List of Jewish scientists

Template:Jew list This is a list of Jewish scientists and philosophers by country. For more detailed lists, see the links provided. This list includes people of Jewish faith or Jewish ancestry.

Austria

See Austrian Jewish Scientists

• Martin Buber, philosopher
• Erwin Chargaff, chemist, DNA pioneer
• Sigmund Freud, founder of psychoanalysis (Atheist by practice)
• Nachman Krochmal, philosopher
• Robert von Lieben, physicist (Jewish father)
• Lise Meitner, physicist: nuclear fission
• Ludwig von Mises, economist
• Wolfgang Pauli, physicist, Nobel Prize (1945) (one non-Jewish grandparent)
• Karl Popper, leading twentieth century philosopher of science (converted to Lutheranism)
• Otto Weininger, philosopher
• Ludwig Wittgenstein, philosopher (one non-Jewish grandparent; parents converted to Christianity)

France

See French Jewish Scientists

• Henri Bergson, philosopher, Nobel Prize (1927)
• Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, physicist, Nobel Prize (1997)
• Émile Durkheim, sociologist
• Francois Jacob, molecular biologist, Nobel Prize (1965)
• Claude Lévi-Strauss, anthropologist
• Benoît Mandelbrot, mathematician, fractal geometry
• Henri Moissan, chemist, Nobel Prize (1906) (Jewish mother)
• Laurent Schwartz, mathematician, Fields Medal (1950)
• André Weil, mathematician, Wolf Prize (1979), Steele Prize (1980)

Germany

See German Jewish Scientists

• Hannah Arendt, philosopher
• Walter Benjamin, philosopher
• Hans Bethe, nuclear physics, Nobel Prize (1967) (Jewish mother)
• Max Born, quantum mechanics pioneer, Nobel Prize (1954)
• Georg Cantor, set theory (father Jewish by birth, mother Catholic by birth; both Lutheran by practice)
• Albert Einstein, greatest scientist of 20th century, theoretical physics, Nobel Prize (1921)
• Paul Ehrlich, developed magic bullet concept, Nobel Prize (1908)
• Erich Fromm, psychologist and humanistic philosopher
• Alexander Grothendieck, algebraic geometry, Fields Medal (1966) (Jewish father; mother also Jewish according to some sources [1])
• Heinrich Hertz, electromagnetic radiation pioneer (Jewish father)
• Edmund Husserl, philosopher, founder of phenomenology
• Edmund (Yehezkel) Landau, number theory.
• Karl Marx, co-founder of communist ideology (parents converted to Lutheranism)
• Albert Michelson, measured speed of light, Nobel Prize (1907)
• Hermann Minkowski, geometrical theory of numbers
• Erich Neumann, psychologist
• Franz Rosenzweig, philosopher
• Karl Schwarzschild, physicist and astronomer
• Otto Selz, cognitive psychologist

Great Britain

See British Jewish Scientists

• Sir Alfred Ayer, philosopher, major figure in logical positivism, (Jewish mother)
• Lord Peter Bauer, international development economist (Catholic by religion)
• Sir Isaiah Berlin, political philosopher, historian of ideas
• Sir Hermann Bondi, cosmologist, co-developer of steady-state theory
• Sydney Brenner, molecular biologist, Nobel Prize (2002)
• Selig Brodetsky, mathematician and Jewish communal leader
• Sir Ernst Chain, biochemist, penicillin co-developer, Nobel Prize (1945)
• Sir Michael Epstein, biologist
• Ernest Gellner, philosopher, social-scientist
• Rosalind Franklin, molecular biologist, DNA pioneer
• H. L. A. Hart, philosopher of law
• Brian David Josephson, Nobel Prize
• Lord Richard Kahn, economist, multiplier theory
• Lord Nicholas Kaldor, economist
• Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, biochemist, Krebs cycle, Nobel Prize (1953)
• Harold Kroto, biologist Nobel Prize (Jewish father)
• Max Newman, mathematician and computer pioneer, Colossus (Jewish father)
• Leslie Orgel, chemist
• Sir Rudolf Peierls, physicist, theory of hole carriers in semiconductors, Enrico Fermi Award (1980) [2]
• Sir Max Perutz, chemist and molecular biologist, Nobel Prize (1962)
• Sir Karl Popper, leading twentieth century philosopher of science
• David Ricardo, greatest classical economist after Adam Smith (converted to Unitarianism)
• James Joseph Sylvester, mathematician, major contributor to matrix theory

Hungary

See Hungarian Jewish Scientists

• Paul Erdős, mathematician
• Theodore von Kármán, aeronautical engineer
• Georg Lukács, Marxist philosopher
• John von Neumann, computer scientist, mathematician (converted to Catholicism)
• Michael Polanyi, polymath
• Leó Szilárd, physicist
• Edward Teller, physicist, father of hydrogen bomb
• Eugene Wigner, physicist; Nobel Prize (1963) (parents converted to Lutheranism)

Israel

See Israeli Scientists

• Israel Aharoni, zoologist
• Dorit Aharonov, computer scientist, quantum computing
• Yakir Aharonov, physicist, quantum physics
• Noga Alon, mathematician
• Ruth Arnon, biochemist; Wolf prize (1998)
• Robert Aumann, mathematician, game theory; Nobel prize (2005)
• Jacob Bekenstein, physicist, gravity
• Eli Biham, computer scientist, cryptography
• Aaron Ciechanover, biologists; Nobel Prize (2004)
• Irun Cohen, immunologist
• Shlomi Dolev, computer scientist, distributed computing
• Shimon Even, computer scientist
• Oded Goldreich, computer scientist, cryptography
• Avram Hershko, biologist; Nobel Prize (2004)
• Ephraim Katzir, biophysicist, 4th president of Israel
• Abraham Lempel, computer scientist, data compression
• Yuval Ne'eman, physicist, particle physics
• Amos Ori, physicist, gravity
• Asher Peres, physicist, foundations of quantum mechanics
• Amir Pnueli, computer scientist; Turing award (1996)
• Nathan Rosen, physicist, Founder of the Technion - Israel institute of technology
• Leo Sachs, molecular biologist, immunology
• Adi Shamir, computer scientist, cryptography; coinventor of RSA
• Ehud Shapiro, computer scientist,
• Yair Sprinzak, chemist, organic chemistry, Israeli politician
• Reshef Tenne, chemist, material research and nanotechnology
• Lev Vaidman, physicist, quantum physics
• Chaim Weizmann, chemist, 1st president of Israel
• Jacob Ziv, computer scientist, data compression

Poland

See Polish Jewish Scientists

• Solomon Asch, Gestalt psychologist
• Benoît Mandelbrot, mathematician: fractals
• Albert Sabin, inventor of the oral Polio vaccine
• Alfred Tarski, logician and mathematician (atheistic Catholic convert)
• Stanislaw Ulam, mathematician, Manhattan Project

Russia/Ukraine

See Russian Jewish Scientists

• Vladimir Drinfeld, mathematician, Fields Medal (1990)
• Israel Gelfand, mathematician, Wolf Prize (1978), Kyoto Prize (1989), Steele Prize (2005)
• Vitaly Ginzburg, physicist, Nobel Prize (2003)
• Waldemar Haffkine, biologist, vaccines against cholera and plague
• Lev Landau, physicist, many contributions to theoretical physics, Nobel Prize (1962)
• Phoebus Levene, nucleic acid pioneer
• Wassily Leontief, economist, Nobel Prize (1973) (Jewish mother)
• Grigori Perelman, mathematician, Fields Medal (2006) (declined award)
• Ilya Prigogine, mathematician, Nobel Prize (1979) in chemistry
• Selman Waksman, biochemist, discoverer of streptomycin, Nobel Prize (1952)
• Yakov Zeldovich, cosmologist
• Efim Zelmanov, mathematician, Fields Medal (1994)

Scandinavia/Benelux

See Dutch Jewish Academics

• Niels Bohr, physicist (Jewish mother)
• Baruch Spinoza, philosopher (excommunicated)

Australia/Canada

See Canadian Jewish Academics

See Australian Jewish Academics

• Gustav Nossal, immunologist (Jewish father)
• Steven Pinker, pioneer of evolutionary psychology
• John Polanyi, chemist, Nobel Prize (1986) (Jewish father)
• Peter Singer, philosopher

United States

See Jewish-American Academics

See Jewish-American Scientists

• M. A. Benjaminson, microbiologist, biotechnologist, pioneer in field of in vitro meat technology
• Emile Berliner, inventor of gramophone
• Franz Boas, founder of American Anthropology
• David Bohm, quantum physics pioneer and theoretical physicist, philosopher of science
• Noam Chomsky, linguist
• Jesse Douglas, mathematician, Fields Medal (1936)
• Richard Epstein, classical liberal economist from the University of Chicago
• Richard Feynman, quantum physicist, co-founder of quantum electrodynamics Nobel Prize (1965)
• Milton Friedman, monetarist economist, Clark Medal (1951), Nobel Prize (1976)
• Murray Gell-Mann, discoverer of quarks, Nobel Prize
• John Kemeny, computer scientist, co-founder of BASIC
• Edwin Land, inventor of polaroid
• John McCarthy, artificial intelligence pioneer (Jewish mother)
• Theodore Maiman, inventor of first laser
• Daniel Nathans, discoverer of restriction enzymes
• Robert Nozick, philosopher of libertarianism and Pellegrino University Professor at Harvard University
• Robert Oppenheimer, nuclear physicist, nuclear bomb, Manhattan Project
• Gregory Pincus, inventor of the Pill
• Ayn Rand, originator of Objectivism (atheist)
• Murray Rothbard, anarcho-capitialist economist
• Carl Sagan, astronomer and science popularizer, Cosmos: A Personal Voyage
• Jonas Salk, polio vaccine
• Leo Strauss, political philosopher
• Norbert Wiener, founder of cybernetics
• Edward Witten, M-theory, Fields Medal (1990)

See also

• List of Jews
• Jewish Scientists
• List of Jewish Nobel Prize winners
• List of Jewish Fellows of the Royal Society (mostly British)
• List of Members of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities

External links

• JInfo.org, a comprehensive set of lists of Jewish contributions to world civilization. Fuller (copyrighted) lists can be found there.