibitors of Axonal Regeneration". Science. 322 (5903). Bibcode:2008Sci...322..967A. doi:10.1126/science.1161151. PMID 18988857.
McConnell, M. J; Huang, Y. H; Datwani, A; Shatz, C. J (2009). "H2-Kb and H2-Db regulate cerebellar long-term depression and limit motor learning". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (16). Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.6784M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902018106. JSTOR 40482174. PMID 19346486.
Kanold, Patrick O; Kim, Yoon A; Grandpre, Tadzia; Shatz, Carla J (2009). "Co-regulation of ocular dominance plasticity and NMDA receptor subunit expression in glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 knock-out mice". The Journal of Physiology. 587 (12). doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.171215. PMID 19406876.
Shatz, Carla J (2009). "MHC Class I: An Unexpected Role in Neuronal Plasticity". Neuron. 64 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.044. PMC 2773547. PMID 19840547.
McKellar, Claire E; Shatz, Carla J (2009). "Synaptogenesis in Purified Cortical Subplate Neurons". Cerebral Cortex. 19 (8). doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn194. PMID 19029062.
Datwani, Akash; McConnell, Michael J; Kanold, Patrick O; Micheva, Kristina D; Busse, Brad; Shamloo, Mehrdad; Smith, Stephen J; Shatz, Carla J (2009). "Classical MHCI Molecules Regulate Retinogeniculate Refinement and Limit Ocular Dominance Plasticity". Neuron. 64 (4). doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.10.015. PMID 19945389.
Adelson, Jaimie D; Barreto, George E; Xu, Lijun; Kim, Taeho; Brott, Barbara K; Ouyang, Yi-Bing; Naserke, Thorsten; Djurisic, Maja; Xiong, Xiaoxing; Shatz, Carla J; Giffard, Rona G (2012). "Neuroprotection from Stroke in the Absence of MHCI or PirB". Neuron. 73 (6). doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.01.020. PMID 22445338. {{cite journal}}: no-break space character in |first10= at position 6 (help); no-break space character in |first11= at position 5 (help); no-break space character in |first1= at position 7 (help); no-break space character in |first2= at position 7 (help); no-break space character in |first5= at position 8 (help)
William, C. M; Andermann, M. L; Goldey, G. J; Roumis, D. K; Reid, R. C; Shatz, C. J; Albers, M. W; Frosch, M. P; Hyman, B. T (2012). "Synaptic Plasticity Defect Following Visual Deprivation in Alzheimer's Disease Model Transgenic Mice". Journal of Neuroscience. 32 (23). doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5369-11.2012. PMID 22674275.
Kim, T; Vidal, G. S; Djurisic, M; William, C. M; Birnbaum, M. E; Garcia, K. C; Hyman, B. T; Shatz, C. J (2013). "Human LilrB2 Is a β-Amyloid Receptor and Its Murine Homolog PirB Regulates Synaptic Plasticity in an Alzheimer's Model". Science. 341 (6152). Bibcode:2013Sci...341.1399K. doi:10.1126/science.1242077. PMID 24052308.
Djurisic, M; Vidal, G. S; Mann, M; Aharon, A; Kim, T; Ferrao Santos, A; Zuo, Y; Hubener, M; Shatz, C. J (2013). "PirB regulates a structural substrate for cortical plasticity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (51). Bibcode:2013PNAS..11020771D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1321092110. PMID 24302763.
Lee, Hanmi; Brott, Barbara K; Kirkby, Lowry A; Adelson, Jaimie D; Cheng, Sarah; Feller, Marla B; Datwani, Akash; Shatz, Carla J (2014). "Synapse elimination and learning rules co-regulated by MHC class I H2-Db". Nature. 509 (7499). Bibcode:2014Natur.509..195L. doi:10.1038/nature13154. PMID 24695230.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Paul, C. A (2005). "An Interview with Carla Shatz - Harvard's First Female Neurobiology Chair". Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education. 3 (2): E4–5. PMC 3592607. PMID 23495301.
^ http://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2016/02/11/stanford-neurobiologist-carla-shatz-shares-her-perspective/
^ ^a ^b Davies, Daniel M. Compatibility Gene. Allen Lane. p. 150. ISBN 1846145147.
^ Shatz, C. J; Stryker, M. P (1978). "Ocular dominance in layer IV of the cat's visual cortex and the effects of monocular deprivation". The Journal of physiology. 281: 267–83. PMC 1282696. PMID 702379.
^ Feller, M. B; Wellis, D. P; Stellwagen, D; Werblin, F. S; Shatz, C. J (1996). "Requirement for cholinergic synaptic transmission in the propagation of spontaneous retinal waves". Science. 272 (5265): 1182–7. Bibcode:1996Sci...272.1182F. doi:10.1126/science.272.5265.1182. PMID 8638165.
^ Huh, G. S; Boulanger, L. M; Du, H; Riquelme, P. A; Brotz, T. M; Shatz, C. J (2000). "Functional requirement for class I MHC in CNS development and plasticity". Science. 290 (5499): 2155–9. PMC 2175035. PMID 11118151.
^ https://news.stanford.edu/news/2009/april1/med-shatz-040109.html^{[full citation needed]}
^ Shatz, Carla J. (September 1992). "The Developing Brain". Scientific American. 267 (3): 60–7. JSTOR 24939213. PMID 1502524.
^ https://www.sfn.org/Awards-and-Funding/Individual-Prizes-and-Fellowships/Young-Scientists-Achievements-and-Research/Young-Investigator-Award
^ https://www.sfn.org/Press-Room/News-Release-Archives/2011/RALPH-W-GERARD-PRIZE-IN-NEUROSCIENCE-RECOGNIZES-OUTSTANDING-CONTRIBUTIONS-OF-CARLA-SHATZ
^ http://newsroom.cumc.columbia.edu/blog/2013/02/19/pioneer-in-neural-development-honored-with-the-mortimer-d-sackler-m-d-prize-for-distinguished-achievement-in-developmental-psychobiology/
^ https://clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov/WH/New/ECDC/About.html
^ https://royalsociety.org/people/carla-shatz-12260/
^ http://gruber.yale.edu/neuroscience/carla-shatz
^ https://biox.stanford.edu/highlight/carla-shatz-wins-2016-antonio-champalimaud-vision-award

External links

[pmid23495301-1] Paul, C. A (2005). "An Interview with Carla Shatz - Harvard's First Female Neurobiology Chair". Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education. 3 (2): E4–5. PMC 3592607. PMID 23495301.

[2] ttp://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2016/02/11/stanford-neurobiologist-carla-shatz-shares-her-perspective/

[davies-3] Davies, Daniel M. Compatibility Gene. Allen Lane. p. 150. ISBN 1846145147.

[4] Shatz, C. J; Stryker, M. P (1978). "Ocular dominance in layer IV of the cat's visual cortex and the effects of monocular deprivation". The Journal of physiology. 281: 267–83. PMC 1282696. PMID 702379.

[5] Feller, M. B; Wellis, D. P; Stellwagen, D; Werblin, F. S; Shatz, C. J (1996). "Requirement for cholinergic synaptic transmission in the propagation of spontaneous retinal waves". Science. 272 (5265): 1182–7. Bibcode:1996Sci...272.1182F. doi:10.1126/science.272.5265.1182. PMID 8638165.

[6] Huh, G. S; Boulanger, L. M; Du, H; Riquelme, P. A; Brotz, T. M; Shatz, C. J (2000). "Functional requirement for class I MHC in CNS development and plasticity". Science. 290 (5499): 2155–9. PMC 2175035. PMID 11118151.

[7] ttps://news.stanford.edu/news/2009/april1/med-shatz-040109.html^{[full citation needed]}

[8] Shatz, Carla J. (September 1992). "The Developing Brain". Scientific American. 267 (3): 60–7. JSTOR 24939213. PMID 1502524.

[9] ttps://www.sfn.org/Awards-and-Funding/Individual-Prizes-and-Fellowships/Young-Scientists-Achievements-and-Research/Young-Investigator-Award

[10] ttps://www.sfn.org/Press-Room/News-Release-Archives/2011/RALPH-W-GERARD-PRIZE-IN-NEUROSCIENCE-RECOGNIZES-OUTSTANDING-CONTRIBUTIONS-OF-CARLA-SHATZ

[11] ttp://newsroom.cumc.columbia.edu/blog/2013/02/19/pioneer-in-neural-development-honored-with-the-mortimer-d-sackler-m-d-prize-for-distinguished-achievement-in-developmental-psychobiology/

[12] ttps://clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov/WH/New/ECDC/About.html

[13] ttps://royalsociety.org/people/carla-shatz-12260/

[14] ttp://gruber.yale.edu/neuroscience/carla-shatz

[15] ttps://biox.stanford.edu/highlight/carla-shatz-wins-2016-antonio-champalimaud-vision-award

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@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 Dr. '''Carla J. Shatz''' (born 1947) is an American [[neurobiologist]] and an elected member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], the [[American Philosophical Society]], the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]], and the [[National Academy of Medicine]].
-She was the first woman to receive a PhD in neurobiology from Harvard.<ref name=pmid23495301>{{cite journal |pmid=23495301 |pmc=3592607 |year=2005 |author1=Paul |first1=C. A |title=An Interview with Carla Shatz - Harvard's First Female Neurobiology Chair |journal=Journal of undergraduate neuroscience education : JUNE : A publication of FUN, Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=E4–5 }}</ref><ref>http://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2016/02/11/stanford-neurobiologist-carla-shatz-shares-her-perspective/</ref> Shatz received a tenured position in the basic sciences at Stanford Medical School and later returned to Harvard to head the university's [[Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School|Department of Neurobiology]]. In both cases, Shatz was the first woman hired for the position.<ref name="davies">{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Daniel M.|title=Compatibility Gene|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=1846145147|pages=150|ref=davies}}</ref><ref name=pmid23495301/>
+She was the first woman to receive a PhD in neurobiology from Harvard.<ref name=pmid23495301>{{cite journal |pmid=23495301 |pmc=3592607 |year=2005 |author1=Paul |first1=C. A |title=An Interview with Carla Shatz - Harvard's First Female Neurobiology Chair |journal=Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=E4–5 }}</ref><ref>http://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2016/02/11/stanford-neurobiologist-carla-shatz-shares-her-perspective/</ref> Shatz received a tenured position in the basic sciences at Stanford Medical School and later returned to Harvard to head the university's [[Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School|Department of Neurobiology]]. In both cases, Shatz was the first woman hired for the position.<ref name="davies">{{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=Daniel M. |title=Compatibility Gene |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=1846145147| page=150 |ref=davies }}</ref><ref name=pmid23495301/>
 ==Career==
@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 ==Major publications==
-*{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/308845a0 |pmid=6201743 |title=Prenatal development of individual retinogeniculate axons during the period of segregation |journal=Nature |volume=308 |issue=5962 |pages=845 |year=1984 |last1=Sretavan |first1=David |last2=Shatz |first2=Carla J |bibcode=1984Natur.308..845S }}
+*{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/308845a0 |pmid=6201743 |title=Prenatal development of individual retinogeniculate axons during the period of segregation |journal=Nature |volume=308 |issue=5962 |year=1984 |last1=Sretavan |first1=David |last2=Shatz |first2=Carla J |bibcode=1984Natur.308..845S }}
-*{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.2475909 |pmid=2475909 |title=Subplate neurons pioneer the first axon pathway from the cerebral cortex |journal=Science |volume=245 |issue=4921 |pages=978 |year=1989 |last1=McConnell |first1=S |last2=Ghosh |first2=A |last3=Shatz |first3=C |bibcode=1989Sci...245..978M }}
+*{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.2475909 |pmid=2475909 |title=Subplate neurons pioneer the first axon pathway from the cerebral cortex |journal=Science |volume=245 |issue=4921 |year=1989 |last1=McConnell |first1=S |last2=Ghosh |first2=A |last3=Shatz |first3=C |bibcode=1989Sci...245..978M }}
-*{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/347179a0 |pmid=2395469 |title=Requirement for subplate neurons in the formation of thalamocortical connections |journal=Nature |volume=347 |issue=6289 |pages=179 |year=1990 |last1=Ghosh |first1=Anirvan |last2=Antonini |first2=Antonella |last3=McConnell |first3=Susan K |last4=Shatz |first4=Carla J |bibcode=1990Natur.347..179G }}
+*{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/347179a0 |pmid=2395469 |title=Requirement for subplate neurons in the formation of thalamocortical connections |journal=Nature |volume=347 |issue=6289 |year=1990 |last1=Ghosh |first1=Anirvan |last2=Antonini |first2=Antonella |last3=McConnell |first3=Susan K |last4=Shatz |first4=Carla J |bibcode=1990Natur.347..179G }}
-*{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.2035024 |pmid=2035024 |title=Synchronous bursts of action potentials in ganglion cells of the developing mammalian retina |journal=Science |volume=252 |issue=5008 |pages=939 |year=1991 |last1=Meister |first1=M |last2=Wong |first2=R |last3=Baylor |first3=D |last4=Shatz |first4=C |bibcode=1991Sci...252..939M }}
+*{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.2035024 |pmid=2035024 |title=Synchronous bursts of action potentials in ganglion cells of the developing mammalian retina |journal=Science |volume=252 |issue=5008 |year=1991 |last1=Meister |first1=M |last2=Wong |first2=R |last3=Baylor |first3=D |last4=Shatz |first4=C |bibcode=1991Sci...252..939M }}
-*{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1542795 |pmid=1542795 |title=Involvement of subplate neurons in the formation of ocular dominance columns |journal=Science |volume=255 |issue=5050 |pages=1441 |year=1992 |last1=Ghosh |first1=A |last2=Shatz |first2=C |bibcode=1992Sci...255.1441G }}
+*{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1542795 |pmid=1542795 |title=Involvement of subplate neurons in the formation of ocular dominance columns |journal=Science |volume=255 |issue=5050 |year=1992 |last1=Ghosh |first1=A |last2=Shatz |first2=C |bibcode=1992Sci...255.1441G }}
-*{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/374716a0 |pmid=7715725 |title=Early functional neural networks in the developing retina |journal=Nature |volume=374 |issue=6524 |pages=716 |year=1995 |last1=Wong |first1=R. O. L |last2=Chernjavsky |first2=A |last3=Smith |first3=S.
+*{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/374716a0 |pmid=7715725 |title=Early functional neural networks in the developing retina |journal=Nature |volume=374 |issue=6524 |year=1995 |last1=Wong |first1=R. O. L |last2=Chernjavsky |first2=A |last3=Smith |first3=S.
 J |last4=Shatz |first4=C.
 J |bibcode=1995Natur.374..716W }}
-*{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.274.5290.1133 |pmid=8895456 |title=Synaptic Activity and the Construction of Cortical Circuits |journal=Science |volume=274 |issue=5290 |pages=1133 |year=1996 |last1=Katz |first1=L. C |last2=Shatz |first2=C. J |bibcode=1996Sci...274.1133K }}
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 ==References==

v t e Kavli Prize laureates
Astrophysics	Maarten Schmidt, Donald Lynden-Bell (2008) Jerry E. Nelson, Raymond N. Wilson, Roger Angel (2010) David C. Jewitt, Jane Luu, Michael E. Brown (2012) Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, Alexei Starobinsky (2014) Ronald Drever, Kip Thorne, Rainer Weiss (2016) Ewine van Dishoeck (2018) Andrew Fabian (2020) Roger Ulrich, Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard, Conny Aerts (2022) Sara Seager, David Charbonneau (2024)
Nanoscience	Louis E. Brus, Sumio Iijima (2008) Donald Eigler, Nadrian Seeman (2010) Mildred Dresselhaus (2012) Thomas Ebbesen, Stefan Hell, John Pendry (2014) Gerd Binnig, Christoph Gerber, Calvin Quate (2016) Emmanuelle Charpentier, Jennifer Doudna, Virginijus Šikšnys (2018) Harald Rose, Maximilian Haider, Knut Urban, Ondrej Krivanek (2020) Jacob Sagiv, Ralph G. Nuzzo, David L. Allara, George M. Whitesides (2022) Robert S. Langer, Armand Paul Alivisatos, Chad A. Mirkin (2024)
Neuroscience	Sten Grillner, Thomas Jessell, Pasko Rakic (2008) Richard Scheller, Thomas C. Südhof, James Rothman (2010) Cornelia Bargmann, Winfried Denk, Ann Graybiel (2012) Brenda Milner, John O'Keefe, Marcus Raichle (2014) Eve Marder, Michael Merzenich, Carla J. Shatz (2016) A. James Hudspeth, Robert Fettiplace, Christine Petit (2018) David Julius, Ardem Patapoutian (2020) Jean-Louis Mandel, Harry T. Orr, Christopher A. Walsh, Huda Zoghbi (2022) Nancy Kanwisher, Winrich Freiwald, Doris Ying Tsao (2024)

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